INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SHRIMP AQUACULTURE

RECENT PROGRESS OF BIOFLOC TECHNOLOGY FOR SUSTAINABLE SHRIMP (Pacific white shrimp) FARMING: EFFICIENCY AND PROFITABILITY Nyan Taw

Hang Tuah University, Surabaya – INDONESIA October 28-29, 2010

Introduction

Shrimp farming has become competitive and as such the technology utilized needs to be efficient in all aspects – productivity, quality, sustainability, bio-security and to be in line with market demand.

BFT (Biofloc) system is at present highly sought technology for Pacific white shrimp culture due to high efficiency, productivity, sustainability and with lower FCR. The basic system of bio-floc technology was given by Avnimelech (2000, 2005a&b). The system was successfully applied in commercial culture of shrimps by McIntosh (2000a,b & c, 2001), McNeil (2000), Nyan Taw (2005, 2006, 2009), Nyan Taw & Saenphon Ch. (2005); Saenphon Ch. et.al. (2005). BFT in combination with partial harvest was presented at WA 2009 in Veracruz, Mexico and on Potential of BTF at Asia Pacific Aquaculture 2009 in KL by Nyan Taw (2009). Recently, Avnimelech (2009) published a book entitled “Biofloc Technology: A Practical Guide Book” . Very recently Nyan Taw (2010) published an article in GAA on expansion of biofloc technology in white shrimp farms. Studies on raceway nursery and super intensive zero water exchange systems were carried out by Somacha (2002 & 2009).

Basic Concept of Biofloc Technology

Yoram Avnimelech, 2000, 2005

Figure 1 Data on feed protein utilization • • • •

ASP Tilapia ponds (Avnimelech) 45% ASP ShConventional fish, shrimp ponds 20-25% Srimp ponds (McIntosh) 45% Closed shrimp tanks (Velasco) 63%

•

ASP shrimp ponds, 15 N study Michele Burford et al.

N consumption 18-29% of total

Figure 2

The ‘Biofloc (Floc)

FLOC COMMUNITIES AND SIZE 100 µ Brown Green

The biofloc

Defined as macroaggregates – diatoms, macroalgae, fecal pellets, exoskeleton, remains of dead organisms, bacteria, protest and invertebrates.

(Decamp, O., et al 2002)

As Natural Feed

& Tilapia) : It is possible that microbial protein

has a higher availability than feed protein (Yoram, 2005)

(filter feeders – L. vannamie

Basic of BFT in Shrimp Farming

1. High stocking density - over 130 – 150 PL10/m2 2. High aeration – 28 to 32 HP/ha PWAs 3. Paddle wheel position in ponds 4. HDPE / Concrete lined ponds 5. Grain (pellet) 6 Molasses 7. Expected production 20–25 MT/ha/crop

200 100 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Feed & grain application and biofloc High density High aeration Grain pellet Bioflocs Dark Vannamei Red Vannamei

Pond Water Preparation

For already treated water in series of treatment reservoirs in HDPE lined 0.5 ha production ponds 2 4 6 8 10 12 Day 1 Activity Urea 8 kg & TSP 1 kg Grain pellet 30 kg & Dolomite 50 kg Tea seed cake 15 ppm Grain pellet 30 kg & Dolomite 50 kg Grain pellet 30 kg & Dolomite 50 kg Grain pellet 50 kg, Molasses 8 kg & Kaolin 50 kg Grain pellet 50 kg Kaolin 50 kg

Pond Operation

High Aeration

Siphoning

D C B A I H G F E Vannamei - Bacterial Floc PWA 15 HP ( 7 x 1HP and 4 x 2HP ) 1 2 3 4 NOTE : PWA 1 HP PWA 2 HP Rope

Paddle Wheels position

STAGES FLOC Development stages (vol) in pond Stage 1 :

Floc found but cannot be measured (subjective)

Stage 2 :

Floc found in small quantity, < 1.0 ml/litre

Stage 3 :

Floc found abundance, 1.0 – 5.0 ml/litre

Stage 4 :

Floc found abundance, 5.1 – 10.0 ml/litre

Stage 5 :

Floc found abundance, > 10.1 ml/litre

8

Sampling Method

Measuring procedure

1 liter / 2 places/ 15 cm deep/ between 10-12 am Let it settled for 15-20 minutes Read density of flocs in cone (ml/l)

Feed, Grain Pellet & Growth

Avg. F/D, GP Consumption & Growth Performance GP (kg), F/D (kg)

160 F/D 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 GP MBW

MBW (g)

20 18 16 14 12 4 2 10 8 6 0 0 1 8 15 22 29 36 43 50 57 64 71 78 85 92 99 106 113 120 127 134 Nyan Taw WAS Las Vegas 2006

DOC (days)

Feed , Grain Pellet and Biofloc

200 150 100 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

‘Floc’

Development

14

Floc (ml/L)

12 10 8 6 4 2 0 20 Floc 30

Average Floc Development

40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

DOC (days)

Nyan Taw WAS Las Vegas 2006

Control Biofloc

Black gill Black biofloc Biofloc- general view at surface Brown biofloc Green biofloc

Pond environment

and

Control - feed/grain/floc & Performance - growth

Saenphon C & Nyan Taw WAS Bali 2005 SHRIMP PERFORMANCE 72.01.10

PO4-P (ppm) NO2-N (ppm) Chlorophyl a (µg/l) Sal (ppt) CO2 (ppm) TAN (ppm) Total Alk (ppm) 14

Total

Plankton

&

Floc

in 82.01.04

Pond Address : 82.01.04 Pond Type : Full HDPE Stocking Date : 19 Harvest Date : 23 MBW : 16.1 g ADG : 0.13 g/day SR : 87.35 % FCR : 1.47

Juni Density : 295 pcs/m2 2004 October Harvest DOC : 127 days 2004 Biomass/0.5 ha : 20,753.3 kg Saenphon C & Nyan Taw WAS Bali 2005 15

Belize ,

Central America Biofloc system culture

Belize Aqua Ltd - ponds

L. vannamei

Mexican strain Pond size 1.6 hectare Pond type Fully HDPE lined Aeration input 48 HP of PWA System Heterotrophic zero water exchange Production 13,500 kg/ha/crop Carrying capacity 550 kg shrimp/HP of PWAs

Malaysia Biofloc System initiated – on going

Well designed farm layout BAB Semi biofloc (8-9 MT /0.8ha pond -Target) Seawater Intake – 2.6 km offshore Biofloc

Farms Using Bio-floc Technology in Indonesia and Malaysia

Alor Star, Malaysia Medan Bangka Dipasena CPB CP Lampung Anyer East Java Bali

Shrimp Farms in Indonesia & Malaysia

Blue Archipelago Malaysia Global Medan Indonesia Bali, Indonesia CPB Lampung, Indonesia Nyan Taw Shrimp Farming GAA 2005

First Biofloc Commercial Trial Central Pertiwi Bahari (CP, Indonesia)

Description Fry Code Tot pond STD(pcs/m 2 ) DOC (day) Biomass(kg) MBW (g) CV (%) FCR (- GP) FCR (+ GP) SR (%) ADG (g/day) Prod (g/m 2 /crop) (12) A416 5 131 148 11,337 16.78

24.2

1.01

1.69

100.0

0.11

(12) A417 6 131 146 10,587 17.66

21.2

1.09

1.83

91.6

0.12

(12) A418 7 130 150 10,650 17.61

26.8

1.08

1.82

92.8

0.12

Average Per Code (11)A420 5 131 146 10,886 17.89

21.4

1.03

1.70

92.8

0.12

(12) A539,A416 3 131 146 11,256 16.38

21.3

0.98

1.64

105.0

0.11

2,267 2,118 2,130 2,177 2,251 Avg 26 131 147 10,883 17.4

23.0

1.04

1.73

95.9

0.12

2,176

Semi-lined 0.5 ha ponds Nyan Taw (2005, 2006)

Production Performance

R&D, Trail & Commercial

Floc System Production R&D, Trial and Company Commercial Ponds Period 2003 - 2005

40.0

35.0

30.0

25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0

< 2,0 2,0 2,4 2,5 3,0 3,0 3,5 3,5 4,0 4,0 4,9 5,0 5,9 6,0 6,9 7,0 7,9

Production range (kg/5000m 2)

8,0 8,9 9,0 9,9 10,0 10,9 11,0 11,9 R&D. Densit y 100-200 pcs/ m2, M BW 16.41 g, Biomass 9.905 kg, SR 81.7 %, FCR 1.29 (number of ponds = 46) TRIAL. Densit y 140 pcs/ m2 , M BW 16.56 g, Biomass 10.082 kg, SR 87.0 %, FCR 1.42 (number of ponds = 13) CCP. Densit y 130 pcs/ m2 (standard), M BW 16.99 g, Biomass 9.557 kg, SR 85.5 %, FCR 1.21 (number of ponds = 131) >12.0

Nyan Taw WAS Las Vegas 2006

Global Medan

Partial Harvest/Biofloc Performance

Partial Harvest Performance with Bio Floc Technology (February - July 2008) Pond/size 1 5896 m2 2 5896 m2 3 2,500 m2 6 2500 m2 7 2500 m2 System Phyto Bio Floc Bio Floc 5940 m2 4 4704 m2 Bio Floc 5 Bio Floc Bio Floc Bio Floc Energy Input ( Pond ) ( Ha ) 16 (PW) 27 (PW) Density ( M2 ) 100 18 (PW) 31 (PW) 18 (PW) 30 (PW) 16 (PW) 34 (PW) 9 (PW) 3 (BL) 7 (PW) 3 (BL) 9 (PW) 3 (BL) 12 (BL) 12 (BL) 36 (PW) 12 (BL) 145 146 257 280 145 145 Partial 1 Final 1 2 Final 1 2 Final 1 2 3 4 5 Final 1 2 3 4 5 Final 1 2 Final 1 2 Final DoC 118 127 108 121 131 109 122 130 85 99 113 127 134 155 84 99 113 127 134 155 110 124 127 110 124 130 Harvest Biomas (Kg) Size No/kg 434 47 11,027 2,092 43 59 1,016 10,400 2,108 999 11,279 55 52 56 50 47 1,962 1,896 1,871 2,587 2,475 7,192 924 1,455 1,324 1,448 1,043 6,177 1,166 367 5,012 892 323 5,400 47 61 57 54 93 75 62 56 53 47 86 74 61 57 54 50 51 49 MBW (gr) 21.28

23.26

16.95

18.18

19.23

17.86

20.00

21.28

10.75

13.33

16.13

17.86

18.87

21.28

11.63

13.51

16.39

17.54

18.52

20.00

19.61

20.41

21.28

16.39

17.54

18.52

Production Kg/Pd Kg/Ha 11,461 13,508 14,386 17,963 12,371 6,545 6,615

19,439 22,910 24,219 38,229 49,484 26,180 26,460 82,849 29,560

GP FCR Feed

1.60

0 SR ( % ) Energy Efficiency -kg/HP Std Capacity Efficiency 75.72

560*

720

84.07

0.59

1.20

680*

739

0.56

1.14

80.95

0.58

1.12

86.54

0.48

1.11

102.35

0.50

1.10

86.35

0.50

1.10

100.8

680* 680* 680* 680* 680*

807 1,124 1,031 655 551

88.1

0.53

1.13

Nyan Taw, et al, 2008

Performance - Shrimp Farms at Java & Bali, Indonesia using Biofloc Technology Karang Asem, Bali, Indonesia Pond Pond size PL tebar DoC SR % ABW FCR Harvest/pond Harvest /ha A2 2,600m2 129/m2 125 91 20.57

1.3

6,232 kg 23,969 kg A3 2,500m2 134/m2 125 84 20.12

1.42

5,695 kg 22,781 kg B1 2,000m2 167/m2 126 93 18.18

1.36

5,645 kg 28,225 kg B2 2,000m2 167/m2 91* 62 12.19

1.45

2,493 kg 12,464 kg B3 2,000m2 167/m2 125 85 18.55

1.44

5,248 kg 26,235 kg C1 600m2 152/m2 147 92 24.15

1.61

2,018 kg 33,645 kg C2 600m2 152/m2 135 89 21.14

1.52

1,725 kg 28,750 kg C3 600m2 152/m2 147 91 24.27

1.58

1,943 kg 32,361 kg Singaraja, Bali, Indonesia Pond Pond size PL tebar DoC SR % ABW FCR Harvest/pond Harvest/ha B3 2,500m2 152/m2 147 85 24.39

1.63

6,304 kg 25,212 kg B4 2,500m2 152/m2 147 81 24.39

1.59

6,005 kg 24,020 kg Global group demo ponds in Bali on BFT Courtesy of Mr. Suritjo Setio, 8 September 2009 Java, Indonesia (Avnimelech 2009) Pond Pond size PL tebar DoC SR % ABW FCR Harvest/pond Harvest/ha D6 115/m2 113 85 16.7

1.37

8,214 kg 16,300 kg D5 115/m2 121 106 15.36

1.6

7,374 kg 18,700 kg D8 141/m2 118 77 17.3

1.51

8,566 kg 18,500 kg D7 172/m2 121 79 17.89

1.75

6,739 kg 14,600 kg Based on report from Suri Tani Pemuka, Indonesia D9 176/m2 121 53 20.08

2 5,256 kg 11,400 kg D4 139/m2 108 75 15.5

1.65

7,533 kg 16,400/kg

Bio-floc in Raceways/Wet Lab Experiments, Trials & Growout

1.

2.

3.

4.

5. Nursery–nursed for 1 to 2 weeks then to GO Super-intensive /intensive culture (to market size) Broodstock production – culture to broodstock size (45 – 50 gm).

Broodstock testing– trials for quality of broodstock family lines (two to four months ).

First phase of the three phase culture system .

Raceway Technology

Biofloc Trials - Nursery & GO

Description Pond Initial MBW (g) Period (days) Harvest Biomass (kg) Final MBW (g) FCR Survival rate (%) ADG (g/day) Productivity (kg/m 2 ) Productivity (kg/ha) Stocking Density (pcs/m 2 ) 550 130 2 2 4.9

57 1.7

90 374 13.8

1.2

66 0.16

5.2

51,893 151 18.4

1.0

88 0.19

2.1

21,001

Nyan Taw, et.al Role of R&D … World Aquaculture 2005 Bali

Raceway trials in BFT

Global Group Raceways at Anyer, Indonesia The raceway system with biofloc is being applied for trials for L. vannamei broodstock family selection.

Wet Laboratory – Trial Tanks

Global Group facility at Anyer, Indonesia

1. Shrimp feed trials using transferred Biofloc 2. Small scale experiments at request 3. Freshwater tolerance experiments 4. Nursery stage experiments

Potential of BFT – PERU

Lined and covered

Piura - Intensive with freshwater covered Piura -Inside covered pond Piura Intensive FW Nursery Tumbes-Extensive with SW Grain

Potential for BFT – GUATEMALA Lined with high energy input

Pasca Shrimp Farm 1

Potential for BFT – CHINA Lined, covered & high energy input

Covered ponds Covered ponds Inside covered & lined ponds Inside covered & lined ponds

Development of BFT (Productivity)

NT- Advised by long visits NT – Managed at site YA -Advised by email NT – Advised by short visits RM- Managed at site

According to Shrimp News International (2006) No one knows how many shrimp farms are employing the bio-floc technology. The best examples of the of farms that have implemented the new technology are: 1. Belize Aquaculture, Ltd., in Belize. 2.

OceanBoy Farms in Florida, USA, and 3. PT Central Pertiwi Bahari in Indonesia.

Advantages/ Disadvantages

Advantages

1. Bio-security very good (from water) – 2. Zero water exchange – to date WSSV negative using the system.

less than 100% exchange for whole culture period.

3. Production (Carrying capacity): 5-10% better than normal system 4. Shrimp size bigger by about 2.0 g than normal system 5. FCR low – between 1.0 to 1.3 (without GP) 6. Production cost lower by around 15-20 %.

Disadvantages

1. High energy input – paddlewheels 28HP/ha.

2. Power failure critical – maximum one hour at any time (better zero hour failure) 3. Full HDPE lined ponds – minimum semi-HDPE lined 4. Technology similar but more advance – need to train technicians

Sergio Nates Dec 2006

Acknowledgements

The author would like to give sincere thank to Dr. Shahridan Faiez (CEO) and Mr. Christopher Lim (COO), Blue Archipelago for their interest and continued support .

The staff and members of Blue Archipelago, Malaysia for their diligence and hard work to make this presentation possible.

Thank You

Nyan Taw

References

Avnimelech, Y. 2000. Nitrogen control and protein recycle. Activated suspension pond. The Advocate April 23 24 Avnimelech, Y. 2005a. Tilapia harvest microbial flocs in active suspension research pond. Global Aquaculture Advocate V 8 (5), 57-58 Avnimelech, Y. 2005b Feeding of Tilapia on microbial flocs: Quantitive evluation using material balances. Paper presented at World Aquaculture 2005, May 9-13, Nusa Dua, Bali, Indonesia. Book of Abstracts, 57 Avnimelech, Y. 2009, Biofloc Technology – A Practical Guide Book. The World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States. McIntosh, Robin P., 2000a Changing paradigms in shrimp farming. III Pond design and operation consideration The Advocate February 42-45 McIntosh, Robin P. , 2000b Changing paradigms in shrimp farming. IV Low protein feeds and feeding strategies. The Advocate April 44-50 McIntosh, Robin P., 2000c Changing paradigms in shrimp farming. V Establishment of heterotrophic bacterial communities The Advocate December 52-54 McIntosh, Robin P., 2001, Changing paradigms in shrimp farming. V Establishment of heterotrophic bacterial communities The Advocate February 52-58 McNeil, Roberick, 2000, Zero exchange, aerobic, heterotrophic systems: Key considerations. The Advocate June 72-76 Nyan Taw, 2005a. Shrimp Farming in Indonesia: Evolving industry responds to varied issues. Global Aquaculture Advocate V 8 (4), 65 – 67 Nyan Taw, 2005b. Indonesia shrimp production. Paper presented at World Aquaculture 2005, May 9-13, Nusa Dua, Bali, Indonesia. Book of Abstracts, 644. Nyan Taw & Saenphon Chandaeng, 2005. The role of R&D and commercial trials on efficiency and productivity of large integrated shrimp farm. Paper presented at World Aquaculture 2005, May 9-13, Nusa Dua, Bali, Indonesia. Book of Abstracts, 643. Nyan Taw, 2006, Shrimp production in ASP system, CP Indonesia: Development of the technology from R&D to commercial production. Paper presented at Aquaculture America 2006 Las Vegas, USA February 2006 Nyan Taw, Hendri Fuat, Naira Tarigan & Kaesar Sidabutar. 2008, Partial harvest/ biofoc system: Promising for Pacific white shrimp. Global Aquaculture Advocate September/October 84-86 Nyan Taw, Hendri Fuad, Nairgan Tarigan & Kaesar Sidabutar. 2009, Partial harvest with BFT, a promising system Pacific white shrimp. World Aquaculture 2009, September 25-29, 2009, Veracruz, Mexico Saenphon Chandaeng, Nyan Taw, M. Handoyo Edi & Agung Gunawan, 2005. Culture trails on production potential of L. vannamei in heterotropic (bacteria floc) system. Paper presented at World Aquaculture 2005, May 9-13, Nusa Dua, Bali, Indonesia. Book of Abstracts, 112.