Dear user, Thank you for the outreach you are undertaking for the IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage! This note contains some instructions on how this standard presentation can be used. • Please note that the Summary for Policymakers (SPM) is agreed government text and the official point of view of the IPCC. The slides in this presentation reflect this carefully established scientific consensus. While presenting the results of the IPCC Special Report, please stay close to the contents of the report and indicate clearly when you are giving your personal rather than the IPCC view. • The presentation is very long and repetitive. Depending on your audience, please pick and choose from the slides, and modify them where you deem it appropriate, keeping in mind the agreed SPM text.

• The notes under the slides contain language from the SPM and the Technical Summary and other explanations for your reference. With kind regards, Bert Metz and Ogunlade Davidson, co-chairs WGIII

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The IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage

Your name Your institute Date, place INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC)

About IPCC

• Founded 1988 by UNEP and WMO • No research, no monitoring, no recommendations • Only assessment of peer-reviewed literature • Authors academic, industrial and NGO experts • Reviews by independent Experts

and

Governments • Policy relevant, but NOT policy prescriptive • Full report and technical summary: accepted by governments without change • Summary for policymakers: government approval

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IPCC chair IPCC Bureau

IPCC Secretariat

WMO/UNEP

Working Group I

Science

Working Group II

Impacts and adaptation

Working Group III

Mitigation

Task force

on National GHG Inventories WGI co-chairs

Technical Support Unit

USA WGII co-chairs WGIII co-chairs

Technical Support Unit

UK

Technical Support Unit

Netherlands NGGIP co-chairs

Technical Support Unit

Japan Experts, Authors, Contributors, Reviewers

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About this report

• Approved by IPCC in September 2005 • Published December 2005 • Written by over 100 authors from 30 countries , all continents • Extensively reviewed by over 200 experts • Presented at UNFCCC COP-11/ Kyoto COP/MOP-1 in Montreal

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Key issues addressed in this presentation

• What is CO 2 capture and storage? • How could CCS play a role in mitigating climate change?

• Maturity of the technology • Sources of CO 2 and potential reservoirs • Cost and potential • Health safety and environment risks • Legal and regulatory issues

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CO

2

capture and storage system

Fuels Processes Storage options

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How could CCS play a role in mitigating climate change?

• Part of a portfolio of mitigation options • Reduce overall mitigation costs by incresing flexibility in achieving greenhouse gas emission reductions • Application in developing countries important • Energy requirements point of attention

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Energy requirements

• Additional energy use of 10 - 40% (for same output) • Capture efficiency: 85 - 95% • Net CO 2 80 - 90% reduction: • Assuming safe storage

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Maturity of CCS technology

• Research phase means that the basic science is understood, but the technology is currently in the stage of conceptual design or testing at the laboratory or bench scale, and has not been demonstrated in a pilot plant.

• Demonstration phase means that the technology has been built and operated at the scale of a pilot plant, but further development is required before the technology is ready for the design and construction of a full-scale system.

• Economically feasible under specific conditions means that the technology is well understood and used in selected commercial applications, such as in case of a favourable tax regime or a niche market, processing at least 0.1 MtCO 2 /yr , with few (less than 5) replications of the technology.

• Mature market means that the technology is now in operation with multiple replications of the commercial-scale technology worldwide.

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Maturity of CCS technology

Oxyfuel combustion Post-combustion Pre-combustion Industrial separation Transport Mineral carbonation Ocean storage Enhanced Coal Bed Methane Gas and oil fields Saline formations

Research phase Demonstration phase Economically feasible under specific conditions

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Industrial utilization Enhanced Oil Recovery

Mature market

• • • •

Qualifying CO

2

sources

Large stationary point sources High CO 2 concentration in the waste, flue gas or by-product stream (purity) Pressure of CO 2 stream Distance from suitable storage sites

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Global large stationary CO

2

sources with emissions of more than 0.1 MtCO

2

/year

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Capture of CO

2

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Capture of CO

2

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Source: IPCC SRCCS

Examples of existing CO

2

capture installations

(Courtesy of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries)

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Planned and current locations of geological storage

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Current locations of geological storage

Project name Weyburn Canada In Salah Sleipner K12B Frio Country Algeria Norway Netherlands United States Injection start 2000 Daily injection (tCO 2 /day) 3,000 - 5,000 Total planned storage (tCO 2 ) 20,000,000 Reservoir type EOR 2004 1996 2004 2004 3,000 - 4,000 17,000,000 3,000 100 177 20,000,000 8,000,000 1,600 Gas field Saline formation EGR Saline formation

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Geological storage

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Ocean storage

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Mineral carbonation

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Geographical relationship between sources and storage opportunities

Global distribution of large stationary sources of CO 2 (Based on a compilation of publicly available information on global emission sources, IEA GHG 2002)

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Geographical relationship between sources and storage opportunities

Storage prospectivity

Highly prospective sedimentary basins Prospective sedimentary basins Non-prospective sedimentary basins, metamorphic and igneous rock Data quality and availability vary among regions Prospective areas in sedimentary basins where suitable saline formations, oil or gas fields, or coal beds may be found. Locations for storage in coal beds are only partly included. Prospectivity is a qualitative assessment of the likelihood that a suitable storage location is present in a given area based on the available information. This figure should be taken as a guide only, because it is based on partial data, the quality of which may vary from region to region, and which may change over time and with new information (Courtesy of Geoscience Australia).

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Costs

Two ways of expressing costs:

• Additional electricity costs – Energy policymaking community • CO 2 avoidance costs – Climate policymaking community

Different outcomes:

0.01 - 0.05 US$/kWh 20* - 270 US$/tCO 2 avoided (with EOR: 0*– 240 US$/tCO 2 avoided) * low-end: capture-ready, low transport cost, revenues from storage: 360 MtCO 2 /yr

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CCS component

CCS component costs

Cost range Capture from a power plant Capture from gas processing or ammonia production 15 - 75 US$/tCO 2 net captured 5 - 55 US$/tCO 2 net captured 25 - 115 US$/tCO 2 net captured Capture from other industrial sources Transportation Geological storage Ocean storage Mineral carbonation 1 - 8 US$/tCO 2 transported per 250km 0.5 - 8 US$/tCO 2 injected 5 - 30 US$/tCO 2 injected 50 - 100 US$/tCO 2 net mineralized

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Economic potential

90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 MiniCAM 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 2005

Emissions to the atmosphere

2020 2035 2050 2065 2080 2095 Conservation 90,000 MESSAGE Energy 60,000 40,000 Substitution 20,000 -

Emissions to the atmosphere

2005 Allowable Emissions for WRE 550 2020 2035 2050 2065 2080 2095 Conservation and Energy Efficiency Renewable Energy Nuclear Coal to Gas Substitution CCS

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Economic potential

• Cost reduction of climate change stabilisation: 30% or more • Most scenario studies: role of CCS increases over the course of the century • Substantial application above CO 2 price of 25-30 US$/tCO 2 • 15 to 55% of the cumulative mitigation effort worldwide until 2100 • 220 - 2,200 GtCO 2 cumulatively up to 2100, depending on the baseline scenario, stabilisation level (450 - 750 ppmv), cost assumptions

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Storage potential

• Geological storage : likely at least about 2,000 GtCO 2 in geological formations

"Likely" is a probability between 66 and 90%.

• Ocean storage : on the order of thousands of GtCO 2 , depending on environmental constraints • Mineral carbonation : can currently not be determined • Industrial uses : Not much net reduction of CO 2 emissions

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Technical and economic potential

• “It is likely that the technical potential for geological storage is sufficient to cover the high end of the economic potential range, but for specific regions, this may not be true.”

"Likely" is a probability between 66 and 90%.

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Health, safety, environment risks

• In general: lack of real data , so comparison with current operations • CO 2 pipelines: similar to or lower hydrocarbon pipelines than those posed by • Geological storage: – appropriate site selection, a monitoring program to detect problems, a regulatory system , remediation methods to stop or control CO 2 releases if they arise: – comparable to risks of current activities (natural gas storage, EOR, disposal of acid gas)

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Health, safety, environment risks: potential leakage from geological reservoirs and remediation

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Health, safety, environment risks: trapping mechanisms for geological storage

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Health, safety, environment risks

• Ocean storage: – pH change – Mortality of ocean organisms – Ecosystem consequences – Chronic effects unknown • Mineral carbonation: – Mining and disposal of resulting products – Some of it may be re-used

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Ocean Storage

Impacts – pH change – Mortality of ocean organisms – Ecosystem consequences – Chronic effects unknown Change of bacteria, nanobenthos and meiobenthos abundace after exposure to 20,000 and 5,000 ppm for 77-375 hrs during experiments carried out at 2000 m depth in NW Pacific 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% -20% -40% -60% -80% -100% Bacteria 20,000 ppm 5000 ppm <10 m m 10-30 Nanobenthos m m Meibenthos

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Will leakage compromise CCS as a climate change mitigation option?

• Fraction retained in appropriately selected and managed geological reservoirs is – very likely to exceed 99% over 100 years, and – is likely to exceed 99% over 1,000 years.

"Likely" is a probability between 66 and 90%, "very likely" of 90 to 99% • Release of CO 2 from ocean over hundreds of years storage would be gradual • Sufficient?

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• •

What are the legal and regulatory issues for implementing CO

2

storage?

Onshore: national regulation – Few legal or regulatory frameworks for long-term CO 2 storage liabilities Offshore: international treaties – OSPAR (regional), London Convention – Ocean storage and sub-seabed geological storage – Unclear whether or under what conditions CO 2 injection is compatible with international law

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Thank you

Report published by Cambridge University Press Order at www.cambridge.org

Documents available on www.ipcc.ch

More information: [email protected]

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