Transcript Monitoring the six EFA goals

EFA Global
Monitoring Report
2 0 1 1
The hidden crisis:
Armed conflict and
education
Karen Moore
Launch organized by
IBE, RECI and SDC
Bern, 20 May 2011
Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011
Nine EFA GMRs to date…
2002
Education for All – Is the world on track?
2003/4 Gender and Education for All – The leap to equality
2005
Education for All – The quality imperative
2006
Literacy for life
2007
Strong foundations – Early childhood care and education
2008
Education for All by 2015. Will we make it?
2009
Overcoming inequality: Why governance matters
2010
Reaching the marginalized
2011
The hidden crisis: Armed conflict and education
2012
Skills development
Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011
Key messages of 2011 EFA – GMR
 Time is running out – the
world is not on track
 Education should be at the
centre of development
 Armed conflict is a major
obstacle to Education for All
 Education can fuel conflict….
and be an engine for peace
Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011
Monitoring the six EFA goals
 Goal 1: Early childhood care and education

Slow progress in improving child nutrition

Maternal education matters for child survival
 Goal 2: Universal primary education

Uneven progress across and within countries, and dropouts
eroding enrolment gains

But ‘success stories’ demonstrate potential for accelerated
progress
Short-run
projections
Long-run projections
120 Global number
Out-of-school children (millions)
Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011
67 million children out of school in 2008 –
and progress is slowing
The long-run trend is
optimistic compared to the
more recent trend observed
106 Million
100
80
67 million
60
43 million
40 million
40
29 million
128 countries
were used for
projections
20
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2015
Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011
Monitoring the six EFA goals
 Goal 1: Early childhood care and education

Slow progress in improving child nutrition

Maternal education matters for child survival
 Goal 2: Universal primary education

Uneven progress across and within countries, and dropouts
eroding enrolment gains

But ‘success stories’ demonstrate potential for accelerated
progress
 Goal 3: Youth and adult learning

Growing demand for secondary and tertiary education – but
large global inequalities, weak links to employment

74 million adolescents out of school
Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011
Monitoring the six EFA goals
 Goal 4: Adult literacy

796 million illiterate adults, two-thirds women

Absolute numbers still rising in some regions, yet progress is
possible
 Goal 5: Gender parity and equality

69 countries still to achieve gender parity at primary level; in
26, fewer than 9 girls for every 10 boys

Parity would mean 3.6 million more girls in primary school
 Goal 6: Quality

Large inequalities in achievement levels across and within
countries

Quality/quantity trade-offs are not inevitable
Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011
Financing Education for All
 Many national governments need to increase
education financing
 National governments need to mobilize additional
resources
 Donors are falling
short of their
commitments
 New and
innovative funding
could help close
the financing gap
Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011
Armed conflict and education
 Armed conflict is a
barrier to Education
for All
 Conflict destroys
opportunities for
education
 Education can
contribute to the
processes that fuel
conflict
Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011
Education’s hidden crisis in conflict-affected states
Children in conflict affected poor countries:
- 24% of all children in the poorest countries
- 28 million out of school
-47% of out of school children in the poorest countries
Under-5 Mortality rate
24%
0
50
100
Per 1,000 births
150
Stunting
47%
0
Conflict-affected
20
%
40
Non-conflict affected
60
D. R. Congo
Population aged 17-22 with fewer than 2 years of education
Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011
Conflict reinforces education inequality
Poorest
20% female
40%
North
Kivu
 Within these areas, it is the
poor and girls who are
worst affected
30%
20%
Richest 20%
male
10%
0%
 Within countries, conflictaffected areas are at the
bottom of the national
education league table
Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011
Impact of wars on children, teachers and schools
 Children, teachers, schools on the frontline
 Conflict-related poverty and disease are
a major killer
 Armed conflicts within countries;
indiscriminate use of force and targeting
of civilians
 Rape and sexual violence are a
widespread ‘terror tactic’
Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011
Military spending diverting education resources

21 of the world’s
poorest developing
countries that spend
more on military
budgets than primary
education

10% of their military
spending could put
9.5 million children
into school
Pakistan
Angola
Chad
Guinea - Bissau
Afghanistan
Kyrgyzstan
Burundi
Mauritania
D. R. Congo
Bangladesh
Ethiopia
Togo
Yemen
Uganda
Vietnam
Burkina Faso
Mali
Nepal
Sierra Leone
Cambodia
C. A. R.
Gambia
Cote d'Ivoire
Madagascar
Kenya
Senegal
U. R. Tanzania
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ratio of military to primary
education expenditure
Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011
Six days of military spending could close the EFA gap
US$1029 billion
Total annual military spending by
donor countries
6
number of days of
military spending
needed to close
the EFA funding
gap
Aid to basic education
200
2002-2003
2007-2008
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
Sudan
Somalia
D.R. Congo
C.A.R.
Cote d'Ivoire
Chad
Pakistan
Iraq
0
Afghanistan
Constant 2008 US$ millions
Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011
Aid follows security agendas
 Aid is skewed
towards a small
group of
countries
identified as
national security
priorities
Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011
The reverse cycle – education can contribute to conflict
 Failing youth
aspirations and weak
link to labour markets
 Unequal provision
fuels social disparities
and resentment
 Curriculum
reinforcing ethnic,
language and
religious divisions
Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011
Hidden crisis in education reinforced by four failures
 Protection of children, teachers and
civilians from human rights abuses
 Provision of education to vulnerable
populations trapped in violent conflict,
and to refugees and internally displaced
people
 Reconstruction to seize the education
peace premium
 Peacebuilding to unlock the potential of
education as a force for peace
Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011
Failures of protection
 Some advances over the past decade:
Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism
on children in armed conflict
 Secretary General reports to the Security Council
 Resolutions and strengthened leadership on rape and
other sexual violence

 But:
Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism remains
fragmented and partial
 Insufficient weight attached to protection of schools
 ‘Naming and shaming’ is not enough

Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011
Protecting education
 More integrated monitoring
across UN system
 UNESCO to provide leadership in monitoring
attacks on education
 Support national plans for prevention and
punishment of human rights abuses
 High level commission on rape and sexual
violence, linked to International Criminal Court
Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011
Failures of provision
 Conflict-affected communities place high priority on
education
 But humanitarian agencies do not recognize
education as ‘life-saving’ – education is ‘poor
neighbour’ in humanitarian aid system: only 2% of
funding
 Humanitarian aid delivers short-term and
unpredictable aid for long-term emergencies
 Refugees have strong rights but weak
entitlements / IDPs have weak rights
and entitlements
Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011
Providing education
Humanitarian aid in 2009 – education only 2%
Education received
only 2% of all
funding.
US$ Million
4000
Requested amount
3500
Funding received
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Food
Health
Multi -sector Shelter and Coordination
non-food
and support
items
services
Water and
sanitation
Agriculture
Economic
Protection, Education Mine action
recovery and human rights,
infrastructure rule of law
Other recipients
1 256
Major recipients:
Short term
Medium term
754
Humanitarian aid delivers
short-term and unpredictable
aid for long-term emergencies
1 823
6
countries
Sudan
D.R. Congo
Long term
3 958
US$ millions
Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011
Long-term humanitarian aid
O. Palestinian T.
Afghanistan
Somalia
Iraq
Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011
Providing education
 Change humanitarian mindset
 Increase humanitarian pooled funding
to US$ 2 billion annually, and ensure
that education gets the same share of
request funded as others sectors.
 Develop a more effective assessment system to gear
financing to needs
 Strengthening refugee entitlements (Jordan) and
internally displaced (Colombia, Kampala Convention)
Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011
Failures of reconstruction
 Slow and fragmented responses
to opportunities for peace
 Continued reliance on humanitarian aid, and
limited provision of long-term assistance
 Insufficient investment in building capacity of the
education system
Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011
Reconstructing education
 Make an early transition to long-term
development assistance (Sierra Leone
vs. Liberia)
 Focus on capacity-building, including developing
education management information systems
(Afghanistan, Sierra Leone, Somaliland)
 Strengthen the EFA Fast Track Initiative through US$6
billion per year replenishment – with more flexible
rules for conflict-affected states
Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011
Failures of peacebuilding
 Education insufficiently integrated
into strategies for conflict prevention
and post-conflict peace-building
 Limited efforts to undertake conflict risk assessments
for education policy
 Gap between principles and policy implementation
(Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011
Building peace
 Education for equality and shared
identity - e.g. curriculum, language
of instruction (Northern Ireland, U.R. Tanzania)
 Make schools non-violent environments
 Expand the UN Peacebuilding Fund, enhancing the role
of UNESCO and UNICEF
Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011
Conclusion: An agenda for change
 Strengthen human rights protection for
children caught up in conflict
 Put education at the centre of humanitarian
responses
 Start early, and stay for the long haul, for
reconstruction
 Use education as a force for peace
EFA Global
Monitoring Report
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