Transcript Indonesia - Internet Governance Forum

MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS
AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA
LOCAL LANGUAGE COMPUTING POLICY
INITIATIVES TO BRIDGE THE DIGITAL
DIVIDE PROBLEM IN INDONESIA
Presented by:
Dr. Moedjiono
In:
The Best Practice Forum on Access and Diversity – IGF 2009
Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt
15-18 November, 2009
1
Indonesia’s Unique Characteristics
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Geographically, Indonesia is located in South East Asia,
have a total area of 9.8 million square kilometers, of which
81% is sea. It is the world’s largest archipelagic country
comprising of 5 main islands and 30 small islands and over
17,000 islands, of which a third are inhabited.
The country is divided into 33 provinces, 268 regencies, 73
municipalities, 4,044 subdistricts and 69,065 villages. The
population of the country projected at 230 millions, the
fourth most populous country in the world, with uneven
distribution, unbalanced regional development.
The culture is very diversified with more than 520 ethnic
groups and 746 local languages, of which 737 are indigenous
languages [IDC 2006].
The country has more rural than urban areas with urban
teledensity of 11-25%, rural density 0.2%, around 38,471
villages (62.3% from 69,065 villages) without phones.
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20 mother-languages in the world
with more than 50 million speakers [Comrie 2003]
Ranked 13th
3
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100 mother-languages in the world with > 50 million
speakers, 1-20 ranked (in million speakers) [Grimes 1996]:
Chinese Mandarin (885) English (322) Spanish (266)
Bengali (189)
Hindi (182)
Portuguese (170)
Russian (170)
Japanese (125) German (98)
Chinese Wu (77.175) Javanese (75.500.800)  Ranked 11th
Korean (75)
French (72)
Vietnamese (66.897)
Telugu (66.350)
Chinese Yue (66) Marathi (64.783)
Tamil (63.075)
Turkish (59)
Urdu (56.584)
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Javanese is ranked 13th in the world, or if we uses the
newest data, it is ranked 11th in the world.
4
LANGUAGES IN INDONESIA
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There are 6000 languages in the world [Crystal 1987] and
are grouped into 17 language-family [Comrie 2003]:
Indo-European, Uralic, Altaic, Chukotko-Kamchatkan,
Caucasian, Afro-Asiatic, Nilo-Saharan, Niger-Congo, Koisan,
Eskimo-Aleut, Na-dene, Amerind, Dravidian, Sino-Tibetian,
Austric, Papuan, Australian Aboriginal.
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Around 50% of the languages is in Asia-Oceania region,
and 12% of the world-languages is in Indonesia.
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Indonesia has 726 local languages [SIL 2001], 2nd ranked
as language diversity laboratory in the world after Papua
Niugini which has 867 languages.
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The local languages are not distributed evenly in Indonesia.
The total languages are increasing from west to east, but the total inhabitants are
increasing from east to west.
6
In Indonesia, there are at least 13 biggest local languages
with at least one million speakers [Crystal 1987]
Javanese (75,200,000)
Madurese (13,694,000)
Buginese (4,000,000)
Sasak (2,100,000)
Rejang (1,000,000)
Sundanese (27,000,000)
Minangkabau (6,500,000)
Balinese (3,800,000)
Makassarese (1,600,000)
Malay (20,000,000)
Batak (5,150,000)
Acehnese (3,000,000)
Lampung (1,500,000)
7
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The 13 biggest local languages are still debatable, because Malay
language has not been comprehensively handled, as there are
many language variations hidden in several names, e.g. [Summer
Institute of Linguistics - SIL 2001]:
Ancalong Kutai, Bacan, Bayat, Banjar, Basemah, Batin,
Bengkulu, Benkulan, Betawi, Bintuhan, Bukit, Dawas, Jambi,
Kaur, Kayu Agung, Kelingi, Kerinci, Kincai, Kubu, Kupang,
Lako, Lalang, Lematang, Lemantang, Lembak, Linggau,
Lintang, Loncong, Lubu, Melayu Ambon, Melayu Bali Loloan,
Banjar, Berau, Bukit, Melayu Deli, Melayu Jakarta, Melayu
Jambi, Melayu Kupang, Melayu Kutai, Melayu Maluku, Melayu
Manado, Merau, Minang, Minahasa, Palembang, Tenggarong,
Ternate, Meratus, Minangkabau, Mokomoko, Mukomuko, Musi,
Ogan, Orang Laut, Padang, Palembang, Pasemah, Penasak,
Penesak, Ranau, Rawas, Ridan, Semendo, Serawai, Serawi,
Sindang Kelingi, Suku Batin, Supat, Tenggarong, Tenggarong
Kutai, Tungkal, Tungkal Ilir, Ulu, and Ulu Lako.
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The Malay language variations also appears in several countries.
If all Malay language variations are combined, it may be the
biggest mother-language in the world.
8
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There are hundreds of local languages with less than
one million speakers, which can become potentially
endangered languages, endangered languages,
seriously endangered languages, moribound languages,
or even extinct languages.
The local language will be sustainable, if they have at
least 1000 speakers. The local language that have 500 or
less speakers are seriously endangered language. There
are 169 local languages as seriously endangered
language in Indonesia.
The policy for language revitalization as well as its
culture is needed to sustained the local languages,
because the languages will extinct if we damage the
habitat of the speakers culture as well.
9
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85% Indonesian still using Local languages as daily
languages in the community  mother languages [Lauder
2006]
National/Indonesian Language is used in: administrative
officials, schools, sciences, & mass media. 84,87% can speak
Indonesian [Alwi 2000]
10 local languages have their own local script: Balinese,
Javanese, Sundanese, Buginese/Makassarese, Karo,
Mandailing, Lampung, Rejang, Toba, and Kerinci
[Sugono 2001]
8 National & Local languages used in the Internet:
Indonesian, Acehnese, Balinese, Buginese, Javanese,
Madurese, Minangkabau, & Sundanese [Hammam 2006]
10
INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGES
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English, Arabic, Chinese, Dutch, German, French, Japanese, etc.
English is one of a number of foreign languages which have
been in use for sometime or which are coming to be taught.
Widely used in range of fields such as politics, diplomacy,
international trade and industry, commerce, science and
technology, education, media, information technology, and
popular culture.
Arabic has long been learned in connection with the Islamic
faith, for religious purposes, especially for Qur’anic recitation
and prayers.
Chinese has been used widely in Chinese town - business center.
An educated people (multilingual people) - at least have to
master 3 languages, i.e., local language as individual
development, Indonesian as media to get along in national
activities, & English as media for adopting the sciences, positive
culture for national interest and to get along in International
activities.
11
Multilingualism Issue in the Internet
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Since its early days, the Internet has been a predominantly
English-speaking medium – approximately 80% of web
content.
This situation has prompted many countries to take
concerted action in promoting multilingualism and in
protecting cultural - language diversity.
The promotion of multilingualism is not only a cultural
issue, but it is directly related to the need for further
development of the Internet, to be used by wider parts of
society, content must be accessible in more languages 
“Localization” - “Multilingualism” – “New IDN
ccTLD/gTLD”- “UNL (Universal Networking
Language) System” by UNDL Foundation Geneva 12
LOCAL & CROSS-BORDER LANGUAGES IN INTERNET
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
bn id kh
Note:
Cross-Boarder Languages in Indonesia:
English, Arabic, Chinese, French,
German, Dutch, Japanese, etc.
% Local Languages
la
my mm ph
sg
th
tp
vn
South East Asia
% English
13
% Other Cross Boader Languages
ICT INFRASTRUCTURES
Telephone lines
: 30.3 million (fixed) and 140.5 million (mobile).
Public phones
: 382,000 units.
Internet penetration : 2.8 million subscriber and 30 million users.
Internet Kiosks
: 261,000.
Internet Exchanges (IX)
: 3.
Internet users per 100 population
: 3.76.
Computers penetration
: 2,519,000.
Computers per 100 population
: 1.19.
Internet host computers
: 62,036.
Internet host computers per 100 population : 0.03.
Total International bandwith (Mbps) : 573 Mbps.
Bits per inhabitant
: 2.7.
Internet access cost (20 hours/month) in US$: 22.26
ISP
: 140 licenses, 35 operational.
Radio Broadcasting : 1,400 stations (nation-wide & local).
TV Broadcasting
: 10 nation-wide networks.
14
Pay TV
: 4 TV cables, 2 DBS TV.
- The prediction of bandwidth consumption, internet users and
computer population, based on the study by the Palapa Ring Team
[Postel 2006], are as follows:
2006
2015
= Bandwith Consumption
7,000,000 Kbps
78,067,335 Kbps
= Internet Users (Fair)
8,252,437
16,518,890
Internet Users (Optimist) 17,247,683
34,524,659
= PC Population (Fair)
2,541,027
5,086,370
PC Population (Optimist) 8,304,327
16,622,758
- ICT PC Hardware market:
2006=1,106,940; 2007=1,257,531
- ICT Software Developers Population: 2006=621,000; 2007=682,000
- Total IT market in Indonesia for 2007: will reach US$1.9 billion with a
Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 9.5% from 2002 to 2007
(source: IDC).
- The Indonesian ICT vision is “To establish a global competitive Indonesian
Knowledge-Based Society based on national values and cultures”.
15
Growth Projection of the Indonesian Infocom Services
Fixed Phone
Mobile Phone
Source: Business Monitor International and Internal
Internet User
Broadband User
16
Palapa Ring Project
to Asia Pacific
to India
Sabangto Thailand
Kalimantan
Banda Aceh
о
Meulaboh
Tapaktuanо
Sulawesi
Tarakan
Medan
о
о
Sibolga
о
Padang
Natal
Bengkulu
о
Singkawang
Batam
Pontianak
о
Gorontal
o
о
Samarinda
о Palu
Balikpapan
о
Palembang
о
o
Sampit
Banjarmasin
Jakarta
о
Sumatera
о
о
Kolaka
о
Mataram
End
e
о
o
Sumbawa
oo o
o
oo
Kalabahi
Atambua
oo
Saumlaki
Kupan
g
Merauke
Maluku - Papua
Nusa Tenggara
to Perth, Australia
Total backbone network
Cost
Jayapur
a
Timik
a
Ambo
n
Maumer
o
о e
о
Sarmi
oo
o
Bulukumba
Rab
a
o
Fakfak
о
Makassar о
Manokwar
i
Biak
Sorong
Kendari
Waingapu
Jawa
о
о
о
o
Cirebon
Semarang
о
Surabaya
о
о
о
оо о
о о
Ketapang
Parigi
ManadTernate o
o о
o
Palopo
о
о
Belitung
о
Kalianda
Toli-toli
о
о
о
= New Network
= Existing Network
= Landing Point
Tobelo
35.280 km
US$ 1.524.515.000
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Sumatra
Jawa
Kalimantan
Sulawesi
Maluku
Nusatenggara
Papua
Connecting Line
7402.5 km
3542 km
5345.5 km
5813 km
2988 km
3480 km
4958 km
17
2063 km
Backbone Domestic - Trans Microwave
(operated by Telkom)
LEGEND :
GMD TSM-2 SUMATRA
SKSO NR & SR JAWA - BALI
GMD XSUM SUMATRA
SKKL
GMD TSM-1 SUMATRA
GMD JAWA-BALI, CROSS
KALIMANTAN, NUSA
TENGGARA & TRANS
SULAWESI
GMD PARMO SULAWESI
SKSO HPBB SUMATRA
GMD RA-IV SUMATRA
SKKL TIS
SKSO RA-IV SUMATRA
BATAS NEGARA
BNA
LSM
TAR
MDN
SULAWESI
MO
PBR
SUMATERA
PTK
KALIMANTAN
BPD
SMR
GTO
PAL
JB
PD
PLK
MW
BPP
SMI
PSO
SNN
BTA
GKRS
ON
KDI
PRE
AB
MET
GBL
BDL
JKT
NAB
IRIAN JAYA
UP
JAWA
CBN
PKL SM
BOO
BD
JAP
FF
TJN
BIA
SON
LWK
BJM
PG
BN
LT
MALUKU
TT
SKN
PWT
YK
SB
BMA
M
N
SLO
GB
JR
ML
BWI
MTR
DPR
PGL
RTG
NUSA TENGGARA
LRT
KAI
BJW
END
MME
MRK
ATB
KEF
SOE
KP
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Backbone Domestic – Satellite
(operated by Telkom)
Telkom-1
Palapa C2
Palapa B4
TELKOM-2/24Xpdr TELKOM-3/48Xpdr
Year 2008
BNA
LSM
TAR
MDN
SULAWESI
MO
PBR
SUMATERA
PTK
KALIMANTAN
BPD
SMR
GTO
PAL
JB
PD
PLK
BPP
SMI
SNN
GKRS
ON
JKT
AB
NAB
IRIAN JAYA
UP
JAWA
CBN
PKL SM
BOO
BD
JAP
KDI
PRE
MET
GBL
BDL
BIA
PSO
FF
TJN
BTA
PWT
YK
SB
BMA
M
N
SLO
GB
JR
ML
BWI
MTR
DPR
PGL
RTG
LRT
KAI
BJW
END
MME
GMD TSM-2 SUMATRA
SKSO NR & SR JAWA - BALI
GMD XSUM SUMATRA
SKKL
GMD TSM-1 SUMATRA
SKSO HPBB SUMATRA
GMD JAWA-BALI, CROSS
KALIMANTAN, NUSA TENGGARA
& TRANS SULAWESI
GMD RA-IV SUMATRA
GMD PARMO SULAWESI
NUSA TENGGARA
MRK
ATB
KEF
SOE
LEGEND :
SKSO RA-IV SUMATRA
MW
SON
LWK
BJM
PG
BN
LT
MALUKU
TT
SKN
KP
SKKL TIS
BATAS NEGARA
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Universal Service Obligations (USO)
Programs
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Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) will be utilized as
tools to “attack” the digital divide in Indonesia
2.3 GHz will be granted for operator who wins the USO
program
BWA in USO program will be integrated to existing
national backbone and/or soon to be built backbone
announced as
Villages Ringing – phones for 38,471 villages (out of
69,065)
Smart Villages – Internet for all villages
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LOCAL LANGUAGE COMPUTING POLICY
1945 Constitution (UUD) - Chapter XV – Paragraph 36: “The national
Language of Indonesia is Indonesian”.
UU/Law No.2/1989 – National Education.
UU/Law No.22/1999 – Local Autonomy.
UU/Law No.25/1999 – Financial Balance between Center and Local
Government.
Government Regulation No.25/2000 – Share Authority between
Center and Local Government.
Draft Law of Language: the uses/management/development/foster/
maintenance of National/Local and Foreign Languages.
Draft Law of Information and Electronic Transaction.
Draft Law of Freedom of Information Flow and Access.
2008: Language Center of Ministry of National Education will publish
Local Language Mapping & Inter-relationship Diagram.
Blue-Print/Researh management plan for safety effort of the
endangered languages by Language Center of Ministry of National
Education.
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RELEVANT GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
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Ministry of National Education – National Language Center
Ministry of Communication and Information Technology
Ministry of Research and Technology – Technology Development and
Implementation Agency
Ministry of Culture and Tourism
Universities - Department of Language/Literary
House of Representative
National Center for Statistics
Ministry of Social Affairs - Directorate of Isolated Tribes
The Summer Institute of Linguistics
The National Language Organization
Other Private Organizations/Foundations – Culture/Language/
Literary/ICT (Software, Hardware, & Services)
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POLICY/PROJECT INITIATIVES
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The National Language mapping Project by National Language Center:
“Research on Cognates & Mapping of Regional Languages in Indonesia”,
started 1992 for 15 years.
Thesaurus/Spelling Checker Project of National/Indonesian Language by
University of Indonesia and the team.
Javanese Script Project by University of Indonesia and the team.
Ford Foundation: Initiative in Local Language Inventory of Local Languages
Education and Research in Universities.
Universities Video Conferencing Network Project (INHERENT 2006) connecting 32 Universities/Cities in Indonesia.
Global Development Learning Network (GDLN) - connecting 4 Universities
in Indonesia (UI-Jakarta, UNRI-Pekanbaru, UDAYANA-Denpasar, UNHASMakassar) with 60 countries.
Presidential Decree on Underdeveloped Villages.
Plan to join the UNL System developed by UNDL Foundation of United
Nation to bridge the digital divide problem in Indonesia
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Initiative in Local Language Inventory
of Local Languages Education and Research
in Universities
40 Universities all over Indonesia
Thousands of languages research projects
> 556 Courses taught
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ACEH
25
EAST JAVA
26
PAPUA
27
COURSES TAUGHT IN UNIVERSITIES
28
Papers
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Universities Video Conference Network in Indonesia
(Connecting 32 Cities)
Inherent
Banda Aceh
2006
Pontianak
Manado
Medan
Jambi
Padang
Samarinda
Pekanbaru
Gorontalo
Palu
Ambon
Palangkaraya
Banjarmasin
Bengkulu
Palembang
Bandar
Lampung
Manukwari
Makasar
Kendari
Ternate
Jkt-DIKTI
Semarang
Surabaya
Mataram
Serang
Jkt-UI
Bandwith:
Malang
Bandung
Jayapura
Denpasar
Kupang
Jogja
1 Mbps(Redundant Link
)
2 Mbps
155Mbps(STM-1)
8 Mbps
Note:
Global Development Learning Network (GDLN) Connecting 60 countries; Indonesia (UI-Jakarta, UNRIPekanbaru, UDAYANA-Denpasar, UNHAS-Makassar)
30
Conclusions
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Indonesia is 2nd ranked as language diversity laboratory in the
world, which has more than 700 local languages, 10 local
languages have their own local scripts
The policy for language revitalization as well as its culture is
needed to sustained the local languages, because there are
hundreds of local languages with less than one million
speakers, will become potentially endangered languages,
endangered languages, seriously endangered languages,
moribound languages, or even extinct languages
The promotion of Multilingualism in the Internet using local
languages is needed for information to be accesible by
everyone, anywhere, at anytime, by anydevice - to build the
Information Society target in 2015
Plan to join the UNL System developed by UNDL Foundation
of United Nation to bridge the digital divide problem in
Indonesia
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REFERENCES
[Alwi 2000] Alwi, Hasan and Dendy Sugono. 2000. Politik Bahasa: Risalah Seminar Politik
Bahasa. Pusat Bahasa, Jakarta.
[Comrie 2003] Comrie, Bernard et.al. 2003. The Atlas of Languages: The Origin and Development
of Languages Throughout the World. Singapore: Star Standard.
[Crystal 2000] Crystal, David. 2000. Language Death. Great Britain: Cambridge University
Press.
[Grimes 1996] Grimes, Barbara F. 1996. Ethnologue. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
[Hammam 2006] Hammam, Riza et.al. 2006. Indonesian Languages Diversity on the Internet.
[Lauder 2000] Lauder, Multamia RMT. 2000. Unity and diversity in Indonesia’s Linguistic
Heritage. University Indonesia, Jakarta.
[Lauder 2006-1] Lauder, Multamia RMT. 2006. Revitalisasi Bahasa Minoritas, Seminar
Pelestarian Bahasa Daerah. Direktorat Riset & Pengabdian Masyarakat Universitas
Indonesia.
[Lauder 2006-2] Lauder, Allan. 2006. The Status and Function of English in Indonesia: A Review
of Key Factors. University Indonesia, Jakarta.
[SIL 2001] SIL International, Indonesia Branch. 2001. Languages of Indonesia. Jakarta: SIL
International, Indonesia Branch.
[Sugono 2001] Sugono, Dendy and Abdul Rozak Zaidan (editor). 2001. Bahasa Daerah dan
Otonomi Daerah (Local Languages and Local Autonomy). Ministry of National Education.
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THANK YOU
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