Transcript Document
ENZYMES
Dr PIET SIMONS Past President World’s Poultry Science Association Ambassador Dutch Poultry Centre VIV India 2010, Bangalore, India February 2010
Main types of enzymes used in animal nutrition: NSP-enzymes: Glucanases Pectinases Pentosanases (xylanases) Phytases Other enzymes Amylase; Proteases; Galactosidase
NSP-enzymes
Non Starch Polysaccharides
FEEDSTUFF MOISTURE FAT DRY MATTER “CARBOHYDRATES” ASH PROTEIN CRUDE FIBRE NITROGEN FREE EXTRACT LIGNIN CELLULOSE HEMI CELLULOSE PECTIN OLIGO SACCH.
STARCH + SUGARS
NON STARCH POLYSACCHARIDES
NSP enzymes in broilers: an example Set-up: Male and female broilers (Cobb) ; 7 - 35 days of age ; 6 cages (20 animals each) / treatment Feed: 38% barley, 38% wheat, 13% soybean meal; Enzyme addition: 0, 50, 100 or 150 ppm Natugrain ® Blend Results
Enzyme addition (ppm) 0 50 100 150 LSD (P=0.05) Growth (g/bird) 1376 1448 1431 1441 60 FCR 1.853 1.834 1.818 1.801 0.024
Mode of action of NSP-enzymes
Different hypotheses are known and tested Total hydrolysis of polysaccharides into sugars (monosaccharides) Opening of cell walls to liberate its contents Viscosity Effect on microflora
NSP-enzymes: advantages
Improved fat digestion Improved protein digestion Improved energy metabolisation Improved litter quality Improved carcass quality Improved health status …….
Example feed costs with / without NSP enzyme
Raw material
Wheat Maize Soybeans SBM HP Tapioca Fat + oil SFM RSM Peas Maize gluten feed Phytase NSP-enzyme Premix, minerals AA €/ton (excl. Premix)
1
20.0
15.0
10.0
15.7
14.6
7.0
5.0
2.7
4.5
2.5
0.01
3.0
178.50
1: no NSP-enzyme; 2: no energy uplift; 3: +4% on ME wheat
2
50.0
11.3
10.0
15.5
5.5
4.5
0.01
0.01
3.0
175.80
3
50.0
12.8
10.0
14.7
4.2
5.0
0.01
0.01
3.1
173.00
Phytase
Introduction
Seventies
: Manure problem Netherlands (poultry, pigs, cattle) Started as phosphorus and copper problem Monogastrians do not utisize phytic phosphorus when phytase is absent Later also nitrogen and heavy metal problems
Late seventies; beginning eighties
Measured inorganic phosphorus and phytic phosphorus in feedstuffs used Table was made and for feed value calculations just inorganic phosphorus was considered as available Started talks about production of phytase
Middle eighties
Manure law Netherlands; rules for maxima phosphorus and nitrogen to be added to land Removing manure from farms costs a lot of money Start research production phytase
End eighties
Research production phytase Looking for right microorganism, purification, increase production (Aspergillus ficuum strain VRRL 3135) Experiments with poultry and pigs
British Journal of Nutrition
(2005), 93, 136-152
©
The Author 2005 We are pleased to reproduce on the following pages, in our occasional series of
‘Citation Classics’
, the article by Simons
et al.
entitled
‘Improvement of phosphorus availability by microbial phytase in broilers and pigs’
, which appeared in the
British Journal of Nutrition
in September 1990, 64 (525-540). Interrogation of the
Science Citation Index
indicates that this is the most highly cited article published by the
BJN
1990’s.
during the
Phytate levels of some ingredients; P-absorbability measured Ingredient
Maize Barley Wheat Rice, polished Rice bran Wheat meal Soybean meal Rapeseed meal Sunflower meal DCP.OH
2 O DCP.2H
2 O MCP
Total P (g/kg)
2.8
3.5
3.2
0.9
14.5
10.6
6.3
10.9
10.0
200 182 226
Phytate P (% of tP)
68 69 66 89 90 85 70 75 90 -
Absorbability (%)
30 38 (43) 38 (48) 16 16 27 (37) 42 33 27 55 78 85
CVB, 2000
Phytic acid
Phosphorus – addition - exrection
P- availability and P-excretion: Broiler trial (P total : 4.5 g/kg; phytate-P: 3.0 g/kg)
Ca (g/kg)
6.0
7.5
9.0
P (g/kg)
4.5
6.0
7.5
Availability P (%)
49.8
45.6
44.6
P in manure (g/kg feed d.m.)
2.7
3.8
4.9
Matching P-requirement by P i high P-output Simons et al., 1990 and 2005
Phytase
Phytase
Model of Aspergillus niger phytase with (oversized) phytic acid molecule Van der Laan, after Kostrewa et al., 1997
P-availability, excretion and performance
Broiler trial (P total : 4.5 g/kg; phytate-P: 3.0 g/kg)
P (g/kg) 4.5
6.0
7.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
CA (g/kg) 6.0
7.5
9.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
Phytase (FTU/kg) 0 P availability (%) 49.8
P excretion (g/kg d.m.) 2.7
0 0 45.6
44.6
3.8
4.9
250 500 750 1000 56.5
59.6
59.5
62.5
2.3
2.1
2.1
2.0
1500 64.5
1.9
Growth (g/bird) FCR 338 592 638 566 623 675 690 733 Simons et al., 1990; 2005 1.85
1.61
1.55
1.59
1.56
1.55
1.52
1.50
Feed + phytase
result
Phytase Maize/wheat Peas M.gl./Fish Soybeans SBM Tapioca Fats Premix, AA, salt Limestone MCP 45 7 4 10 15 10 6.5
1.3
0.9
0.6
+ 45 0 0 8 23 15 6.5
1.4
0.9
0.4
P total P abs.
MCP-P 5.4
2.9
1.4
4.3
2.9
0.9
30% reduction P-excretion
Why effect on performance
Phytate binds nutrients: Cations (Ca, Zn, …) Protein Starch Fat (??) Phytase relases those nutrient
A model of phytate
Modified from Kies, 2005
With phytase
Improved performance Increased protein (amino acid) digestigility Increased energy metabolizability
Effect of phytase on performance: broilers
Ravindran et al., 2001
Effect of phytase on lysine digestibility Diet: 33% wheat (+ xylanase), P adequate, lysine 80% of requirement Lysine 85,0 84,0 83,0 82,0 81,0 80,0 79,0 0 500 FTU/kg y = -5E-06x 2 R 2 + 0.0089x + 79.728
= 0.9689
1000
Ravindran et al., 2001
Effect on energy in broilers:
diet contained 33% wheat (+ xylanase), P adequate, lysine 80% of requirement 13.6
13.5
13.4
13.3
13.2
13.1
13 12.9
0 200 400 600 FTU/kg 800 1000 1200
Ravindran et al., 2001
Matrix values poultry (part)
Value Nutrient
Minerals
Phosphorus from MCP broiler Available phosphorus broiler Phosphorus from MCP layer Available phosphorus layer Calcium
Protein/AA (apparent digestible)
Crude protein Lysine Methionine Cystine Threonine Tryptophan
Energy
ME 10000 g/kg 11500 g/kg 16650 g/kg 19150 g/kg 10000 g/kg 22500 g/kg 1200 g/kg 100 g/kg 300 g/kg 1300 g/kg 300 g/kg 2215 MJ (530 Mcal)/kg Natuphos® 5000. Valid up to 300 (laying hens) or 500 FTU/kg (broiler)
Economy of phytase
Examples. Feed compostion (%) with or without phytase (raw material costs; total P not limited) Phytase: Wheat (+ NSP enzyme) Maize Barley/Tapioca Maize gluten feed Wheat Middlings Peas Soybeans SBM (49) SFM Fat + oil MCP Minerals, AA, premix Phytase-premix (100) Costs (EUR/t) No Broiler grower Yes 56.4
58.0
2.6
15.9
11.0
5.0
6.0
0.7
2.4
195.50
3.3
7.8
16.6
5.0
6.0
0.3
2.5
0.5
189.80
No 14.8
Laying hen Yes 6.1
15.0
3.1
10.0
9.2
15.2
15.0
7.0
0.6
10.1
147.00
15.0
10.6
10.0
11.3
14.3
15.0
7.0
0.2
10.2
0.3
144.80
P requirements (g ret. P/kg)
P requirements calculated by factorial approach per phase t start (t 1 ) to t end (t 2 ): P maint (mg)= 0.014 * mean BW (g)* length phase (days) P prod (mg)=BW t2 * P carcass t2 - BW t1 * P carcass t1 Preq = (P maint + P prod )/ feed intake
Broiler Layer Phase I 0-10 days 3.9
20-35 wk 2.8
©2008 Schothorst Feed Research. All rights reserved Phase II 10-30 days 2.9
35-60 wk 2.6
Phase III 30-40 days 2.6
CVB, 1996
Conclusions on enzymes
Phytate-phosphorus badly available for poultry Addition of phytase improves P availability Reduction of P-exretion about 30% Phytate binds nutrients: cations, protein, starch Phytase increases protein digestibility and energy metabolizability Phytase is highly economical in poultry feeds; it saves expensive raw materials. Savings 2 to 6 Euro / ton (without maximum P level; otherwise higher!!)