Transcript Session Title

Wireless for Miniaturized
Consumer Electronics
Part III: Bluetooth
16-Jan-2013
Fanny Mlinarsky
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Outline
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History and evolution of Bluetooth
Bluetooth protocol
Applications
Capabilities of available Bluetooth devices
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Personal
802.15
Bluetooth
ZigBee
60 GHz
UWB
GSM, WCDMA,
LTE
Wide (3GPP* based)
TVWS
802.22
Regional
NAN
802.11
Wi-Fi
Local
Metro
802.16 WiMAX
LAN = local area networking
PAN = personal area networking
MAN = metropolitan area networking
WAN = wide area networking
NAN = neighborhood area network
RAN = regional area networking
TVWS = television white spaces
3GPP = 3rd generation partnership project
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IEEE 802.15 Standards
802.15.1: Adopted from Bluetooth SIG
802.15.4: Used by ZigBee
802.15.4g Smart Utility Networks (smart grid applications)
802.15.3: UWB
– WiMedia Alliance (disbanded); ECMA-368
• 802.15.3c (60 GHz)
– Basis for 802.11ad
– Common architecture, channelization and bandwidth sharing
techniques with WirelessHD, ECMA-387 and draft 802.11ad
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http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/15/
UWB = ultra wide band
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802.15.1
1 MHz
Prior to v4.0
1 MHz
• Spec developed by Bluetooth
SIG; v1.1 adopted by 802.15.1
• Signaling: 1 mega-symbol per
second GFSK
• AFH across all 79 channels to
avoid interference
• Two modes are defined:
– BR (mandatory) of 1 Mbps
– EDR of 2 or 3 Mbps
SIG = Special Interest Group
AFH = adaptive frequency hopping
BR = basic rate
EDR = enhanced data rate
GFSK = Gaussian frequency shift keying
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26 dB
Operates in the
ISM-2400 band
-20 dBm
-40 dBm
1 MHz
3 MHz
1 MHz
RF channels are spaced 1 MHz and
are ordered by channel number k:
f=2402+k MHz,
k=0,…,78
V4.0 BT LE
• Improved LE PHY: 1 Mbps GFSK
• Larger modulation index (better range) than Bluetooth BR
• 40 Channels with 2 MHz spacing
BT = Bluetooth
LE = low energy
BR = basic rate
GFSK = Gaussian frequency shift keying
Source: http://chapters.comsoc.org/vancouver/BTLER3.pdf
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Wi-Fi Channels at 2.4 GHz
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Bluetooth Evolution
v1.2
v2.0 + EDR
v2.1 + EDR
November 2003
November 2004
July 2007
Cell phone, headsets, New applications include: stereo headphones,
notebooks, car kits,
sunglasses, radios, picture frames, PMPs
printers, GPS,
cameras, MP3 players
2.4-2.4835 GHz AFH across 79 channels at 1600 hops per second
V3.0 + HS
April 2009
New applications
include: high speed
data transfers and
video downloads
2.4-2.4835 GHz AFH
or 802.11 channels
100 mW, 1W, 4W
Class 1: 100 meter (100 mW); Class 2: 10 meter (2.5 mW);
Class 3: 1 meter (1 mW)
GFSK (1 Mbps)
GFSK (1Mbps), π/4 DQPSK (2 Mbps),
OFDM with BPSK,
8DPSK (3 Mbps)
QPSK,16-128QAM
TDMA multiple access (+ CSMA/CA for HS)
Manual pairing and security settings
Automatic discovery/security settings via SSP
5x Battery life
GFSK = Gaussian frequency shift keying
π/4 DQPSK = pi/4 rotated differential quaternary phase shift keying
8DPSK = 8 phase differential phase shift keying
AFH = adaptive frequency hopping
MAC = medium access control
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LE = low energy
EDR = enhanced data rate
HS = high speed
SSP = secure simple pairing
AES = advanced encryption standard
V4.0 + LE
June 2010
New features: LE PHY
and Link layer; low
latency MAC; LE
direct test mode; AES
2.4-2.4835 GHz AFH
40 chan, 2MHz each
0.01 mW (-20 dBm) to
10 mW (+10 dBm)
GFSK
AES
LE protocol & PHY
Bluetooth Topologies
Source: Bluetooth SIG Core_V3.0 + HS document, 21-Apr-09
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Bluetooth Piconet
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Up to 7 slaves can be active in the piconet; many more slaves can
remain connected in a parked state.
Parked slaves are not active on the channel, but remain
synchronized to the master and can become active without using
the connection establishment procedure.
If multiple piconets cover the same area, a device can participate in
two or more overlapping piconets via time multiplexing.
A device can act as a slave in several piconets, but as a master in
only one piconet.
Piconets with the same master are synchronized and use the same
hopping sequence and are therefore considered the same piconet.
A group of piconets in which connections exist between different
piconets is called a scatternet.
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Bluetooth Scatternet
• Piconets that have common devices
are called a scatternet.
• Each piconet has one master.
Slaves can participate in different
piconets on a time-division
multiplex basis.
• A master in one piconet can be a
slave in other piconets.
• Piconets are not frequency
synchronized and each piconet has
its own hopping sequence.
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Bluetooth Markets
• Key markets:
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Mobile phones
Headsets and ‘ car kits’
Video games
PC & peripherals
Remote controls
Automotive
Medical devices
Sports & fitness
Smart home
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MacBook Air,
Mac Mini and
iPhone 4S use
Bluetooth 4.0.
Bluetooth 3.0 Architecture
• AMP adds 802.11
as a high speed
transport.
• The High-Speed
part of the
specification is
optional; only
devices sporting the
"+HS" can run
Bluetooth over WiFi data transfer.
AMP = alternative MAC and PHY
L2CAP = logical link control and adaptation protocol
HCI = host controller interface
PAL = protocol adaptation layer
MAC = medium access control
PHY = physical layer
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Bluetooth 4.0 Architecture
Applications
Generic access profile
Generic attribute profile
Attribute protocol
Security manager
Host
Logical link control and Adaptation protocol
Host Controller Interface
Link layer
Direct test mode
BLE PHY
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Controller
Bluetooth 4.0 Summary
• Bluetooth LE standard released June 2010; backwardcompatible with all other versions of Bluetooth
• Applications include
– Connecting devices like pedometers, heart rate straps,
blood glucose monitors directly to phones or computers
equipped with Bluetooth
• Optimized for infrequent transmission of small data
bursts via a mobile phone
• Not designed for streaming or high data rates
applications
• Other potential use is for a wireless payment system
similar to NFC.
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Nordic Semi
nRF8001
ZigBee Architecture
• Coordinators
– Control the formation and security of
networks
• Routers
– Extend the range of networks
– Route messages
– Perform functions of end devices
• End devices
– Perform specific sensing or control
functions
Central devices such as light fixtures,
thermostats and air conditioners could be configured
as routers.
Devices such as light switches and security sensors
could be end devices.
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Coordinator Router End Information
flow
device
Source: ZigBee Alliance
http://www.zigbee.org/Specifications/ZigBee/NetworkTopology.aspx
ZigBee Radio Architecture
• Short range, low power and low data
rate wireless applications
• ZigBee protocol stack is layered on top
of the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC and PHY
– Two PHY layers that operate in the
868/915 MHz and 2.4 GHz ISM bands
with a total of 27 channels
• No backwards compatibility among
ZigBee protocol generations
ZigBee Protocol
(ZigBee 2006/2007 or
ZigBee Pro)
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
IEEE 802.15.4 PHY
2.4 GHz
868/915 MHz
Data rates: 250, 40 and 20 kbps
IEEE 802.15.4™ specifications: http://standards.ieee.org/catalog/
ZigBee specifications: www.zigbee.org
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Source: ZigBee Specification
Document 053474r17
MAC = medium access control
PHY = physical layer
Bluetooth LE vs. ZigBee
ZigBee
Bluetooth LE
Older protocol with more
(non-interoperable) versions
Market mindshare but not
much shipment (not in PCs or
mobile phones yet)
Presence in big existing
markets (phones, automotive,
consumer, etc.)
Low power
Lower power, depending on
application
Simple stack
GATT is simple and profile
specific stack
GATT = generic attribute profile
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NFC
Poster
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Key benefit: simplicity of use
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No configuration by user; data stored in
NFC tag automatically triggers application
Use cases include
– Poster: NFC tag in the poster
automatically triggers the appropriate
application in the reading device (e.g. URL
stored in poster opens browser on
handset)
– Mobile payments: Pay with NFC phones
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at POS terminals; store vouchers and
coupons in NFC phones
Authentication, access control
• Unlock car doors
• Secure building access
• Secure PC log-in
NFC = near field communications
POS = point of sale
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Point of Sale
(POS) terminal
for mobile
payments
NFC Technology and Standards
• Jointly developed in 2002 by NXP Semiconductors (formerly Philips),
Infineon and Sony.
• Centered on 13.56 MHz
• Up to 424 kbps over 10 centimeters
• Communications between NFC-capable devices can be active-active (peerto-peer) or active-passive
• Backwards compatible with
– Smart Card infrastructure based on ISO/IEC 14443 (e. g. NXP's
MIFARE technology); Sony FeliCa card (JIS X 6319-4)
• NFC data exchange protocol is defined in ECMA-340 and ISO/IEC 18092
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Summary
• Bluetooth by all measures is a successful wireless technology
next to Wi-Fi
• Serves low power short range applications
• BT 4.0 LE, now in all new implementations, seems competitive
with alternatives such as ZigBee, NFC and Wi-Fi when it
comes to low power short range short messaging applications
NFC = near field communications
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Next Session
• Part IV: Standards-based vs. proprietary
wireless implementations
• Thursday, January 17th 2013
• 12 pm EST
Visit octoScope publications for more material
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