Transcript Document
INVESTING IN COMMUNITY
BASED TOURISM (CBT)
GRANTS Vs. LOANS
By Joseph Ruhiu
Programme Manager
Community Environment Facility
SCOPE OF PRESENTATION
Introduction
Funding community based
Funding operations and
Limitations
The
tourism in Kenya
performance
to the turn-key funding
future of community based tourism
INTRODUCTION
WHY CBT
Recognition of
the important role that the
community can play in biodiversity conservation
Approach to reduce human-wildlife conflict and
enhance co-existence
Supporting communities exploit resources within
their (communal) lands in sustainable manner
Localizing biodiversity management policies
Empowering the communities – through
governance, rights and economically
The Scope of CBT
Enormous
potential in spite of challenges
A strategy to enhance biodiversity conservation
Advocating responsible tourism income to the local poor
and the marginalized
Notable efforts to CBT to recognize the important
contributions of the community – through ownership,
rights and control over natural resources
Enhance livelihoods support of the communities through
active participation in tourism and biodiversity
conservation
Operating on commercial orientation and implemented
through community – private sector partnerships
Conti…
Beliefs,
community empowerment, improved
governance, equity and income sharing
Practical and successful examples in Kenya –
Kimana, Shompole, Il Ngwesi, Eselenkei, Koija,
Koyaki, Lumo, Tana Delta Camp, Kijabe,
Kalama, Namunyak, Ol Kiramatian, Ol Gulului,
Elerai, Ol Gaboli
Other examples in Southern Africa – CAMPIRE
in Zimbabwe; and LIRDP and ADMADE in
Zambia
Funding Community Based
Tourism in Kenya
Overview
Global
value of Kenya’s wildlife protected areas –
US$250 million annually
Tourism is the 3rd foreign exchange earner – contributing
10% to the GDP (up to US$27 million annually)
CBT support in Kenya dates to early 1970s – initial
efforts through by WCMD, latter KWS through COBRA
(USAID, World Bank and other donors), succeeded by
CORE
Supportive and facilitative role – KWS established
Community Wildlife Service to increase community
benefits from conservation and sustainable management
of natural resources outside protected areas.
Conti….
CBT is
almost 100% donor dependent and this
scenario is not likely to change soon
Role of government; provision of security,
infrastructure, development, marketing
coordinator
Early CBT Initiative and Supporting
Donors – Some Examples
Community Wildlife Sanctuary – an electric
fence with EC support of $8,000 – 10,000 while KWS
aided infrastructure development with Kshs.4.2million
through WDF
Mwaluganje – through Eden Wildlife Trust
Sera Conservancy – established through Northern
Rangeland Trust with support from USAID
Kalacha Bandas in Marsabit and rehabilitation of Il
Ngwesi Bandas – through Community Wildlife initiative
(CWI) of CDTF through EC
16 community based conservation through BCP of EC
Kimana
Donor Involvement in CBT in Kenya
USAID – through the COBRA and CORE programmes (US$
43million ) through KWS, Pact Kenya inc., AWF etc. (all
concluded) (USAID teamed up with World Bank and other
Donors)
USAID/World Bank – PAWS (US$ through KWS
Wildlife for Development Fund (US$ ) through KWS
(concluded)
USAID – FORREMS through LWF, KEFRI (US$329,000 and
US$290,000) respectively
USAID – through CORE committed some US$715,809 to
support community based tourism of which US$434,194 was
disbursed in 2005 to 13 on going initiatives
USAID through the LEWA Northern Rangeland Trust
programme provided US$400,000 to set up Sera Conservancy
Conti…
– Community Wildlife Initiative (CWI) (Euro
507,143) through CDTF (Concluded)
EC – Biodiversity Conservation Programme
(Euro 5.5 million) through CDTF – covering 16
CBT projects among others (Concluded)
EC – Community Environment Facility (Euros 8
million) through CDTF (On going and expected
to grant funds to some CBTs)
EC – Tourism Trust fund (Euros I billion) on
going and granting CBTs ending in the year 2008
EC
Other Players
based NGOs – WWF, ACC, AWF,
EAWS, Pact Kenya, Nature Kenya, Lewa Downs
International bodies – UNDP (GEF and
COMPACT)
National agencies – KWS, KEFRI, National
Museum of Kenya
Trust, Foundations and Endowments
Private Sector Operators
Conservation
Funding Operations and
Performance
growth since 1970s – perhaps one of the fastest
growing sub-sectors in tourism
Highest potential to contribute significantly in future –
Vision 2030
About 100 CBTs established and operational compared
to one or two in the early 1970s
Highest source of funding – donor community
Emphasis – establishment of conservancies, bandas, etc.
Notable
IMPACT OF CBT
OLGABOLI WOMEN BANDAS
PRE BCP
•
Serious environmental degradation; High poverty and illiteracy level;Non-economic activities;Male dominance;Unexploited natural resource;
Exploitation by tour operators; Low leadership skills and Low bargaining power
WITH BCP
First Maasai women biodiversity conservation project where rural illiterate women have negotiated for land access
rights and are engaged in eco-tourism development aimed at introducing a new and more productive benefit
avenue. Objective: reverse situation pre BCP: Sustainably utilize biodiversity for economic gains; Diversify
sources and types of income;Reverse male dominance in enterprises; Reverse male dominance in enterprises;
Empower women in matters of conservation; Reverse the deteriorating range condition; Reduce poverty through
tourism; Provide an alternative source of income – Fall back position, Provide conducive environment for skills
building – Literacy
POSITIVE IMPACTS:
Positive impacts:
Income increased from Kshs. 400,000 between 2005 and Kshs. 2million in 2007; BCP support attracted financial
support for a sixth banda from USAID; Illiteracy level brought down through literacy classes; 10 people employed in
the in the enterprise, mostly young men and girls; Cattle rustling reduced through radio network and vehicle
(secondary impacts); Land rehabilitated; Partnerships build – community-private sector Rift Valley Adventures,
Princeton University; Project attracted funding from USAID and 6th larger banda build; Piped water availed to local
people; Value addition to local artefacts through training in beadwork; Community sensitised on HIV and AIDS;
Donations provided
Negative impacts:
Loss of grazing area to tourism; Risk of attack by wild animals; Conflict between men and women – A case of
economic empowerment on women; Leadership problems – coups and countercoups; Vested interest and interference
by men – negative publicity; Interference with social values – Women abandoning core family activities to pursue
training
Limitation to the Turn-key Funding
Absence
of a system to ensure equitable sharing of
benefits and opportunities of tourism with local
communities
Inadequate financial outlay to develop infrastructure
Inadequate funding for tourism marketing and promotion
Failure to integrate a business approach with communities
being keen to sell artifacts – Business not Welfare
Weak governance – culture, elites, politics
Over dependency and inability to graduate from CBTs an
attitude problem
Traditional communities limited interest and slow to
change and adopt monetary economy
Weak/skewed partnerships between communities and
private sector
The Future of Community Based
Tourism
What can we do?
resource mobilization – going beyond donors
Standards and regulations for environmental and cultural
impact assessment, monitoring and auditing of existing
development
Explore new funding mechanisms
Build capacity for local people to negotiate with private
sector and man CBT as business
Marketing of the tourist product to be integrated in
project development
Harmonize donor conditions while targeting the same
community
Explore how local communities can contribute more
Creative
Funding Options
Allocate
(national and donors) sufficient and
sustainable financial resources to CBT
Focus on: Improving existing sources
Exploring on new sources of funding
Encouraging tourism investment
Supporting joint and balanced ventures
Viable Community Based Tourism
Fund Raising Strategies
Advertisements
Fun-fairs, walks
and runs
Opportunities in CRS
Exhibitions and trade fairs
Donations based on vision and negotiations
Branding of certain products – Maasai culture,
Dust of Kilimanjaro
Home stays
Thank you