Transcript Document

INVESTING IN COMMUNITY
BASED TOURISM (CBT)
GRANTS Vs. LOANS
By Joseph Ruhiu
Programme Manager
Community Environment Facility
SCOPE OF PRESENTATION
 Introduction
 Funding community based
 Funding operations and
 Limitations
 The
tourism in Kenya
performance
to the turn-key funding
future of community based tourism
INTRODUCTION
WHY CBT
 Recognition of
the important role that the
community can play in biodiversity conservation
 Approach to reduce human-wildlife conflict and
enhance co-existence
 Supporting communities exploit resources within
their (communal) lands in sustainable manner
 Localizing biodiversity management policies
 Empowering the communities – through
governance, rights and economically
The Scope of CBT
 Enormous
potential in spite of challenges
 A strategy to enhance biodiversity conservation
 Advocating responsible tourism income to the local poor
and the marginalized
 Notable efforts to CBT to recognize the important
contributions of the community – through ownership,
rights and control over natural resources
 Enhance livelihoods support of the communities through
active participation in tourism and biodiversity
conservation
 Operating on commercial orientation and implemented
through community – private sector partnerships
Conti…
 Beliefs,
community empowerment, improved
governance, equity and income sharing
 Practical and successful examples in Kenya –
Kimana, Shompole, Il Ngwesi, Eselenkei, Koija,
Koyaki, Lumo, Tana Delta Camp, Kijabe,
Kalama, Namunyak, Ol Kiramatian, Ol Gulului,
Elerai, Ol Gaboli
 Other examples in Southern Africa – CAMPIRE
in Zimbabwe; and LIRDP and ADMADE in
Zambia
Funding Community Based
Tourism in Kenya
Overview
 Global
value of Kenya’s wildlife protected areas –
US$250 million annually
 Tourism is the 3rd foreign exchange earner – contributing
10% to the GDP (up to US$27 million annually)
 CBT support in Kenya dates to early 1970s – initial
efforts through by WCMD, latter KWS through COBRA
(USAID, World Bank and other donors), succeeded by
CORE
 Supportive and facilitative role – KWS established
Community Wildlife Service to increase community
benefits from conservation and sustainable management
of natural resources outside protected areas.
Conti….
 CBT is
almost 100% donor dependent and this
scenario is not likely to change soon
 Role of government; provision of security,
infrastructure, development, marketing
coordinator
Early CBT Initiative and Supporting
Donors – Some Examples
Community Wildlife Sanctuary – an electric
fence with EC support of $8,000 – 10,000 while KWS
aided infrastructure development with Kshs.4.2million
through WDF
 Mwaluganje – through Eden Wildlife Trust
 Sera Conservancy – established through Northern
Rangeland Trust with support from USAID
 Kalacha Bandas in Marsabit and rehabilitation of Il
Ngwesi Bandas – through Community Wildlife initiative
(CWI) of CDTF through EC
 16 community based conservation through BCP of EC
 Kimana
Donor Involvement in CBT in Kenya
USAID – through the COBRA and CORE programmes (US$
43million ) through KWS, Pact Kenya inc., AWF etc. (all
concluded) (USAID teamed up with World Bank and other
Donors)
 USAID/World Bank – PAWS (US$ through KWS
 Wildlife for Development Fund (US$ ) through KWS
(concluded)
 USAID – FORREMS through LWF, KEFRI (US$329,000 and
US$290,000) respectively
 USAID – through CORE committed some US$715,809 to
support community based tourism of which US$434,194 was
disbursed in 2005 to 13 on going initiatives
 USAID through the LEWA Northern Rangeland Trust
programme provided US$400,000 to set up Sera Conservancy

Conti…
– Community Wildlife Initiative (CWI) (Euro
507,143) through CDTF (Concluded)
 EC – Biodiversity Conservation Programme
(Euro 5.5 million) through CDTF – covering 16
CBT projects among others (Concluded)
 EC – Community Environment Facility (Euros 8
million) through CDTF (On going and expected
to grant funds to some CBTs)
 EC – Tourism Trust fund (Euros I billion) on
going and granting CBTs ending in the year 2008
 EC
Other Players
based NGOs – WWF, ACC, AWF,
EAWS, Pact Kenya, Nature Kenya, Lewa Downs
 International bodies – UNDP (GEF and
COMPACT)
 National agencies – KWS, KEFRI, National
Museum of Kenya
 Trust, Foundations and Endowments
 Private Sector Operators
 Conservation
Funding Operations and
Performance
growth since 1970s – perhaps one of the fastest
growing sub-sectors in tourism
 Highest potential to contribute significantly in future –
Vision 2030
 About 100 CBTs established and operational compared
to one or two in the early 1970s
 Highest source of funding – donor community
 Emphasis – establishment of conservancies, bandas, etc.
 Notable
IMPACT OF CBT
OLGABOLI WOMEN BANDAS
PRE BCP
•
Serious environmental degradation; High poverty and illiteracy level;Non-economic activities;Male dominance;Unexploited natural resource;
Exploitation by tour operators; Low leadership skills and Low bargaining power
WITH BCP
First Maasai women biodiversity conservation project where rural illiterate women have negotiated for land access
rights and are engaged in eco-tourism development aimed at introducing a new and more productive benefit
avenue. Objective: reverse situation pre BCP: Sustainably utilize biodiversity for economic gains; Diversify
sources and types of income;Reverse male dominance in enterprises; Reverse male dominance in enterprises;
Empower women in matters of conservation; Reverse the deteriorating range condition; Reduce poverty through
tourism; Provide an alternative source of income – Fall back position, Provide conducive environment for skills
building – Literacy
POSITIVE IMPACTS:
Positive impacts:
Income increased from Kshs. 400,000 between 2005 and Kshs. 2million in 2007; BCP support attracted financial
support for a sixth banda from USAID; Illiteracy level brought down through literacy classes; 10 people employed in
the in the enterprise, mostly young men and girls; Cattle rustling reduced through radio network and vehicle
(secondary impacts); Land rehabilitated; Partnerships build – community-private sector Rift Valley Adventures,
Princeton University; Project attracted funding from USAID and 6th larger banda build; Piped water availed to local
people; Value addition to local artefacts through training in beadwork; Community sensitised on HIV and AIDS;
Donations provided
Negative impacts:
Loss of grazing area to tourism; Risk of attack by wild animals; Conflict between men and women – A case of
economic empowerment on women; Leadership problems – coups and countercoups; Vested interest and interference
by men – negative publicity; Interference with social values – Women abandoning core family activities to pursue
training
Limitation to the Turn-key Funding
 Absence
of a system to ensure equitable sharing of
benefits and opportunities of tourism with local
communities
 Inadequate financial outlay to develop infrastructure
 Inadequate funding for tourism marketing and promotion
 Failure to integrate a business approach with communities
being keen to sell artifacts – Business not Welfare
 Weak governance – culture, elites, politics
 Over dependency and inability to graduate from CBTs an
attitude problem
 Traditional communities limited interest and slow to
change and adopt monetary economy
 Weak/skewed partnerships between communities and
private sector
The Future of Community Based
Tourism
What can we do?
resource mobilization – going beyond donors
 Standards and regulations for environmental and cultural
impact assessment, monitoring and auditing of existing
development
 Explore new funding mechanisms
 Build capacity for local people to negotiate with private
sector and man CBT as business
 Marketing of the tourist product to be integrated in
project development
 Harmonize donor conditions while targeting the same
community
 Explore how local communities can contribute more
 Creative
Funding Options
 Allocate
(national and donors) sufficient and
sustainable financial resources to CBT
 Focus on: Improving existing sources
 Exploring on new sources of funding
 Encouraging tourism investment
 Supporting joint and balanced ventures
Viable Community Based Tourism
Fund Raising Strategies
 Advertisements
 Fun-fairs, walks
and runs
 Opportunities in CRS
 Exhibitions and trade fairs
 Donations based on vision and negotiations
 Branding of certain products – Maasai culture,
Dust of Kilimanjaro
 Home stays
Thank you