Transcript South Haven Park District

Functional
neuroanatomy of
language and its
disorders
A Concise Overview
By: Shimon Neuman
Terminology
Superior
Anterior
Inferior
Posterior
Terminology
Parietal
Lobe
Frontal
Lobe
Occipital
Lobe
Temporal
Lobe
Broca’s
Area
Wernicke’s
Area
Planning the
message
Preparing the
phonology
Motor Planning
Accessing the
semantic
properties of the
words
Grammar
Articulation
Accessing the
phonologic
properties of the
words
Accessing the
sensory and
motor properties
of the words
(Rohrer et al., 2007)
Planning the message
• Occurs in the prefrontal
cortex.
What can go wrong?
• Dynamic Aphasia:
inability to plan a
message. In its pure form
no other area of
language production or
comprehension is
impaired.
(Robinson, Blair, & Cipolotti, 1998)
Accessing the concepts
• Occurs in the middle and
inferior temporal gyri.
What can go wrong?
• Semantic Dementia:
inability to access
semantic data.
(Semantic memory loss)
• Transcortical sensory
aphasia: compromised
naming and
comprehension skills.
(Hickok, 2009; Rohrer et al., 2007)
Accessing the phonologic
properties of the words
• Occurs posterior superior
temporal sulcus and
middle temporal gyrus.
What can go wrong?
• Transcortical sensory
aphasia: Naming and
auditory comprehension
is compromised
(Gow, 2012)
Accessing the sensory and
motor properties of the
words
• Occurs in the inferior
parietal region including
the supramarginal gyrus.
What can go wrong?
• Wernicke's aphasia:
Difficulty understanding
and producing
meaningful language
(Gow, 2012; Rohrer et el,. 2007)
Transferring to the Frontal Lobe
Whatarcuate
The
can gofasciculus
wrong? (red
and green in MRI image top
and schematic
Anomic
Aphasia: Difficulty
bottom) connects
retrieving
words. In the
its pure
temporal
form
no other
lobeaspect
to the frontal
of
lobe.
language
is compromised.
(Fridriksson, Kjartansson, Morgan, Hjaltason, &
Magnusdottir, 2010)
(Rilling & Glasser, 2008)
Accessing the correct
grammar
• Occurs in the inferior
posterior frontal gyrus
(Broca’s area.)
What can go wrong?
• Non fluent aphasia:
Inability to produce fluent
speech.
(Broca, 1861)
Preparing and organizing
the phonology
• Occurs in the inferior
posterior frontal gyrus
(Broca’s area.)
What can go wrong?
• Non fluent aphasia:
Inability to produce fluent
speech.
(Broca, 1861)
Motor planning
• Occurs in:
• Broca’s area
• Left insula
• Subcortical Regions
What can go wrong?
• Non fluent aphasia:
Inability to produce fluent
speech.
(Ogar, Slama, Dronkers, Amici, & Gorno-Tempini,
2005; Beal, 2005)
Executing the articulation
• Involves the motor neuron
tract.
What can go wrong?
• Ataxic dysarthria
• Hyperkinetic dysarthria
• Hypokinetic dysarthria
• Spastic dysarthria
• Flaccid dysarthria
(McCaffrey, 1999)
Ataxic dysarthria
Effects the cerebellar
Symptoms:
Responsible for:
• Fine Movement
Coordination
• Muscle Tone
Articulation:
•Prosody:
Irregular articulatory
• breakdowns.
Excess and equal stress
• Irregular
speech
Excess loudness
alternating
variations motion rate
(AMR).
• Distorted vowels
(McCaffrey, 1999; "Mixed Dysarthria," n.d.)
Hyperkinetic dysarthria
Effects the Extrapyramidal
tract, specifically the basal
ganglia
Responsible for:
• involuntary reflexes and
movement
Symptoms:
Respiration:
•Phonation:
Audible inspiration
•• Sudden
forced
Harsh voice
Articulation:
•• inspiration
Voice
tremor
Distorted
vowels
Resonance:
•• Shortness
of breath
Irregular
articulatory
•Prosody:
Intermittent
breakdowns
• hypernasality
Inappropriate silences
• Slow/irregular AMRs
• Excessive loudness
variations
• variable patterns of
stress and rate
(McCaffrey, 1999; "Mixed Dysarthria," n.d.)
Hypokinetic dysarthria
Effects the Substantia nigra
Symptoms:
Responsible for:
• Control of voluntary
Movement
Respiration:
•Phonation:
Decreased vital
• capacity
Harsh & breathy voice
Articulation:
•Resonance:
Shallow
breathing
Periods of
Distorted
&dysphonia
incorrect
••Prosody:
Uncoordinated
production
of
Minimal
hypernasality
chest/diaphragm
• phonemes
Monopitch
•• Incorrect
consonant
Monoloudness
• blending
Reduced stress
•• Palilalia
Inappropriate silences
•• Replacing
stops with
Variable rate
fricatives
(McCaffrey, 1999; "Mixed Dysarthria," n.d.)
Spastic dysarthria
Effects the pyramidal
tract
Symptoms:
Responsible for:
• Transmission of voluntary
Movement
Phonation:
•Articulation:
Breathy voice
••Resonance:
Strained-strangled
Imprecise consonants
vocal
quality
••Prosody:
Slow
rate
Hypernasality
•• Low
pitch
phrases
•• Short
Reduced,
excess, &
• Harshness
Distorted
vowels
stress
• equal
Pitch breaks
• Monoloudness
• Monopitch
(McCaffrey, 1999; "Mixed Dysarthria," n.d.)
Flaccid dysarthria
Effects motor units of cranial
or spinal nerves
Symptoms:
Phonation:
•Articulation:
Breathy & harsh voice
••Resonance:
Audible
inspiration
Imprecise
consonants
•• Short
phrases
Hypernasality
Prosody:
• Monoloudness
• Monopitch
Responsible for:
• Transmission of voluntary
Movement
(McCaffrey, 1999; "Mixed Dysarthria," n.d.)
References
Beal, J. A. (2005, November 30). Frontal (Coronal) section of the
brain [Photograph]. Retrieved from
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Human_b
rain_frontal_%28coronal%29_section_description_2.JPG
Broca, P. P. (1861). Loss of speech, chronic softening and partial
destruction of the anterior left lobe of the brain. Bulletin de la
Société Anthropologique, 2, 235-238.
Fridriksson, J., Kjartansson, O., Morgan, P. S., Hjaltason, H., &
Magnusdottir, S. (2010). Impaired speech repetition and left
parietal lobe damage. The Journal of Neuroscience, 30(33),
11057-11061.
Gow, D. W., Jr. (2012). The cortical organization of lexical
knowledge: A dual lexicon model of spoken language
processing. Brain Language, 121(3), 273-288.
http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2012.03.005
References
Hickok, G. (2009). The functional neuroanatomy of language.
Physics of Life Reviews, 6(3), 121-143.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plrev.2009.06.001
McCaffrey, P. (1999). Dysarthria at a glance [Fact sheet].
Retrieved June 10, 2013, from
http://www.csuchico.edu/~pmccaffrey//CMSD642StudyGuide.p
df
Mixed dysarthria. (n.d.). Retrieved June 10, 2013, from
http://mixeddysarthria.wix.com/mixeddysarthria#!
Ogar, J., Slama, H., Dronkers, N., Amici, S., & Gorno-Tempini, M. L.
(2005). Apraxia of speech: An overview. Neurocase, 11, 427-432.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13554790500263529
Rilling, J., & Glasser, M. (2008, March 24). Wired for language.
Retrieved June 10, 2013, from
http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2008/03/24-02.html
References
Robinson, G., Blair, J., & Cipolotti, L. (1998). Dynamic aphasia: an
inability to select between competing verbal responses? Brain,
121(1), 77-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/121.1.77
Rohrer, J. D., Knight, W. D., Warren, J. E., Fox, N. C., Rossor, M. N.,
& Warren, J. D. (2007). Word-finding difficulty: a clinical analysis of
the progressive aphasias. Brain, 131(1), 8-38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awm251
Stem Cell Treatment. (n.d.). Motor neuron tract [Photograph].
Retrieved from http://stemcelltreatments.org/wpcontent/uploads/2012/01/als-stem-cell-treatment-300x237.jpg
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