Transcript IEA Implementing Agreement RETD Strategy

RETRANS2 – Final Report
Annex
Ann-Kathrin Meinerzhagen, Eva Szczechowicz
RWTH Aachen University, Germany
10. June 2011
Table of Annexes
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A1 – Acronyms
A2 – References
A3 – List of subsidies and incentives for EVs
A4 – Pilot projects in the three regions
A5 – Policies concerning EV deployment
A6 – List of available EV models
A7 – Standards
A8 – Renewable Energy policies
A9 – Expected growth in electricity sector
A10 – Revenue from Ancillary services for EVs
A11 – Impact of EVs on grids and production
A12 – Two phase development of Co-Evolution
A13 – Road infrastructure
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A1
Acronyms
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EHV: Extra High Voltage
EV : Electric Vehicle
GHG: Greenhouse Gas
HEV: Hybrid Electric Vehicle
ICEV: Vehicle with Internal Combustion Engine
NEV: New Energy Vehicle
OEM: Original Equipment Manufacturer (Vehicle and Battery Manufacturers)
PHEV: Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle
PV: Passenger Vehicle
RE: Renewable Energy
V2G: Vehicle to Grid
VAT: Value Added Tax
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References
 ACEA
 AVERE
 Black & Veatch, 2010. What will be the North American energy industry’s
“new normal”.
http://www.bv.com/Downloads/Resources/Brochures/20101017_Webinar.pdf
 www.dailyfinance.com
 CANMET Energy, Electric Vehicle Technology Roadmap for Canada, 2009.
http://canmetenergy-canmetenergie.nrcanrncan.gc.ca/fichier/81890/ElectricVehicleTechnologyRoadmap_e.pdf
 www.chinaautoweb.com
 China Electric Power Yearbook 2009, Azure International’s wind market
analysis
 China Electricity Yearbook
 China Energy Statistic Yearbook
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References (cont.)
 China Greentech Initiative, "China Greentech Initiative 2010: Cleaner
Transportation Sector, Working Session #3." Beijing, China: China
Greentechn Initiative, 2010. Print.
 CIA: The World Factbook
 Communauto, 2010 (press release). Communauto to offer all-electric Nissan
LEAF to clients in 2011.
http://www.communauto.com/communiques/2010/vehiculeselectriques/index_ENG.html
 COWI (2011): "Kortlægning af strategier for lavenergibyggeri i EU Lande",
Report for the Danish Government.
 Danish Commission on Climate Change (2010): Nordic Foresight Analysis,
Renewable transport 2011
 Danish Energy Authority. "Report on charging stations". 2011. (Danish)
 Danish Energy Strategy 2050, Danish Government, March 2011
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References (cont.)
 Earley, Robert J., Liping Kang, Feng An, and Lucia Green-Weiskel. United
Nations. Electric Vehicles in the Context of Sustainable Development in
China. United Nations, 2011. Web. in press.
 www.eco-grid.net
 Electric Mobility Canada (2010): Demonstrating Electric Vehicles in Canada.
 Energinet.dk
 ENTSO-E: Factsheet 2011
 Environment Canada, 2010. Canada lists emissions target under the
Copenhagen accord.
http://www.ec.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=714D9AAE1&news=EAF552A3-D287-4AC0-ACB8-A6FEA697ACD6
 European Commission, 2009: Climate and Renewable Energy Package
 European Commission, 2009: Directive on the promotion of the use of energy
from renewable sources
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References (cont.)
 European Commission, Directorate-General for Research, Directorate H –
Transport (2010): European Green Cars Initiative. Towards an electric
future?.
 European Commission (2011): Review of European and national financing of
renewable energy
 European Commission (2011): White Paper. Roadmap to a Single European
Transport Area – Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport
system.
 European Commission (2011): Impact Assessment. Accompanying document
to the White Paper. Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area –
Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system.
 European Commission (2011): Comission Staff Working Document –
Accompanying the White Paper – Roadmap to a Single European Transport
Area – Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system
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References (cont.)
 European Commission (2011): A Roadmap for moving to a competitive low
carbon economy in 2050.
 European Environment Agency (2009): Towards a resource-efficient
transport system.
 European Environment Agency, 2007. Passenger transport by mode in
passenger km per capita. http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-andmaps/figures/passenger-transport-by-mode-in-passenger-km-per-capita
 European Parliament & Council (2009): DIRECTIVE 2009/28/EC of 23 April
2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and
amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and
2003/30/EC
 European Parliament, Directorate-General for Internal Policies, Directorate –
Industry, Research and Energy (2010): Challenges for a European Market for
Electric Vehicles.
 European Union (2011): Energy Infrastructure. Priorities for 2020 and beyond
─ A Blueprint for an integrated European energy network
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References (cont.)
 Eurostat (2010): Yearly energy statistics 2008
 Finish Energy Industry (2011): Energy taxation in Europe, Japan and the
United States
 G4V (2010) : Parameter Manual.
 Huang Yonghe. China Automotive Technology & Research Center. Personal
Interview by Azure International. 24 Feb 2011
 Hunt, T., 2011. Why electric vehicles will reduce GHG emissions.
http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2011/01/why-electricvehicles-will-significantly-reduce-greenhouse-gas-emissions
 "Imbalance of Power Production and Consumption in China." Wind Energy
Resource Characteristics and Development Potential. Web. 28 Feb 2011.
<http://www.cwpc.cn/cwpc/en/node/6295>.
 Institute for Energy Research, 2011. Obama Administration Pushes Electric
Vehicles. http://www.canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/34282
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References (cont.)
 International Energy Agency (2009): Technology Roadmap. Electric and plugin hybrid electric vehicles.
 International Energy Agency (2010): RETRANS – Opportunities for the Use
of Renewable Energy in Road Transport – Policy Makers Report.
 International Energy Agency (2011): Technology Roadmap. Smart Grids.
 IEA Country Statistics:
http://www.iea.org/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=DK
 International Monetary Fund
 J.D. Power and Associates (2010): Drive Green 2020: More Hope Than
Reality?
 Jenny Gold (2009): A Modern Electric Grid: The New Highway System? For
NPR: Power Hungry series.
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=103349614
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References (cont.)
 Kempton, W.(2009): Vehicle to Grid Power.
http://depsc.delaware.gov/documents/Kempton070709presentation.pdf
 Lai, Xiaokang. China Electric Power Research Institute. Personal Interview by
the Innovation Center for Energy and Transportation. 22 Feb 2011.
 Lindholm, Tommy (2010): Vattenfall’s E-mobility programLu Zongxiang.
Tsinghua University. Personal Interview by the Innovation Center for Energy
and Transportation. 22 Feb 2011
 National Centre for Advanced Transportation (2001): Electric Vehicle Project
Montreal 2000.
 National Public Radio (2009): Special Series: Power Hungry – Reinventing
the U.S. Electric Grid, Visualizing The U.S. Electric Grid.
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=110997398
 Natural Resources Canada, Directory of Energy Efficiency and Alternative
Energy Programs in Canada,
http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/corporate/statistics/neud/dpa/policy_e/programs.cfm?
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References (cont.)
 Nordic Energy Research. "Foresight Analysis – Nordic Strategies for
Renewable Transport", Final Report, March 2010.
 Nordic System Operators (2010):
http://energinet.dk/SiteCollectionDocuments/Engelske%20dokumenter/El/Win
d%20report.pdf
 Norsk Elbilsforening
 Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions, Electrifying the BC Vehicle Fleet, 2009.
 RITA, 2006. North American Freight Transportation.
http://www.bts.gov/publications/north_american_freight_transportation Sessa,
C. and Enei, R. (2009): EU transport demand: Trends and drivers. ISIS,
paper produced as part of contract ENV.C.3/SER/2008/ 0053 between
European Commission Directorate-General Environment and AEA
Technology plc. www.eutransportghg2050.eu
 Statistics Canada, 2000. North American Transportation Highlights.
http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/50-500-x/4059392-eng.htm
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References (cont.)
 Statistics Canada, 2009. Motor vehicle registrations.
http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/trade14a-eng.htm
 Statistics Canada, 2009. Energy Supply and Demand.
 Statistics Finland, 2009, http://www.tiehallinto.fi/pls/wwwedit/docs/25984.PDF
 Statistics Iceland
 TemaNord 2008:587. CO2-reductions in the transport sector in the Nordic
countries, Nordic Council of Ministers, 2008. (Danish)
 The EV-Project: http://www.theevproject.com/
 United Nations Population Division, 2003. World Urbanization Prospects.
http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/peo_per_liv_in_urb_are-peoplepercentage-living-urban-areas
 United Nations. Population Division. Department of Economic and Social
Affairs: World Urbanization Prospects, The 2009 revision
 United Nations Statistic Division: Demographic Yearbook 2008.
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References (cont.)
 US Census Bureau, 2011. State Motor Vehicle Registrations.
http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/cats/transportation/motor_vehicle_r
egistrations_alternative_fueled_vehicles.html
 US Census Bureau, 2011. Population
 US Department of Agriculture (2005): Rural Transportation at a Glance
 US Department of Energy, Database of State Incentives for Renewables and
Efficiency, http://www.dsireusa.org/
 US Department of Energy, 2009. President Obama sets a target for cutting
US GHG emissions.
http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=15650
 US Energy Information Administration (EIA), Electric Power Annual,
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epa_sum.html
 US Energy Information Administration (2009): http://www.eia.gov/state/stateenergy-profiles.cfm?sid=TX
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References (cont.)
 University of California, Berkeley, Centre for Entrepreneurship and
Technology (2009): Electric Vehicles in the United States: A New Model With
Forecasts to 2030.
 www.volvo.com
 Wang Hewu. Tsinghua University. Personal Interview by Azure International.
25 Feb 2011
 Wen Haiping. China Academy of Sciences. Personal Interview by the
Innovation Center for Energy and Transportation. 22 Feb 2011
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A3
Subsidies and incentives for electric vehicles
in Europe
 European incentives:
 7th Framework Programme
 Funding of research projects and their pilot fleets
 Different national approaches:
 Subsidies per purchase
 UK, F, E, B, AU, CY
 Discussed in Sweden
Taxation benefits for EVs
in Europe
 Vehicle taxation
linked to emissions
 Reduced annual tax,
 Reduced registration fee,
 Both annual tax and fee
reduced
 Tax exemptions
 VAT, registration tax, annual circulation tax
 Traffic privileges (UK, NL, N)
 Use of bus lanes
 Exemption from road tolls and ferry charges
 Free parking
 Fuel subsidy (NL)
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A3
Subsidies and incentives in Europe
Financial / tax-related/ non-monetary incentives for EVs
Austria
Up to 1100€ or 15% subsidy in several provinces
50% VAT reduction, No first licence tax, no motor tax,
Bonus-malus system for low-emissions vehicles
Insurance facilities
Parking & charging facilities (especially Vienna)
Circulation limited in some cities
Belgium
15% rebate (max . € 3280) for CO2<105g/km, 3% rebate (max. €615) for
CO2<115g/km, personal income tax reduction of 30% of purchase price (max. €9000)
Lower circulation tax
Parking & charging facilities
Proposal: up to €4000 per car
Cyprus
€700 per EV-purchase (max. 7 purchases)
Czech
Republic
www.iea-retd.org
EVs are exempt from road tax (for business cars)
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A3
Subsidies and incentives in Europe
Financial / tax-related/ non-monetary incentives for EVs
France
Germany
Up to €3200 (€2000 for HEVs) subsidy; 15 k€ per bus (>30 seats), 1 k€ per bus (<30
seats)
Road tax – no TIPP; Some regions: 50-100% reduction of vignette
Parking & charging facilities
EV imposed by law: Loi sur l‘air
Many pilot projects
No/ lower tax for 5 years, fixed tax-rates thereafter
Parking & charging facilities
Greece
Exemption from registration and one specific tax, No or lower circulation tax
Lower insurance premium
Free on-street charging in Athens & Amarouszsion
Free circulation in some restricted areas
Italy
Subsidy of up to 65% of extra-costs
Regional incentives: 40-50% of price , initiative for 2-wheelers
No tax, 50% reduction on insurance
Some cities: Parking & charging facilities, restricted circulation exemptions
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A3
Subsidies and incentives in Europe
Financial / tax-related/ non-monetary incentives for EVs
Monaco
Netherlands
Subsidies: 30% of BEV-price, €3000 for HEV which can drive 100% electrically
Half tax for annual register licence (BEVs)
Free parking
Special registering plate
Up to €4000 subsidy (DEMO project)
Reduction of VAT in some cases, No BPM
R&D aids
Portugal
BEVs exempt from registration tax, HEVs pay reduced (50%) registration tax
Romania
EVs exempt from registration tax
Spain
Switzerland
United
Kingdom
www.iea-retd.org
Various regional subsidies: up to 10 k€ (?)/ €2000 for HEVs, €6000 for BEVs or 70%
Different regulation for each Canton.
25% (max. £5000) discount per purchase
EVs exempt from annual circulation tax, can be exempt from company car tax
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Subsidies and incentives in Nordic Countries
Financial / tax-related/ non-monetary incentives for EVs
Denmark
BEVs exempt from registration charge, lowest possible annual motor vehicle
tax. PHEVs not exempt from registration charge.
Free on-street charging in some cities
Finland
Up to 30% subsidy
BEVs pay reduced (by 77%) motive power tax . PHEVs (diesel) pay motive
power tax reduced by 27%, PHEV’s (petrol) tax was reduced by >90%.
Free car parks in several cities
Norway
One city gives up to €3400 per vehicle
BEVs are exempt from both car tax and VAT. They pay a very low annual
registration charge.
Parking & charging in Oslo, exempt from parking fees in public parkings. No
highway-toll and car-ferry fares. Electric vehicles also have a higher mileage
allowance in the public sector.
Sweden
Subsidy of 40% of price difference
HEVs(emissions max. 120 g/km) and BEVs consuming 37 kWh/100 km are
exempt from annual motor tax for 5 years. Company vehicle taxation: the
taxable value of electric and hybrid vehicles is reduced by 40%. Maximum
reduction €1750 per annum.
Free on-street charging in some cities
Exemption from circulation restriction in some inner cities, Permission to use
bus lanes
www.iea-retd.org
Source: ACEA.org
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A3
Transport Sector
Government incentives
 Different national approaches:
 Denmark and Norway have the highest registration tax on ordinary cars on more
than 100 % of the value, Finland has a registration tax on around 49 % and
Sweden has no registration tax. Norway and Denmark have a complete exemption
for EVs from paying registration tax.
 Other benefits granted to purchasers of electric vehicles include the right to drive
on bus lanes, free parking in public car parks, exemption from road tolls and car
ferry charges in Norway, and a reduced tax rate on electric vehicles for businesses
in Sweden and Norway. Sweden has recently made this package a little less
attractive.
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Vehicle Type
Credits
Vehicle Examples
HEVs
$ 250 - $ 3,400*
Toyota Prius,
Honda Insight
BEVs
$ 7,500
Nissan Leaf,
Tesla Roadster
PHEVs and
Extended Range EVs
$ 7,500
Toyota Prius PHEV,
Chevrolet Volt ER-EV
Clean Diesel Vehicles
$ 900 - $ 2,200
BMW 335d,
VW Jetta TDI
* Expired in 3/2010
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 National and local subsidies for charging infrastructure,
EV-acquisition or OEMs + non-monetary benefits
 Up to ¥ 100 billion
 Federal subsidies for public EV-acquisition
 3000 ¥ / kWh, max. ¥ 60,000 per BEV
 Subsidies for private EVs
 Federal subsidies in 5 pilot cities
 Some pilot cities have local subsidies
 Non-Monetary: no traffic restrictions and car license lottery in Beijing
 Tax exemptions, i.e. for private EVs in Beijing
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A4
Pilot Projects in Europe
Country
Pilot Project
Location
Austria
VLOTTE
Bregenz/ Vorarlberg
E-Scooters and
EVs (Th!ink City
mostly)
ElectroDrive
Salzburg
Salzburg
E-Bikes or EVs
(iMiEV, Th!ink
City)
Autolib Paris
Paris
Pilot cities for
charging
infrastructure
Aix-en-Provence,
Angoulême, Bordeaux,
Grenoble, le Havre, le
Grand Nancy, Nice,
Orléans, Paris,
Rennes, Rouen,
Strasbourg
France
www.iea-retd.org
No. Evs
4000 Bolloré
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A4
Pilot Projects in Europe
Country
Pilot Project
France
Location
No. Evs
Strasbourg
100 PHEV Toyota & EDF
Public
procurement
5000 H&B
La Poste
Germany
www.iea-retd.org
10 000
E-Mobility
Berlin
Berlin
100 eSmarts +
infrastructure
BeMobility
Berlin
50 Car sharing
(eMinis), EBikes, EScooters
Bremen
Car sharing,
commuting
Hamburg
Hybrid busses
& EVs
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A4
Pilot Projects in Europe
Country
Pilot Project
Location
Germany
Pendlerverkehr
NRW
Rhein-Ruhr
Commuting,
commercial
vehicles,
Busses,
Scooters &
Bikes
Modellregion
Rhein-Main
EVs at Airport,
public transport
eflott
Munich
Ireland
Aran Islands
Aran Islands
Italy
e-mobility Italy
Rome, Milano, Pisa
www.iea-retd.org
No. Evs
8 Selfsustainability
possible
>100 Enel & Daimler
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Pilot Projects in Europe
Country
Pilot Project
Location
Netherlands
The New
Motion
Amsterdam
Portugal
Mobi.E
Spain
MovEle
United Kingdom Plugged-In
Places
Switzerland
www.iea-retd.org
No. Evs
10 000 (2015) Renault-Nissan
40 000 (2020) & Komme
Public charging
Barcelona,
Madrid, Sevilla
2000 550 charging
stations
London, Milton
Keynes,
Northeast
Source London
London
Smart electric
drive
Zurich
alpmobil
Gotthard region
100 1300 charging
points, parking
discount
50 eSmarts
Leasing for
tourists
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Overview of selected Nordic pilot projects,
2010 -2012
Denmark
Sweden
Norway
Finland
Edison Project
Volvo C30 Electric
Field testing
of plug-in Prius
Project in the postal
sector
Energistyrelsen,
Pilot project,
€ 3 000 000
Volvo Trucks
Statens Vëgvesen
Better Place,
Dong energy
Postal service
project, Trondheim
DTU, test of Plug-in
hybrid.
"Europe's biggest
EV-test" by
ChoosEV
Subsidies for
charging stations
www.iea-retd.org
Subsidies for
charging stations
A4
Pilot projects in Denmark
 € 5 million is provided by the state during a three year period to test EV's and
infrastructure. The tests and pilot projects includes taxis, intelligent "refuelling" etc,
 The Danish Energy Authority also finances Expert groups and studies on EV
infrastructure and alternative fuels.
 ChoosEV – "Europe's biggest EV-test” 2011.
 Danish company owned by SydEnergi and SEAS and Sixt Danmark.
 supported by public development funds ((8,1 mio. DKR from the System Operators Research
and Development Fund).
 90 Mitsubishi iMiEV Evs will be on the road in spring 2011, and 300 vehicles will be tested by
more than 2000 Danish families. The project ends in June 2013. More info on
www.testenelbil.dk
 "Better Place"
 EV's and battery changing stations
 10-20 battery changing stations is expected to be build in 2011, at the Renault Fluence can be
bought for 208.000 DKR (65.000 EUR) without the battery.
 The battery is part of a service agreement where a charging station is build at your house, and
you rent the battery and can change it unlimited whenever you choose. The price includes
electricity and current prices are from 1495 DKR/month (200 EUR) (10.000 km/year) to 2995
DKR/month.(400 EUR) for 40.000 driven kilometre per year. Delivery is set to fall 2011.
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The Danish Edison project
 EV seen as a balancing measure to enable the Danish government’s energy strategy,
which implies 50% wind power penetration in the electric power system.
 storage device for smoothing power fluctuations from renewable resources (wind power )
 provide valuable system services for a reliable power system operation
 enable an increased share of RES in the power system for supply of the conventional electricity
demand
 The Edison project aims at developing system solutions and technologies for EVs and
PHEV
 enable a sustainable, economic and reliable energy system
 properties of EVs are utilised in a power system with substantial fluctuating renewable energy.
 Prepare and provide a technical platform for Danish demonstrations of EVs with
emphasis on the power system integration aspects.
 To develop standard system solutions for EVs, which are applicable globally, by
utilising the Danish leading knowledge within distributed energy resources and
operation of energy systems with high wind power penetration, and thereby, release
the potential for Danish export of technology, system solutions, and knowledge.
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A4
Pilot projects in Sweden,
 2011: Volvo tests different kinds of renewable fuels in their Trucks, and a new
Volvo C30 electric, a smaller family car, is being tested in Sweden by several
Swedish families.
 Different regional projects for a range of renewable fuels
 Trucks and cars may need dual fuel and hybrid solutions if they are not only
driving in the specific region using e.g. using biogas and diesel. This is both a
technical and economic barrier, but Volvo and other truck providers are
developing dual fuel models soon to be delivered to the market.
 H2 Logic A/S recently installed a mobile hydrogen refueling station in a winter
test area for cars in Northern Sweden. The station is to be used during the
winter by car manufacturers conducting test drives of fuel cell vehicles. In
February Sweden opened its second refuelling station, and even though it is
placed in the most northern and coldest area of Sweden in Arjeplog. H2
based EVs has a high advantage on range compared to normal EVs in very
cold weather.
www.iea-retd.org
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Pilot projects in Norway
 More than 3000 EVs primarily in the Oslo area, is the result of several pilot
projects and commercial investments.
 "Statens Vejvesen", the Official Authority for road infrastructure, and the
postal service in the city of Trondheim are among the public institutions that
have bought a fleet of EVs.
 A range of initiatives on municipality level as well.
 National production of EVs, Think and Buddy gives at god basis for tests on a
large public knowledge about the technology.
 Field testing of plug-in Toyota Prius in 2011.
 You can get 10.000 NOK as a subsidy if you put up a EV charging station in
Oslo
 In the Oslo area a H2 infrastructure is also being implemented to serve EVs
with a fuel cell.
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Pilot projects in Finland and Iceland
Iceland
 Implementation of H2 infrastructure for cars and H2 vehicles demonstration
projects. May produce H2 for export in the future due to large availability of
RE electricity based on geothermal energy. Want to be a world leading H2
vehicle demonstration facility. H2 production is based 100 % on RES. The
advantage is the longer range of the cars that is needed in this large island
with a small population. (Source: www.H2Logic.com)
Finland
 Use of EVs, e.g. electric vans in the postal service, but there is only found a
small number of pilot projects.
 Europe’s first and large factory for large lithium-ion batteries
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RES based H2 Pilot projects
 Primo 2011 Hyundai, Kia Motors and key hydrogen stakeholders from the
Nordic countries; Sweden, Denmark, Norway & Iceland signed a
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the aim of collaboration towards
market deployment of zero emission hydrogen powered fuel cell electric
vehicles (FCEV). With the MoU Hyundai, Kia hopes to establish its position
as one of the leading manufacturers in the global markets for FCEV's. For the
Nordic countries the MoU significantly strengthen their position as one among
the first regions worldwide where FCEV's are market introduced. The
Embassy of Sweden and the Korean Ministry of Knowledge & Economy
signed the MoU as co-witnesses at a joint signing ceremony in Seoul, Korea
on the 31st of January 2011. (http://www.newenergy.is/newenergy/en/all_news)
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BEV pilot projects in Canada:
www.iea-retd.org
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PHEV pilot projects in Canada:
www.iea-retd.org
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Case study:
Montreal 2000 – Electric vehicle project
 24 battery electric vehicles were purchased or leased
by 10 private and public organizations
 30 charging stations (public and private) were installed by Hydro Quebec
(Quebec’s electricity provider)
 CAN$ 2 million budget
 Users were required to fill out daily logs
 Objectives of the pilot project were to observe usage patterns, monitor costeffectiveness and performance and overall user and fleet manager
satisfaction. Users were also asked to participate in public information
campaigns at various events
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Case study:
Montreal 2000 – Electric vehicle project
 Results:
 77% of daily usage was in the range of 0 – 40 km per day
 Readiness and reliability varied between 77% - 100%
 Energy consumption varied considerably depending on the external conditions
(temperature, road conditions, etc.)
 Advantages noted by users: good acceleration, ease of driving, comfort, quiet
operation, ease of use of battery charging stations
 EV integration into the fleet was more successful when the EVs were assigned a
specific role or purpose (rather than just general use)
 EV integration into the fleet was more successful when the decision was made by
the fleet manager rather than another level of management
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A4
Case study:
Montreal 2000 – Electric vehicle project
 Other outcomes:
 The accreditation of a Ford dealership as the first official supplier of electric
vehicles in Canada
 The establishment of the first public and private EV charging infrastructure
 The users in the study chose to continue to use the EVs after the termination of the
study
 Increased public awareness
 Demonstration of feasibility and usability
www.iea-retd.org
39
A4
USA case study: The EV Project
 Launched in summer 2010, the EV project is
the largest deployment of EVs and charge infrastructure
in North America: 8300 EVs, and 15,000 charging stations
in 18 cities in 6 states and Washington DC.
 US Department of Energy (DOE) awarded a $115 million grant to ECOtality
for a 3-year project. This was matched by corporate partners to make a total
$230 million for the project.
 Nissan and GM/Chevrolet are partners. Buyers of the Nissan Leaf or the
Chevrolet Volt receive a residential charger installed for free.
 Data collection on technology performance and potential business models is
an important part of the project.
www.iea-retd.org
40
A4
Business model: Vehicle-to-grid (V2G)
 In September 2009, the State of Delaware signed a Bill into law
that allows net metering for vehicles:
 “A retail electric customer having on its premises one or more grid-integrated
electric vehicles shall be credited in kWh for energy discharged to the grid from the
vehicle’s battery at the same kWh rate that the customer pays to charge the battery
from the grid.” –Senate Bill No.153, An Act to Amend Title 26 of the Delaware
Code Relating to Customer Sited Energy Resources
 The research group led by Willett Kempton at the University of Delaware has been
conducting extensive research on V2G technology and its applications.
 V2G trials and pilot projects:
 California: Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) was the first company to
demonstrate V2G technology with a converted Toyota Prius. In 2007 it helped
Google convert six of their company vehicles to participate in a V2G trial.
 Colorado: Xcel Energy, as a part of its SmartGridCity program, is conducting a trial
with 6 vehicles in the first phase, followed by 60 vehicles in the second phase.
www.iea-retd.org
41
A4
Business model case study UC Berkeley
 UC Berkeley Centre for Entrepreneurship
and Technology economic forecast model
 Used an economic model to predict the outcome of the implementation of
new business model for electric vehicles: switchable batteries with a pay-permile service contract.
 Network operators offer electric vehicle users pay-per-mile contracts that
finance the car batteries as well as a charging and battery-switching
infrastructure. This improves the traditional barriers facing electric vehicles:
high charging time and low range.
 Results of the analysis indicated that in 2030:
 64% of light-duty vehicle purchases would be for electric vehicles and 24% of the
light-duty vehicle fleet would be electric;
 130,000 – 350,000 jobs would be created;
 Oil imports reduced by 18% - 38%
www.iea-retd.org
42
A4
Annex: details of five selected pilot cities
 Beijing
 Shanghai
 Shenzhen
 Changchun
 Chongqing
Changchun
Beijing
Shanghai
Chongqing
Shenzhen
www.iea-retd.org
43
A4
Beijing
(included in 25 public EV pilot cities,
not included in 5 private EV purchase subsidy cities)
 Number of EV, target and current
– 1000 NEVs were delivered and utilized in Beijing in 2009, with an additional 1050
expected to be on the market in 2010. The most recent target is to have 5,000 NEV
by 2012.
– The city plans to develop 1000, 5000 and 24000 Evs in 2010, 2011 and 2012
respectively. Among the total 30000 EVS, 23000 will be pure EV and 7000 will be
PHEV.
 Subsidies
– Beijing was not included in the first batch of pilot cities where consumers could
receive up to ¥ 60000 subsidies for each EV purchase, but Beijing government
plans to give the same amount of subsidies to the consumers. The government
plans to give a total of ¥ 1.73 billion subsidies. If Beijing is included in the national
subsidy program, the consumers could get up to ¥ 120000 for each EV purchase.
– Beijing government will provide subsidies of no more than 30% construction
investment to charging stations.
 Investment
– In 2009, total funding from the local government for EV and HEV reached
¥ 550 million, which is already in place.
www.iea-retd.org
44
A4
Beijing
(included in 25 public EV pilot cities,
not included in 5 private EV purchase subsidy cities)
 Infrastructure/Charging Station
– Beijing plans to build 36000 slow charging poles in 3 years, to reach 1.2 poles for
each EV on average. It also plans to build 100 fast charging stations, and one
battery swapping station. One charging/swapping station has finished construction,
with four others in pipeline.
– Besides charging systems, Beijing is also planning to build two battery recycling
stations, ten repair and maintenance service centers, and two information
collection and process stations. It is also in the way of founding a Beijing EV
Operation Company to promote EV pilot program.
 Major Auto Manufacturers involved in EV
– One major goal is to establish an EV manufacturing zone in Daxing. Foton, one of
the biggest auto manufacturers, has prepared with an investment of ¥ 5 billion.
– Beijing Automobile Works: have produced 50 electric taxi, and finished R&D for
2ton, 8ton and 16ton electric sanitation vehicles.
– Foton: have mass produced 1060 electric sanitation vehicles.
 Renewable Energy
– Beijing is part of the Huabei grid, linked to Inner Mongolia and Northeast grid and
potentially linked to the Northwest grid. These regions continue to develop wind
power.
www.iea-retd.org
45
A4
Shanghai
(included in 25 public EV pilot cities,
included in 5 private EV purchase subsidy cities)
 Number of EV, target and current
– Shanghai government set target to reach 20,000 private EV purchase by the end of
2012.
– For public EV, Shanghai plans to have 19000 pure electric buses (30 routes) and
1000 PHEVs, 3000 of them will be promoted by renting (2600 pure EV and 400
PHEV).
– Shanghai expects to have 100k NEV annual manufacturing capacity by 2012, with
60k of them being electric cars. In that case, the annual production value of EV will
be about ¥ 30 billion, with 20 billion being that of electric cars.
 Subsidies
– National subsidies: for plug-in vehicles, a subsidy of maximum ¥ 50,000 will be
given. For battery EV, a subsidy of maximum ¥ 60,000 will be available.
– Besides the national subsidies, Shanghai government will give another ¥ 20k
subsidies to private PHEV purchase, and ¥ 40-50k to private pure EV purchase.
– Shanghai government will also give subsidies to charging stations developers, of
no more than 20% of the construction investment and no more than ¥ 3 million. It
will give discount loan to any company who develops NEV power battery renting
services. Subsidies will also be given to companies for EV after-sales service.
www.iea-retd.org
46
A4
Shanghai
(included in 25 public EV pilot cities,
included in 5 private EV purchase subsidy cities)
 Infrastructure/Charging Station
– As part of the smart grid agreement between the Shanghai government and State
Grid, the grid company has installed 6 charging stations in Shanghai.
– Shanghai expects to have 25000 charging poles and 50 charging/battery swapping
stations by 2012.
 Major Auto Manufacturers involved in EV
– Shanghai Volksagen
– Shang GM
– Saic Group
 Renewable Energy
– The city is connected to the Huadong grid. As part of State Grid’s plan, significant
amount of wind electricity generated in Inner Mongolia will be transmitted to
Huadong grid. Jiangsu, one of the 7 wind bases, will also be able to supply
Shanghai with electricity generated from wind, particularly from offshore wind
resources.
www.iea-retd.org
47
A4
Shenzhen
(included in 25 public EV pilot cities,
included in 5 private EV purchase subsidy cities)
 Number of EV, target and current
– Currently has 101 HEV buses in use. According to the “Program for the Promotion
of the Demonstration and Implementation of Energy Conservation and New Energy
Projects in Shenzhen,” by 2012 there should be 24,000 NEVs for public and private
uses.
– Shenzhen hopes to reach 25000 private EV purchase target by the end of 2012. By
2015, the cumulative number promoted EV use is expected to reach 100k.
 Subsidies
– National subsidies: ¥ 50,000 for plug-in vehicles; ¥ 60,000 for battery EV.
– Shenzhen government will give another ¥ 30k or 60k subsidies to every HEV and
pure EV purchase.
– Local vehicle manufacturer BYD’s F2DM and E6 vehicles will get ¥ 89k and ¥ 129k
subsidies respectively.
 Investment
– The local government has invested more than ¥ 2 billion in developing NEVs,
which includes private cars.
www.iea-retd.org
48
A4
Shenzhen
(included in 25 public EV pilot cities,
included in 5 private EV purchase subsidy cities)
 Infrastructure/Charging Station
– As of June 2010, Shenzhen launched the first city-level EV charging stations in
China.
– Shenzhen plans to have 50 e-bus charging stations, 2500 officer’s EV charging
poles, 200 public charging stations and 10000 charging poles by the end of 2012.
 Major Auto Manufacturers involved in EV
– BYD
– Wuzhoulong Motors
www.iea-retd.org
49
A4
Changchun
(included in 25 public EV pilot cities,
included in 5 private EV purchase subsidy cities)
 Number of EV, target and current
– As of the beginning of 2010, Changchun had introduced 100 HEVs in 6 bus routes. The city
expects to have 1000 new energy buses in place by 2012.
– Changchun government will promote EV use in two ways: whole vehicle renting, and vehicle
(without batteries) selling and battery renting.
 Subsidies
– National subsidies: for plug-in vehicles, a subsidy of ¥ 50,000.
For battery EV, a subsidy of ¥ 60,000
– The local subsidy for Evs is about ¥ 40k for each purchase, with no much differentiation
between pure EVs and HEVs.
 Investment
– The local government has invested more than ¥ 2 billion in developing NEVs, which includes
private cars.
 Infrastructure/Charging Station
– 15 charging stations and 5,000 charging spots by 2013.
 Major Auto Manufacturers involved in EV
– First Automobile Work (FAW)
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50
A4
Chongqing
(included in 25 public EV pilot cities,
not included in 5 private EV purchase subsidy cities)
 Number of EV, target and current
– Chongqing expect to introduce 1150 NEVs by the end of 2011, consisting of 300
publicly used vehicles, 700 taxis, 2 bus routes with 50 new energy buses, and 100
private cars.
 Subsidies
– For individual owners of Changan hybrid cars, a subsidy of ¥ 43,000 will be issued
by the government.
 Investment
– The local government has invested more than ¥ 2 billion in developing NEVs,
which includes private cars.
 Infrastructure/Charging Station
– Chongqing’s first charging station should be installed by September 2010. In 2010,
the grid company will build a charging station and 50 smaller charging stops in
Chongqing. By the end of 2015, Chongqing will have 1000 charging spots and 30
charging stations.
 Major Auto Manufacturers involved in EV
– Changan (长安) and Lifan auto (力帆) are the two major EV manufacturers in
Chongqing. They are supported by the local government.
www.iea-retd.org
51
A4
Case Study – BYD power storage stations
 BYD used a large number of batteries to build power storage stations. It has built two
kinds of power storage stations:
 Mobile power storage station: battery pack carried by vehicles. It could charge EV on road
 Settled power storage station: battery pack built within the factory
 By storing electricity during valley hours and offering power during peak hours, a
mobile power station could make revenue of 500 ¥ /day, and a settled power storage
station could make revenue of 5000 ¥ /day.
 Both types of power storage stations could be charged by the company’s own solar
panels.
 The stored electricity could also be used for the company’s operation during peak
hours.
 As the batteries BYD used to build these power storage stations are the same as they
use for EV, it helps lower its manufacturing cost of batteries by achieving mass
production.
 Nighttime grid storage could compete with EV for power, depending on the cost of
power during the day for more power-intense processes
www.iea-retd.org
52
A5
 Green Car Initiative
 R&D on vehicle propulsion technology and alternative fuels
 Green eMotion
 European Commission and 42 partners from industry, utilities, OEMs, cities, universities
and research institutions
 € 24.2 million funding from EC, 17.6 million from partners
 Developing interoperability standards for the EU
 CARS 21
 Competitive Automotive Regulatory System for the 21st Century
 May trigger higher uptake of EVs by 2050
 ITS (Intelligent Transport Systems) Action Plan
 CIVITAS
 Benefits of networking (local authorities)
www.iea-retd.org
53
A5
White Paper on Future Transport
 Variety of suggestions for policies concerning the transport sector
 Focus on cities as the implementing location
 User pays principle
 Internalizing local externalities through charging for the use of infrastructure
 Reducing conventional ICEVs’ share of fleet by 50% until 2030
 Abolition of conventional ICEVs’ in cities by 2050
 Widely available information on all modes of transport
 Policies for reducing GHG-emissions
 Polluter pays principle
 Vehicle taxation based on CO2-emissions and energy efficiency
 Energy taxation
 Emission trading (Cap & trade)
www.iea-retd.org
54
A5
RE & Grids
Links between EVs & RES-E -Policy
 Renewable Energy Directive
 Target-share of RE in transport can be achieved via biofuels and RES-E
 Electricity Renewable Portfolio Standards
 EVs increase demand → absolute deployment of RES-E increases
 EU Emission Trading System (ETS)
 EVs shift transport’s emissions into the ETS
 Emission cap constrains additional production to RES-E
www.iea-retd.org
55
A5
EV Policies influencing EV/RES deployment
Denmark
 Total registration tax exemption for EVs until end 2015.
 TSO planning include EVs as an important way to increase the percent of wind energy in the grid in
the future.
Sweden
 Subsidies from the state when purchasing an "Environmental car", defined according to specified
performance criteria, including use of biofuels and energy efficiency. (Change of regulation in 2011
because this subsidy has been very expensive to the state)
 Many years of subsidising biofuels (E85) have resulted in a mature supply infrastructure
 Many city and regional busses drive on Biogas in Southern Sweden and Goteborg. This is funded
by the region.
 Development of a gas infrastructure is given high priority.
Norway
 Tax subsidy when buying a "Miljøbil" (Environmental car, according to specified performance
criteria) as company car.
 Large registration tax reductions for EVs
Finland
 The tax subsidy for commuting is related to CO2 emissions and availability of public transport
 Considerations of total tax exemption for EV demonstration projects
www.iea-retd.org
56
A5
Investment in EV implementation
 $ 150 billion investment in energy technologies (until 2020)
 $ 2 billion investment of the development of battery technologies and
components
 $ 400 million funding for pilot projects
 $ 25 billion credits for updating OEMs‘ production facilities
 Tax exemptions for EV purchase
www.iea-retd.org
57
A5
No clear roadmap for charging infrastructure
in China
 Charging infrastructure (slow & fast charging, battery swapping)





All the three are being demonstrated in pilot cities.
Battery swapping and slow charging are preferred by grid companies.
No governmental preferences.
Both grid companies are working on demonstration projects of swapping stations.
Better Place is cooperating with Chinese battery and EV companies for developing
a swappable battery and a special EV model.
 Battery swapping might be only implemented for certain applications
 Has been implemented for buses
 Might be viable for taxi fleets
 Standardization
 National standards of charging and swapping are still under investigation.
 Several pilot cities have already unveiled their own.
www.iea-retd.org
58
A5
Policy framework to support EV development
EV Development Strategy
“Automotive Industry Restructuring and Revitalization Plan”
released by the State Council, March 2009
R&D
863 Program: Key Projects
for Energy Saving and New
Energy Vehicles (MOST,
2006)
www.iea-retd.org
Pilot &
demonstrations
• “1000 Vehicles in 10
cities” Promotion
Campaign (MOST, 2009)
• A list of 25 pilot cities
could receive subsidy on
NEVs (MOST, 200X)
• Subsidy on additional 6
pilot cities (MOST, 200X)
Fiscal
•Subsidy for Private New
Energy Vehicle Consumers
(MOF, 2010)
•Pilot Project on More
Efficient and New Energy
Vehicles Used for Public
Services (MOF, 2010)
• Implementation Measures
on how subsidy will be
given to private EV users;
•Recommended Types of
Energy-saving and New
Energy Vehicle
Demonstration Projects for
Promotion Application
(MOF, 2008)
• Energy-saving and New
Energy Vehicle Promotion
Demonstration Financial
Assistance Fund
Management Provisional
Measures (MOF, 2009)
Market
regulation
Admittance Management
Rules for New Energy Auto
Manufacturing Companies
and Products (MIIT, 2009)
Standards
• Various national
standards for
controls, indicators
and signs, and test
methods for EV
• Various standards for
power charging stations
and grid requirements
59
A5
• Large scale filtration of HEV
• Sales of full hybrid
to exceed 3 million vehicles
• Establish commercialization of
BEV and PHEV
•BEV and PHEV ownership to reach
5million, about 5% of the total
vehicle ownership
• Establish large scale
•Medium and heavy hybrid EV
commercialization of BEV
•BEV and PHEV ownership to accounts for 50% of total passenger
car sales
reach 500,000
The future of EV in China
Establish 500,000
annual production
capacity for BEV, HEV,
FCEV and PHEV
“Automotive Industry
Restructuring and
Revitalization Plan”, State
Council
•Medium and heavy hybrid EV
to reach 1million
“Development Plan for Energy
Saving and New Energy
Vehicles”, MIIT (Draft)
“Development Plan for Energy Saving
and New Energy Vehicles”, MIIT (Draft)
2016-2020
2011-2015
2010-2011
www.iea-retd.org
60
A6
Broad range of EV producers on the Nordic market in 2011-2012
 The EV models available in the Nordic countries are almost the same as in the rest of the western
world. Examples shown below. Source: Dansk Elbilsalliance. http://www.danskelbilalliance.dk/Facts/Status.aspx
:
Producer
Model
AFUTURE EV
Identical with Nissan Qashqai
Citroën
e.g. C1 and Czero
CityEl
Danish one-person vehicle with many years on the Danish market
GreenBuddy
Buddy Plus and BuddyCab
Tesla
Tesla S and Tesla Roaster
Think
Think City. Norwegian car
BMW
Mini E
BYD
E6
Chevrolet
Volt
Mercedes-Benz
Smart forTwo ED
Mitsubishi
i-miev
Volvo
EV30
Nissan
Reneault
Nissan LEAF, Renault Fluence
 Source: Nordic car importers associations
61
www.iea-retd.org
December 22, 2010
Name
61
A6
Global and US vehicle sales
Global
2007
2008
2009
2010
HEV/ PHEV
515,397
515,135
728,215
934,644
Total PV
Sales
HEV/
PHEV %
48,989,462 45,808,919
1.1%
1.1%
1.7%
2007
2008
2009
HEV/ PHEV
353,152
316,251
291,659
HEV/
PHEV %
1,237,167
2015
2,781,643
2020
3,883,447
43865,494 44,708,783 47,621,688 61,198,064 70,905,762
US
Total PV
Sales
2011
2.1%
2010
291,116
2.6%
4.5%
2011
482,675
2015
1,466,070
5.5%
2020
1,672,739
16,288,029 13,408,290 10,570,294 11,619,667 13,190,236 16,400,069 17,426,043
2.2%
2.4%
2.8%
2.5%
3.7%
8.9%
9.6%
 The USA accounted for 40% of global sales of (P)HEVs in 2009
 BEV sales expected to be in the low thousands in 2010.
www.iea-retd.org
62
A6
Battery electric vehicles
available in the USA and Canada
Name
Origin
Type
USA1
CAN1
Range
Top speed
Price $US
BYD e6
China
Crossover 2010
n/a
250 miles
100 mph
$40,000
Coda EV
USA
4-door
2011
n/a
120 miles
80 mph
$40,000
Ford Focus EV (Magna) USA
4-door
2011
tba
100 miles
n/a
$40,000
Ford Transit Connect
US/Can
Van
2010
2010
80 miles
75 mph
n/a
Mitsubishi i-Miev
Japan
5-door
2010
2012
100 miles
130 km/h
$47,500
Nissan Leaf
Japan
5-door
2010
2012
100 miles
90 mph
$30,000
Toyota Scion IQ Electric Japan
3-door
2012
n/a
100 miles
70 mph
n/a
Smart ED
Germany 3-door
2011
2012
72 miles
60 mph
n/a
Tesla Roadster
1Available date.
USA
2008
2008
244 miles
125 mph
$129,000
www.iea-retd.org
2-door
63
A6
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
available in the USA and Canada
Name
Origin
Type
USA1
CAN1
EV
Range
Fuel
econ.
Top
speed
Price
$US
Bright IDEA
USA
Van
2013
n/a
40 miles
40 mpg
100 mph
n/a
Chevrolet Volt
USA
5-door
2010
2011
40 miles
320 mpg
100 mph
$32,500
Fisker Karma
USA
4-door
2010
2010
50 miles
100 mpg
125 mph
$80,000
5-door
2011
2012
13 miles
50 mpg
60 mph
$40,000
Toyota Prius Plug-in Japan
1Available
date.
www.iea-retd.org
64
A6
Transport sector
Best known domestic models in China
Year Launched
Price (k ¥) Mileage (km)
Subsidy (k ¥)
Chery M1,
2010
70-100
120-150
about 60
BYD e6
2010
about 200
300-400
60
Hafei Saibao
2010
200
180
60
Zotye Lerio
2010
unknown
unknown
60
Lifan 620EV
2010
100
150
60
Geely EK-2
2010
about 150
180
40
Changan Benben Mini
2011
100-150
150
45
BAW C30
2011
unknown
200
60
Haima Freema
2011
about 160
160
60
SAIC Roewe
2012
unknown
135
about 50
www.iea-retd.org
65
A7
Standardization is in progress
 Standardization differences are currently being addressed
 Standards are already similar,
 differences should be resolved by 2012
 Harmonization with Europe may be the next step to consider
 Federal governments can provide nation-wide
public information campaigns on benefits of EVs and RES-E
 On financial support available to consumers
(rebates, subsidies, fiscal incentives, etc.)
 On improved performance of modern EV’s
(lower costs, higher driving range,
faster charging times, reliability in cold weather)
 On environmental benefits
 On cost benefits (as petrol prices increase)
www.iea-retd.org
66
A7
Differences in vehicle standards
CMVSS
#
Title
Details
101
Location and identification of controls
and display
Metric units required in Canada
108
Lighting system and retroflective
devices
Daytime running lights required in Canada
114
Immobilizer
Canadian standards require immobilizers to
shut down vehicle if ignition is bypassed.
201
Occupant protection
Stricter standards were adopted in USA in
1998 that were not updated in Canada
205
Glazing materials
Stricter standards were adopted in USA in
1996 that were not updated in Canada
208
Frontal impact occupant protection
standards
Seatbelt requirements not harmonized
between USA and Canada
214
Side door strength
Canadian standards do not include dynamic
test requirements
215
Bumpers
Different bumper test requirements between
USA and Canada.
67
www.iea-retd.org
A7
Standards
 General
 GB/T 19596 Terminology of electric vehicles
 Safety
 GB/T 18384 EV safety specification
 Part I: On-board energy storage
 Part II: Functional safety means and protection against failures
 Part III: Protection of persons against electric hazards
 GB/T 19751 HEV safety specification
 Design
 GB/T 18388 EV- engineering approval evaluation program
 GB/T 19750 HEV power approval evaluation program
 GB/T 18488.1 General specification of the electrical machines and
controllers for EV
www.iea-retd.org
68
A7
Standards
 Test







GB/T 18385 EV power performance test method
GB/T 19752 HEV power performance test method
GB/T 18386 EV reference energy consumption and range-test procedures
GB/T 19753 Test methods for energy consumption of light-duty HEV
GB/T 19754 Test methods for energy consumption of heavy-duty HEV
GB/T 19755 Measurement methods for emissions from light-duty HEV
GB/T 18488.2 Test procedures of the electrical machines and controllers for EV
 Charging
 Electric Energy Metering for Electric Vehicle AC Charging Spot (coming)
 Electric vehicle conductive charging connections (coming)
www.iea-retd.org
69
Background information from RETRANS
Current RES-E policies strengthened with EVs
 RES-E target as % of electricity demand
 Direct incentive
 Absolute target value increases with electricity consumption from EVs
 Feed-in tariffs or premiums
 Indirect Incentive
 Preferential charging improves profitability
 More RES-E supported with same subsidy budget
 Certificate systems
 Enabling role
 Transparency for EV owners
 Cap and trade systems
 Indirect Incentive
 Increased CO2-price helps RES-E and other low-carbon electricity
www.iea-retd.org
70
A8
RE & Grids, Current status & 2020 Scenarios




Denmark
CO2 reduction: 30% from 2005 to 2020:
RE : 30% in 2020 (from 17% in 2005)
RE-electricity: 29% in 2020 (from 8,7% in 1997)




Sweden
CO2 reduction: 17% from 2005 to 2020:
RE : 49% in 2020 (from 40% in 2005)
RE-electricity: 60% in 2020 (from 49% in 1997)




Norway
CO2 neutral from 2050
CO2 reduction: 30% from 1990 to 2020
RE-electricity: 90% in 2010




Finland
CO2 reduction: 0% from 2005 to 2020:
RE : 38% i 2020 (from % in 2005)
RE-electricity: 31,5% i 2020 (from 24,7% in 1997)
www.iea-retd.org
Hydro
Waste
Biomass
Nat.
Gas
Oil
Coal
71
A8
Electricity generation
by source and region.
Source: Nordregio
2010.
www.iea-retd.org
A8
Nordic Grid interconnectors, a dynamic area
 New interconnectors are still being built
 Around half of the proposed connections in
2004, shown below are now implemented.
www.iea-retd.org
73
A8
Expected development of RES in electricity
in the Nordic countries
www.iea-retd.org
In Iceland electricity is based 100% on RES.
Source: COWI and Nordic energy Research, 2011
74
A8
 Production based incentives
 Feed-in tariff (FIT) programs are not common in US
and Canada. To date, only the Province of Ontario
has a FIT program.
 Net metering and standard offer programs most common in US and Canada, but
by no means widespread.
 34 of 50 US States offer production incentives (mostly net metering).
 Several federal, fiscal/ financial incentives in US and Canada




Accelerated depreciation
Production incentives
Tax credits, grants, loans
Incentives for indigenous communities employing RE
www.iea-retd.org
75
A8
Fiscal and financial incentives more popular in the US
 Some Canadian provinces provide financial incentives (other than production
incentives)
 Note that in many cases it is technically the utility that is administering the incentive
 Fiscal and/ or Financial incentives on state-level in the US
Financial
Fiscal
www.iea-retd.org
76
A8
RE & Grids
Federal programs in the United States:
 Renewable Energy Production Incentive (REPI): 1.5 cents/kWh
(1993 dollars indexed for inflation) for first 10 years of operation, subject to
availability of annual federal appropriations to the program.
 Modified Accelerated Cost-Recovery System (MACRS): Renewable energy systems
classified as 5-year properties for accelerated depreciation. This also included a 50%
first-year bonus depreciation in 2008 – 2011 (the bonus depreciation is renewed
annually).
 Residential Energy Conservation Subsidy Exclusion: subsidies for residential energy
conservation measures (including renewable energy systems) are non-taxable at the
federal level.
 Business Energy Investment Tax Credit (ITC): 30% for solar, fuel cells and small wind
and 10% for geothermal, microturbines and CHP.
 Renewable Electricity Production tax credit (PTC): 2.2 cents/kWh for solar, geothermal
and biomass, 1.1 cents/kWh for other RETs (not solar).
www.iea-retd.org
77
A8
RE & Grids
Federal programs in the United States:
 Tribal Energy Program: Financial and technical assistance, education and training for
indiginous tribes seeking to develop renewable energy resources. Program funding
awarded through competitive process.
 Renewable Energy Grants (REG): applicable to most RETs, however a developer may
choose to use either the REG or the ITC and PTC (a developer may not take
advantage of all three programs).
 High Energy Cost Grant Program: Grants for EE and RET projects in rural communities
where average energy costs are at least 275% over the national average. Grants can
range from $75,000 - $5 million and can also be applied to transmission and
distribution infrastructure.
 Qualified Energy Conservation Bonds (QECB): State, local and tribal governments may
issue bonds to finance RE projects. The bond interest is paid in the form of federal tax
credits.
 Federal Loan Guarantee: provides loan guarantees for projects that "avoid, reduce or
sequester air pollutants or anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases; and employ
new or significantly improved technologies as compared to commercial technologies in
service in the United States at the time the guarantee is issued.“
www.iea-retd.org
Residential Renewable Energy Tax Credit: 30% tax credit for residential solar,
78
geothermal, fuel cell and small wind installations .
A8
RE & Grids
Federal programs in Canada:
 Accelerated Capital Cost Allowance for Efficient and Renewable Energy
Generation: accelerated captial depreciation (30% annually on declining balance) for
electricity or heat generation from efficient and renewable sources.
 Canadian Renewable and Conservation Expenses: expenses incurred for the
development of RE projects may be fully deducted or financed via flow-through shares.
 EcoAction Community Funding Program: up to $100,000 for financial support of up to
50% of the total costs for a project that has a positive impact on a community (including
RE projects).
 Technology Early Action Measures (TEAM): Incremental financing for projects that
demonstrate innovation in advanced end-use efficiency, biotechnology, decentralized
energy production, cleaner fossil fuels and the hydrogen economy.
 EcoENERGY for Aboriginal and Northern Communities Program: up to $250,000 for
RE projects in Aboriginal and northern communities that rely on diesel generators for
power.
www.iea-retd.org
79
A8
Renewable Portfolio Shares in the USA
www.dsireusa.org / May 2011
VT: (1) RE meets any
increase in retail sales x
MN: 25% x 2025
MT: 15% x 2015
2012;
(Xcel: 30% x 2020)
(2) 20% RE & CHP x 2017
MI: 10% & 1,100 MW
ND: 10% x
OR: 25% x 2025 (large utilities)*
2015
x 2015*
5% - 10% x 2025 (smaller
WA: 15% x 2020*
utilities)
SD: 10% x
2015
NV: 25% x 2025*
CO: 30% by 2020
WI: Varies by utility;
KS: 20% x 2020
UT: 20% by
2025*
MO: 15% x 2021
AZ: 15% x 2025
OK: 15% x 2015
NM: 20% x 2020 (IOUs)
WV: 25% x
2025*
†x
VA:
15%
2025*
10% x 2020 (co-ops)
TX: 5,880 MW x 2015
New RE: 15% x 2020
(+1% annually thereafter)
PA: ~18% x 2021†
NJ: 20.38% RE x 2021
+ 5,316 GWh solar x 2026
MD: 20% x 2022
DE: 25% x 2026*
NC: 12.5% x 2021
(IOUs)
10% x 2018 (co-ops & munis)
MA: 22.1% x 2020
CT: 23% x 2020
(IOUs)
IL: 25% x 2025
NH: 23.8% x 2025
RI: 16% x 2020
NY: 29% x 2015
10% x 2015
statewide
IA: 105 MW
OH: 25% x 2025†
10% by 2020 (co-ops & large munis)*
CA: 33% x 2020
ME: 30% x 2000
New RE: 10% x 2017
DC
DC: 20% x 2020
PR: 20% x 2035
HI: 40% x 2030
29 states +
Renewable portfolio standard
Renewable portfolio goal
Solar water heating eligible
www.iea-retd.org
DC and PR have
Extra credit for solar or customer-sited renewables an RPS
Minimum solar or customer-sited requirement
*†
Includes non-renewable alternative resources
(7 states have goals)
80
A9
Increase of Wind Energy especially in Northern Europe
Wind
Installed today
Expected capacity
2009
by 2020
Denmark
3 273 MW
9,0 TWh
5 635 MW
14,0 TWh
Sweden
1 448 MW
2,5 TWh
4 550 MW
12,5 TWh
Finland
147 MW
0,3 TWh
2 500 MW
6,0 TWh
Norway
431 MW
1,0 TWh
5 000 MW
12,0 TWh
13 TWh 17 700 MW
44,5 TWh
Total
5 300 MW
 Tripling of capacity within 10 years
 Increase especially off-shore:
 High installed power, more reliable than on-shore,
higher concomitance
www.iea-retd.org
81
A9
North American Electricity of the future:
Natural Gas, Wind and Solar
 Expected development of Electricity-Mix
Expected Electricity Mix 2035
 Share of gas increasing
Share of coal decreasing
Natural Gas
2.069.831
40%
 Wind (and solar) increasing
 Nuclear
 Slight increase (US)
 Decrease (Canada)
 Potential for large-scale growth
(installed capacity)
 Wind
 Solar PV
Coal
1.117.809
21%
Hydro
287.717
6%
Renewable
561.004
11%
Nuclear
1.102.380
21%
IGCC Coal
77.220
1%
 Hydro
 However, there is increasing resistance to new large hydro projects in
Canada.
www.iea-retd.org
82
A9
RE & Grids
Current status & 2020 Scenarios
 2020 Target of 15% RE in Energy mix
Target value for 2015: 11.4%
(2010: 8.59%)




Installed capacity of solar would be 20 GW
Installed capacity of wind would be 150 GW
Installed capacity of hydro would be 380 GW
Installed capacity of nuclear would be 86 GW
 Target for carbon intensity decrease by 16% from 2011 to 2015
 Development of Extra High Voltage transmission
 Long distance transmission especially for RES-E connection
www.iea-retd.org
83
A9
Installed capacity and forecast of wind capacity growth
www.iea-retd.org
84
A10
RE & Grids
Value of regulation
Average Annual Market Clearing Price
($/ MWh)
2004
2005
2006
PJM
42.75
49.73
32.69
RTO-NE
28.92
30.22
24.02
NY ISO
22.59
39.21
51.26
ERCOT
22.66
38.07
n/a
CA ISO
29.00
n/a
36.04
www.iea-retd.org
85
A10
RE & Grids
Reserve power revenue potential
www.iea-retd.org
86
A11
Foresight Analysis
–Nordic Strategies for Renewable Transport
www.iea-retd.org
87
A11
EVs can be accommodated in Canadian grids
 In Canada, by 2018 normal load growth will grow by 17%
relative to 2006 (i.e. 99 TWh).
 In order to accommodate 500,000 BEV’s (≤1%) on the road in 2018, this
would require an additional 1.5 TWh, i.e. only 0.2% of normal projected
demand. This could be supplied by:
 190 MW biomass plant at 90% capacity
 230 MW hydro installation at 75% capacity
 490 MW wind turbine installation at 35% capacity
 Current peak load in Canada is about 100 GW. If 500,000 BEV’s were
charging at the same time, this would represent a total additional load of 1.5
GW (1.5% of existing max peak load).
www.iea-retd.org
88
A11
High penetrations of EVs lead to
difficulties in Chinese grids
 For Beijing, 100% EV-commuting could not be sustained
 If an average commuter EV uses 21 kWh/100 km, and runs 70 km/day, then this
EV requires 14.7 kWh/day of power.
 The current vehicle population of 5 million would require 73.5 GWh per day.
 With 56.97 GWh available between 10 p.m. and 9 a.m. the next day,
a fully electric fleet could not be charged fully during the night.
www.iea-retd.org
89
A12
Phase 1 – Until 2015
IDEAL SCENARIO – Regulation-driven
 Adoption of GHG reduction targets
 Implementation of RES-E and EV deployment targets & support policies
(FITs, purchase rebates, tax incentives)
 Grid improvements to support RET and EV targets and incentives
 Increased unbundling of electricity markets (where applicable) to allow for
greater grid flexibility
 Gaining experience
 More pilot projects on a larger scale
 EV’s will not be on the road in significant numbers
 advanced V2G (vehicle to grid) services are not needed yet, but pilot/demonstration
projects should be implemented
 Industry produces AND MARKETS EV’s in larger numbers
 bringing down costs due to learning effects
 meeting demand
 Vehicle and electrical standards in practice – make any necessary modifications.
www.iea-retd.org
Public information campaign about the benefits of RETs and EV’s
90
A12
Phase 2 – From 2015 onwards
IDEAL SCENARIO – Regulation-driven
 Sufficient EV’s on the market and on the road
to implement local-scale V2G networks
 New projects or extensions of pilot projects
 Important to prevent coal-based EV charging
 Continued RET deployment and V2G expansion will require continued
upgrades to the grid.
 A significant percentage of grid electricity is from renewable sources.
 Consumer demand will drive future deployment.
www.iea-retd.org
91
A12
Phase 1 – Until 2015
FEASIBLE SCENARIO – Market-driven
 Implementation of some RET and EV support policies
(FITs, purchase rebates, tax incentives) – mostly on a local scale.
 Early-adopter consumer demand for EV’s drives increased production
 This is aided by increasingly strict national and local vehicle fuel efficiency
standards
 Increased production of EV’s brings down costs, increasing demand further
 Increase in EV population requires electricity grid improvements and
reinforcements and charging infrastructure development
 Implementation of RET and EV deployment targets only in some local
jurisdictions
 Pilot projects driven by local initiatives, government-industry-university
partnerships
 Public information campaign about the benefits of RETs and EV’s
(by government and industry)
www.iea-retd.org
92
A12
Phase 2 – From 2015 onwards
FEASIBLE SCENARIO – Market-driven
 EV purchases slowly increase,
driven by consumer demand and fuel efficiency standards
 Increased demand continues grid and infrastructure improvements
 Entrepreneurs will call for further unbundling of electricity market to allow for
easier market penetration
 More V2G pilot projects
 Eventually, consumer demand for:
 V2G implementation
 FIT programs
www.iea-retd.org
93
A12
EU Two-Phase approach
 Policy options for future transport
 Phase 1 – Until 2016
Restructuring charges and taxes






Motor fuel taxation bound to energy and CO2
Mandatory infrastructure charge for heavy-duty vehicles
Evaluate and develop guidelines for car road charging schemes
Internalize external costs
Linking vehicle taxation to environmental performance
Review of VAT on passenger transport?
Review of company car taxation?
 Phase 2 – From 2016 onwards
 Full and mandatory internalization of external costs
 Noise, local pollution, congestion, wear & tear
 Market based measures for furthering GHG emissions reductions
www.iea-retd.org
94
A12
Feasibility of policy options
Phase 1 – Until 2015
 Gaining experience
 Learning effects enable manufacturers to increase EV/ battery quality and
decrease cost.
 Preference among slow charging, fast charging and battery swapping.
 Standardization
 Raise market recognition of EV
 Enhance acceptance of EV by developing pilot programs.
 Develop low-speed low-cost EV as compensation for ICEVs to reach mass use.
 Infrastructure construction and equipment R&D
 Build major RES-E bases, so that RES-E account for 25% of all installed capacity.
(state grid)
 Increase long-distance transmission capability and efficiency.
 Smart meter, spinning reserve and demand-side management
www.iea-retd.org
95
A12
Feasibility of policy options
Phase 2 – From 2015 onwards
 RES-E continue to increase in the grid
 Reach over 28% of all installed capacity
 All generated electricity will be connected to gird
 RES-E could be transmitted from remote energy centers to demand centers
 Mass production of mature EV models
 Ineligible models are eliminated from the market after piloting
 Quality of battery improve rapidly, so that performance of EV is compatible to fossil
fuel cars
 Good coverage of infrastructure
 Charging/swapping stations cover all large-medium sized cities.
 Advanced V2G services should be in place
www.iea-retd.org
96
A13
North America
www.iea-retd.org
• 73.000 km highway
= 0,14 km per 1000
people
• 1,8 million km other
roads = 3,7 km per
1000 people
• Less dense highway
systems in Eastern
European Countries
China
• 240,000 km
highways = 0,7 km
per 1000 people
• 4 million km other
roads = 12 km
per 1000 people
Europe
Road Infrastructure is densest in North America
• 74.000 km highway
= 0,055 km
per 1000 people
• 4 million km other
roads = 2,97 km per
1000 people
• Highway network
concentrates on
economically
important Eastern
Chinese regions
97
THANK YOU!
For additional information on RETD
Online: www.iea-retd.org
Contact: [email protected]