Transcript Medical Terminology

Medical Terminology
Dr. Walid Daoud
A. Professor
Introduction
Medical Terminology is the study of
words that relate to body systems,
anatomical structures, medical
processes and procedures, and
a variety of diseases that afflict
human organism.
Word Root (WR)
It is the basic stem word, usually derived
from Greek or Latin language.
WR is the building blocks for many Prefixes,
Suffixes, Anatomical Words, Medical
procedures.
Greek Word
Word Root (WR)
Kardia (heart)
osteon (bone)
nephros (kidney)
gastros (stomach)
erythros (red)
cardi
oste
nephr
gastr
erythr
Combining Form (CF)
It is a WR to which a final vowel (usually “O”) is
added (CF = WR / O).
WR
CF
cardi
cyt
oste
nephr
gastr
erythr
cardi / o
cyt / o
oste / o
nephr / o
gastr / o
erythr / o
Meaning
heart
cell
bone
kidney
stomach
red
Building Compound Words
The vowel performs a connecting function.
If second WR begins with a consonant:
leuk / o cyt / o = white
erythr / o cyt / o = red
If the second WR begins with a vowel, the
“O” is sometimes retained:
gastr / o / enter / o = stomach and intestine
In others, a combining vowel is not added:
hem / angio = blood vessel
Suffixes
A suffix is a word element placed at the end of a
word or stem to form a new word.
Suffixes beginning with vowels:
WR
Word
gastr
gastr
gastr
+
Suffix
= Medical
+
+
+
itis (inflammation) = gastritis
algia (pain)
= gastralgia
ectomy (excision) = gastrectomy
Suffixes
Suffixes beginning with consonants:
Combining Form + Suffix
WR + O
= Medical Word
col
+
O
+ tomy (incision) = colotomy
col
+
O
+ scopy (examination) = coloscopy
col
+
O
+ rrhaphy (suture) = colorrhaphy
Summary of Rules
Build medical words by the following rules:
RULE 1.
Add suffixes that begin with an initial vowel
directly to the word root.
RULE 2.
Add a connecting vowel “O” to the word root
when the suffix begins with a consonant.
Surgical Procedure Suffixes
Suffix
Meaning
Example
-ectomy
excision
-o/centesis
puncture
append/ectomy
appendix
arthr/o/centesis
joint
col/o/stomy
colon
phleb/o/tomy
vein
-o/stomy
-o/tomy
mouth, forming
an opening
incision to cut
into
Surgical Procedures Suffixes
Suffix
Meaning
Example
-desis
binding,
stabilization
suture
fixation,
suspension
formation,
plastic repair
arthr/o/desis
joint
neur/o/rrhaphy
gastr/o/pexy
stomach
rhin/o/plasty
nose
-o/rrhaphy
-o/pexy
-o/plasty
Surgical Procedure Suffixes
Suffix
Meaning
Example
-o/clasis
to break down,
refracture
loosen, free
from adhesions,
destruction
to crush
oste/o/clasis
bone
enter/o/lysis
small intestine
-o/lysis
-o/tripsy
lith/o/tripsy
stone
Diagnostic and Symptomatic Suffixes
Suffix
Meaning
-algia
pain
-o/dynia
-o/cele
-ectasis
-o/gen
Example
cephal/algia
head
pain
cephal/o/dynia
head
hernia, swelling hepato/cele
liver
dilatation
bronchi/ectasis
bronchus
beginning,
carcin/o/gen
origin
cancer
Diagnostic and Symptomatic Suffixes
Suffix
-iasis
-itis
Meaning
condition,
formation of
Inflammation
-o/logy
study of
-o/malacia
softening
-o/megaly
enlargement
Example
chole/lith/iasis
gall stone
gastr/itis
stomach
bio/logy
life
oste/o/malacia
bone
hepat/o/megaly
liver
Diagnostic and Symptomatic Suffixes
Suffix
-oid
Meaning
resemble
-oma
tumor
-osis
abnormal
condition
disease
-o/pathy
-o/penia
decrease,
deficiency
Example
lip/oid
lipid
aden/oma
gland
dermat/osis
skin
nephr/o/pathy
kidney
leuk/o/penia
white (cell)
Diagnostic and Symptomatic Suffixes
Suffix
Meaning
-phagia
eating
-phasia
-plegia
-phobia
-o/ptosis
Example
dys/phagia
difficult
speech
a/phasia
without
paralysis
hemi/plegia
half
fear
acro/phobia
extremities
prolapse, falling hyster/o/ptosis
uterus
Diagnostic and Symptomatic Suffixes
Suffix
-o/rrhage
-o/rrhea
-o/rrhexis
-o/sclerosis
-o/scopy
Meaning
hemorrhage
Example
hem/o/rrhage
blood
discharge, flow men/o/rrhea
menses
rupture
angi/o/rrhexis
blood vessel
hardening
arteri/o/sclerosis
artery
examination
ot/o/scopy
ear
General Review-Suffixes
For building a medical term
The CF is used when a suffix begins with
a consonant:
gastr/o/pexy
leuk/o/cyte
nephr/o/pexy
oste/o/cyte
The WR is directly joined to the suffix when
the suffix begins with a vowel:
gastr/algia
dermat/osis
nephr/oma
mast/ectomy
Suffixes: Adjective Endings
Adjective Ending
Example
-ac
-al
-ary
-ic
-ical
-ous
-tic
cardi/ac (heart)
neur/al (nerve)
saliv/ary (saliva)
hypo/derm/ic (under skin)
med/ical (medicine)
sub/cutane/ous (under skin)
paraly/tic (paralysis)
Suffixes: Noun Endings
Noun Ending Meaning
Example
-iac
Hemo/o/phil/iac
(Blood love)
Pneumon/ia
Cut/is (skin)
Alcohol/ism
Uro/log/ist
Myo/path/y
(muscle disease)
-ia
-is
-ism
-ist
-y
Indicates person
afflicted with disease
Forms noun from root
Abnormal condition
One who specializes
Condition or process
Plural Endings
Singular
a
ax
en
ix
sis
on
um
us
y
ma
Plural Form
ae
aces
ina
ices
ses
a
a
i
ies
mata
Singular
pleura
thorax
lumen
appendix
diagnosis
ganglion
bacterium
digitus
deformity
carcinoma
Plural
pleurae
thoraces
lumina
appendices
diagnoses
ganglia
bacteria
digiti
deformities
carcinomata