Transcript IL DIRITTO PRIVATO COMPARATO

SISTEMI GIURIDICI
COMPARATI
DIRITTO DELLA
GLOBALIZZAZIONE
Primo modulo
1
Un sunto dei contenuti del corso
e del programma d’esame (I)
Il corso intende presentare agli studenti il settore dell’esperienza
giuridica che studia e confronta i diversi sistemi giuridici presenti
nel mondo, o quanto meno quelli fra essi oggi più rilevanti, pur non
trascurando la menzione di quelli ora definibili come “minori”.
Il concetto di sistema giuridico assume a questi scopi due
configurazioni :
- Quello di sinonimo di ordinamento giuridico, a sua volta molto
prossimo a quello di soggetto di diritto internazionale; e
- Quello di modalità di struttura e di sviluppo dell’ordinamento,
il che può condurre ad individuare ordinamenti ove sono
compresenti diversi “sistemi” (un tempo detti “plurilegislativi”, come
sono a volte, ma non sempre, gli Stati Federali : si pensi al
Canada, dove il diritto del Québec costituisce un ordinamento a
sé, ed un sistema a sé), e sistemi, come quelli “di common law”
che comprendono, od hanno compreso sino a pochissimo tempo
fa, diversi ordinamenti.
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Un sunto dei contenuti del corso
e del programma d’esame (II)
-
-
-
Nella seconda e terza parte del corso verranno esaminati alcuni
istituti giuridici dell’odierna società globalizzata che
disciplinano le attività dei soggetti privati, individui e più
ancora imprese, sia nella loro vita di relazione, che, in specie, nella
loro attività economica. Tali istituti trovano la loro fonte in istituti di
diritto interno, fatti circolare per il mondo a seguito dell’espansione
delle attività e dei traffici commerciali (come è dall’inizio della storia).
Oggi, ciò significa soprattutto esaminare istituti nel confronto tra
disciplina originatasi nei Paesi di c.d. civil law, ossia quelli che
condividono una tradizionale discendenza dal sistema del diritto
romano, in specie nella visione dello stesso durante l’Evo Medio, da
un lato, e quella originatasi nei Paesi di common law, dall’altro,
ossia nei Paesi che – oggi con rilevanti differenze reciproche – si
richiamano all’esperienza autonoma di formazione delle fonti del
diritto, che si è avuta in una ininterrotta evoluzione all’interno del
Regno d’Inghilterra, almeno dal 1066, e sino alla fine del 1800.
In tale contesto, verrà condotto un esame di dettaglio del diritto dei
contratti internazionali, con particolare attenzione alla loro matrice
anglosassone.
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IL “GLOBO”
ED I SISTEMI GIURIDICI
4
LO SPAZIO GIURIDICO EUROPEO
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GRANDI SISTEMI E “FAMIGLIE” (I)
I sistemi romanistici (“di civil law”)
1. Il Code Civil francese del 1804 e le sue
derivazioni
2. I sistemi dei Paesi di cultura tedesca
3. I sistemi dei Paesi nordici
4. I sistemi giuridici nell’Europa
Orientale
6
GRANDI SISTEMI E “FAMIGLIE” (II)
I sistemi di civil law derivati dal Code Civil
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Il Burgerlijk Wetboek olandese, ed i Codici di Belgio
e Lussemburgo
I Codici Civili italiani : pre-unitari, del 1865, del 1942
vigente
Il Codigo Civil spagnolo, e le sue autonome
derivazioni latino-americane (e la speciale posizione
di Portogallo e Brasile)
Il Code Civil du Bas Canada, poi Code Civil du
Québec
Le derivazioni coloniali nei Paesi già colonie francesi
od italiane
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GRANDI SISTEMI E “FAMIGLIE” (III)
I sistemi dei Paesi di cultura tedesca
1.
2.
3.
Il Codice Civile Generale Austriaco, o Allgemeines
Burgerliches GesetzBuch (ABGB) del 1811
e la sua area di espansione in Europa Orientale
Il Codice Civile tedesco, o Burgerliches
GesetzBuch (BGB) del 1896, rinnovato nel 2000,
imitato in Grecia e Giappone
Il Codice Civile Svizzero, o Zivil Gesetzbuch (CCS –
ZGB) del 1907
la sua recezione in Turchia nel 1927
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GRANDI SISTEMI E “FAMIGLIE” (IV)
I sistemi dei Paesi nordici


Il sistema danese (Danske Lov), e la recezione di
esso in Norvegia (Norske Lov), Islanda, Far Oer e
Groenlandia
Il sistema svedese (Rikes lag) e la sua recezione in
Finlandia
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IL SISTEMA INGLESE, O DI COMMON LAW, E
LE SUE ORIGINI
10
L’INGHILTERRA NEL SEC. VIII
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L’INGHILTERRA NEL SEC. XI
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L’UNIFICAZIONE DEFINITIVA DEL REGNO INGLESE
ed il DOMESDAY BOOK
Nel 1086 c’erano solo 18 città con più di 2.000 abitanti in Inghilterra, che aveva
in totale tra 1,2 ed 1,5 milioni di abitanti
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LA STRUTTURA ORGANIZZATIVA
DEL REGNO INGLESE
The King
(The Crown)
The King’s Council
The Chancellor
The Exchequer
The Court of
Exchequer
The King’s Bench
The Court of King’s Bench
The Court of Common Pleas
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UNA SEQUENZA CRONOLOGICA
1066 La conquista normanna
1087 Morte di William I; regno di Willliam II Rufus
1100 Morte di William II; regno di Henry I
1135 regno di Henry I; interregno e regno di Stephen de
Blois
1154 Sale al trono Henry II
1166 Assizes of Clarendon
1176 Assizes of Northampton
1187 Ranulf de Glanvil “pubblica” la sua raccolta di casi
1189 Muore Henry II; sale al trono Richard I Lionheart
1199 Muore Richard I; gli succede John “Senza Terra”
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FATTI E DATE DEL 1200
1215 La Magna Charta
1216 Muore John, gli succede Henry III, che
regnerà sino al 1272
1258 Provisions of Oxford
1275 Bracton “pubblica” il De legibus et
consuetudinibus Regni Angliae ed il Notebook
1278 Lo Statute Quo Warranto
Lo Statute of Westminster II ed il writ upon the
case
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La politica……. ed il diritto
I re inglesi e le loro guerre
EDWARD I 1272 - 1307
- defeated the Welsh chieftains
and created his eldest son
Prince of Wales.
- defeated the Scots and brought
the famous coronation stone
from Scone to Westminster.
EDWARD II 1307 - 1327
was beaten by the Scots at the
Battle of Bannockburn in 1314
EDWARD I 1272 – 1307
- formed the Model Parliament in
1295, bringing together the
knights, clergy, nobility and
burgesses of the cities, bringing
Lords and Commons together for
the first time
- enacted the Statute of
Westminster II, 1285
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La Guerra dei Cento Anni 1337- 1453
Edward III 1327 1377
Edward, the Black
Prince (1330-1376)
Richard II 1377 –
1399
Henry IV Lancaster
1399 – 1413
Henry V 1413 – 1422
Henry VI 1422 1461/1470 - 1471
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La Guerra delle Due Rose 1460 -1485
Edward III
Edward, the Black Prince
Richard II
John of Gaunt of Lancaster
Henry IV
John Beaufort
Henry V
Henry VI
Edmund Langley of York
Richard of Cambridge
John II Beaufort
Richard of York
Margaret Beaufort
Henry VII
Re dal 1485
Edward IV
Edward V
Richard III
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L’equity dalla Chancery
alla Court of Chancery
Dalla fine del secolo XIII al 1474, opera la
Chancery, in nome del Re,
… in consultazione con il King’s Council
sino al 1377 (?),
… non più da quell’anno
Dal 1474 il Chancellor emette decrees in
nome proprio : nasce la Court of Chancery
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Il 1500, secolo della Riforma
Re Enrico VIII Tudor
aderisce alla Riforma
protestante e crea la
Chiesa Anglicana, con
immedesimazione tra
Chiesa e Regno
Dopo la sua morte, ed il
tentativo di restaurazione
cattolica della regina
Maria, con Elisabetta I il
Cattolicesimo è
perseguito
Iniziano i “processi di
Stato”, gli State Trials
La Court of Chancery si
laicizza, diviene la quarta
Corte del Re
Si consolidano gli istituti
del common law, grazie
all’opera di giudici autori
di testi di studio :
Fortescue e Littleton sulle
tenures, tra 1500 e 1600
Coke con gli Institutes
Nel 1615 l’Earl of Oxford
case sancisce la preminenza di applicazione
dell’equity
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Il 1600 : guerre civili,
rivoluzioni pacifiche,
l’inizio dell’espansione “globale”
La salita al trono degli
Stuart : James I, Charles
I, il Parlamento, i Puritani,
i nuovi processi, il
Commonwealth (16491660)
La Restaurazione, James
II (1685-1688)
La Glorious Revolution,
1688
1610 : è fondata
Jamestown, Virginia
La preminenza politica
del Parlamento, che
conduce la guerra contro
il Re
La prima legge
parlamentare in materia
economica : il Monopolies
Act, 1623
Il Bill of Rights, 1688
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Il 1700 : il trionfo del Parlamento e
la dimensione imperiale
1714 : arrivano i re
stranieri
1721-1742 : Robert
Walpole è il primo
Premier, seguito dai Pitt
1756 -1763 : la Guerra
dei Sette Anni e la Pace
di Parigi : il Nord America
e l’India diventano
britannici
1776 : la Rivoluzione
Americana
Nasce la società di
capitali, o company : i
fallimenti e gli scandali
Il copyright e lo Statute of
Anne, 1710
Le assicurazioni ed i
Lloyd’s of London
Blackstone (1723-1780)
La tentazione per la
riforma del diritto
contrattuale e per la
codificazione
23
Il 1800 : il trionfo imperiale e le
riforme giudiziarie
La vittoria su Napoleone,
l’espansione coloniale in
Africa ed Asia, il Canada
1832, 1833 e 1854 :
riforme della procedura,
con unificazione delle
forme
1846 : County Courts Act
Londra capitale
commerciale e finanziaria
mondiale, non culturale
1857 : creazione della
Court of Probate e della
Court for Divorce and
Matrimonial Causes
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LA GIUSTIZIA INGLESE ALLA
VIGILIA
DELLA RIFORMA DEL 1873-75
The House of Lords
The Court of
Exchequer Chamber
The Court of King’s Bench
The Court of Common Pleas
The Court of Chancery
The Court of Appeal in Chancery
The Court of Exchequer
The Court of Admiralty
The Court of Probate
The Court for Divorce and Matrimonial
Causes
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L’attività del Chancellor
Insufficienza dei writs, insufficienza delle Corti
regie
La petition al Chancellor, e la tutela della
“coscienza” del Re
L’order del Chancellor al respondent di
giustificare il suo comportamento
I criteri di valutazione : oltre il common law of the
land, la aequitas canonica, e quindi S.Tommaso
d’Aquino e la sua Summa, Cicerone, Aristotele,
quindi la επιείκεια, la valutazione del caso
concreto : l’equity
26
La giustizia civile superiore
The High Court of Justice
Queen’s Bench Division
Lord Chief Justice
53 puisne judges
12 masters
Chancery Division
Lord Vice-Chancellor
13 puisne judges
9 masters
Commercial Court
Bankruptcy Court
Admiralty Court
Companies Court
Family Division
President
16 puisne judges
13 district judges
Court of Protection
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La giustizia civile minore
Oltre 300 County Courts
120 Circuit Judges
Recorders
Registrars
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La giustizia penale
The Court of Appeal
Criminal Division
The Crown Courts
The London Central Criminal Court
337 Magistrates Courts
Stipendiary Magistrates
Lay Magistrates
Juvenile Courts
The Coroners’ Courts
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Le corti di impugnazione
The Court of Appeal
of England and Wales
Civil Division - Criminal Division
The House of Lords
dall’Ottobre 2009
The Supreme Court
of the United Kingdom
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Stemma e palazzo della nuova
Supreme Court
31
Altri organi giudiziari
The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
(le cui funzioni sono in parte assorbite dalla
Supreme Court of the United Kingdom)
The Courts-Martial Appeal Court (The CourtsMartial)
The Employment Appeal Tribunal (The Industrial
Tribunals)
The Administrative Tribunals (Rent, Agricultural
Land, …)
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… & the Bar
The Barristers, and
The Solicitors
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The precedent in English law
The binding precedent – the persuasive precedent
On the same facts
From a Court having
a binding power
No flaws in
the ratio decidendi
Not obscure
Not per
incuriam
Not too wide
Not conflicting
34
The interpretation of the Statute
Literal rule
Golden rule
Mischief rule
35
Cenni sul sistema statunitense
36
La colonizzazione britannica
37
Gli Stati Uniti al momento dell’Indipendenza
38
Un sunto della Costituzione
degli Stati Uniti d’America
We the people of the United States, in order to
form a more perfect union, establish justice,
insure domestic tranquility, provide for the
common defense, promote the general welfare,
and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves
and our posterity, do ordain and establish this
Constitution for the United States of America.
Article I
Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted
shall be vested in a Congress of the United
States, which shall consist of a Senate and
House of Representatives.
39
La Costituzione
La Camera dei Rappresentanti
Article I - Section 2. 1. The House of Representatives
shall be composed of members chosen every second
year by the people of the several states, and the electors
in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for
electors of the most numerous branch of the state
legislature.
2. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have
attained to the age of twenty five years, and been
seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall
not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which
he shall be chosen. [Clause 3 omitted]
4. When vacancies happen in the Representation from any
state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of
election to fill such vacancies.
5. The House of Representatives shall choose their
speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole
power of impeachment.
40
La Costituzione : il Senato - I
Art. I - Sect. 3 1.The Senate of the United States shall be
composed of two Senators from each state, chosen by the
legislature thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall
have one vote.
2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence
of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may
be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first
class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year,
of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and
the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one
third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies
happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of
the legislature of any state, the executive thereof may make
temporary appointments until the next meeting of the
legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.
3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to
the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of
the United States and who shall not, when elected, be an
inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen.
41
La Costituzione : il Senato - II
4. The Vice President of the United States shall be
President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless
they be equally divided. [Clause 5 omitted]
6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all
impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall
be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the
United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside:
And no person shall be convicted without the
concurrence of two thirds of the members present.
7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend
further than to removal from office, and disqualification to
hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under
the United States: but the party convicted shall
nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial,
judgment and punishment, according to law.
42
La Costituzione : il procedimento legislativo
Section 7. 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of
Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with
amendments as on other Bills.
2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and
the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the
President of the United States; if he approve he shall sign it, but if
not he shall return it, with his objections to that House in which it
shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their
journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration
two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent,
together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall
likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that
House, it shall become a law. ... If any bill shall not be returned by
the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have
been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if
he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent
its return, in which case it shall not be a law.
3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the
Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on
a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of
the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be
approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by
two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to
the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.
43
Le competenze federali : i poteri interni - I
Section 8. 1. The Congress shall have power to lay and
collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the
debts and provide for the common defense and general
welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and
excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;
2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States;
3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among
the several states, and with the Indian tribes;
4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and
uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout
the United States;
44
Le competenze federali : i poteri interni II
Sect. 8.5 To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of
foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and
measures;
6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the
securities and current coin of the United States;
7. To establish post offices and post roads;
8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts,
by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the
exclusive right to their respective writings and
discoveries;
9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court;
45
Le competenze federali
I poteri esteri e militari - I
10. To define and punish piracies and felonies
committed on the high seas, and offenses
against the law of nations;
11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and
reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on
land and water;
12. To raise and support armies, but no
appropriation of money to that use shall be
for a longer term than two years;
13. To provide and maintain a navy;
14. To make rules for the government and
regulation of the land and naval forces;
46
Le competenze federali
I poteri esteri e militari - II
15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the
laws of the union, suppress insurrections and repel
invasions; [Clause 16, again on militia, omitted]
17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases
whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten miles
square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the
acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the
government of the United States, and to exercise like
authority over all places purchased by the consent of the
legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the
erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and
other needful buildings;--And
18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and
proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers,
and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the
government of the United States, or in any department or
officer thereof.
47
La Costituzione
Il Presidente degli Stati Uniti - I
Art. II - Section 1. 1. The executive power shall be
vested in a President of the United States of
America. He shall hold his office during the term of four
years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for
the same term, be elected, as follows:
2. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the
Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors,
equal to the whole number of Senators and
Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the
Congress: [In part omitted - In part superseded by the XII
Amendment]
3. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the
electors, and the day on which they shall give their
votes; which day shall be the same throughout the
United States.
48
La Costituzione
Il Presidente degli Stati Uniti - II
Art. II – Section 4 No person except a natural born
citizen, or a citizen of the United States, at the time of
the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the
office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to
that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty
five years, and been fourteen Years a resident within the
United States.
5. In case of the removal of the President from office, or
of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the
powers and duties of the said office, the same shall
devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by
law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation or
inability, both of the President and Vice President,
declaring what officer shall then act as President, and
such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be
removed, or a President shall be elected.
49
6. [Compensation]
7. [Oath]
La Costituzione
I poteri del Presidente degli Stati Uniti - I
Section 2. 1. The President shall be commander in chief
of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the
militia of the several states, when called into the actual
service of the United States; [In part omitted].
2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and
consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two
thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall
nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of
the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public
ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court,
and all other officers of the United States, whose
appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and
which shall be established by law: but the Congress may
by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as
they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of
law, or in the heads of departments. [Clause 3 omitted]
50
La Costituzione
I poteri del Presidente degli Stati Uniti - II
Section 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress
information of the state of the union, and recommend
to their consideration such measures as he shall
judge necessary and expedient; he may, on
extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or
either of them, and in case of disagreement between
them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may
adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he
shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he
shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and
shall commission all the officers of the United States.
Section 4. The President, Vice President and all civil
officers of the United States, shall be removed from
office on impeachment for, and conviction of,
treason, bribery, or other high crimes and
misdemeanors.
51
La Costituzione : Il Potere Giudiziario – I
Art. III Section 1. The judicial power of the United States,
shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior
courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and
establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts,
shall hold their offices during good behaviour, [in part omitted]
Section 2. 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in
law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of
the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made,
under their authority;--to all cases affecting ambassadors,
other public ministers and consuls;--to all cases of admiralty
and maritime jurisdiction;--to controversies to which the
United States shall be a party;--to controversies between two
or more states;--between a state and citizens of another
state;-- between citizens of different states;--between citizens
of the same state claiming lands under grants of different
states, and between a state, or the citizens thereof, and
foreign states, citizens or subjects.
52
La Costituzione : Il Potere
Giudiziario – II
2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public
ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall
be party, the Supreme Court shall have original
jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the
Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as
to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such
regulations as the Congress shall make.
3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of
impeachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be
held in the state where the said crimes shall have been
committed; but when not committed within any state, the
trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress
may by law have directed.
Section 3. [on treason, omitted]
53
Il potere giudiziario federale
United States
Supreme Court
U.S. Court of Appeals
12 Regional Circuit Courts of Appeals
1 U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
Es. : USCA9th = United States Court of Appeal for the 9th Circuit
U.S. District Courts
94 Judicial Districts
Es. USDCSDNY = United States District Court for the Southern
Disctrict of New York
U.S. Court of International Trade - U.S. Court of Federal Claims
Military Courts (trial and appellate) - Court of Veterans Appeals
U.S. Tax Court - Federal administrative agencies and boards
54
La Costituzione: i rapporti tra gli Stati
Art. IV. Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each
state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of
every other state. And the Congress may by general laws
prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and
proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.
Section 2. 1. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all
privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states.
2. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other
crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another
state, shall on demand of the executive authority of the state
from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the
state having jurisdiction of the crime. [Clause 3 omitted]
Section 3. [on new States omitted] Section 4. [on republican
form of governemnt of States omitted]
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La Costituzione
Il procedimento di modifica
Article V The Congress, whenever two thirds of both
houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose
amendments to this Constitution, or, on the
application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several
states, shall call a convention for proposing
amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all
intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when
ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the
several states, or by conventions in three fourths
thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may
be proposed by the Congress; provided that no
amendment which may be made prior to the year one
thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner
affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of
the first article; and that no state, without its consent,
shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.
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La Costituzione : le clausole finali
Article VI [Clause 1 on Confederation’s debts omitted] 2.
This Constitution, and the laws of the United States
which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all
treaties made, or which shall be made, under the
authority of the United States, shall be the supreme
law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be
bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of
any State to the contrary notwithstanding. [Clause 3 on
Senators’ and Representatives’ oath omitted]
Article VII The ratification of the conventions of nine
states, shall be sufficient for the establishment of this
Constitution between the states so ratifying the same
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Gli Emendamenti ed il Bill of Rights
Amendment I Congress shall make no law respecting an
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech,
or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably
to assemble, and to petition the government for a
redress of grievances.
Amendment II A well regulated militia, being necessary to
the security of a free state, the right of the people to
keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.
Amendment III No soldier shall, in time of peace be
quartered in any house, without the consent of the
owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be
prescribed by law.
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Gli Emendamenti ed il Bill of Rights - II
Amendment IV The right of the people to be secure in their
persons, houses, papers, and effects, against
unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be
violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable
cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly
describing the place to be searched, and the persons or
things to be seized.
Amendment V No person shall be held to answer for a
capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a
presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in
cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia,
when in actual service in time of war or public danger;
nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to
be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be
compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against
himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property,
without due process of law; nor shall private property
be taken for public use, without just compensation.
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Gli Emendamenti ed il Bill of Rights - III
Amendment VI In all criminal prosecutions, the
accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public
trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district
wherein the crime shall have been committed, which
district shall have been previously ascertained by law,
and to be informed of the nature and cause of the
accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses
against him; to have compulsory process for
obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the
assistance of counsel for his defense.
Amendment VII In suits at common law, where the value
in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of
trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a
jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the
United States, than according to the rules of the common
law.
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Gli Emendamenti ed il Bill of Rights - IV
Amendment VIII Excessive bail shall not be required, nor
excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual
punishments inflicted.
Amendment IX The enumeration in the Constitution, of
certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or
disparage others retained by the people.
Amendment X The powers not delegated to the United
States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the
states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to
the people.
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Gli altri Emendamenti - I
Amendment XII (1804) The electors shall meet in their
respective states and vote by ballot for President and VicePresident, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of
the same state with themselves; they shall name in their
ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct
ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall
make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of
all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of
votes for each, ...[In part omitted]
Amendment XIV (1868) Section 1. All persons born or
naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction
thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state
wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any
law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of
citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive
any person of life, liberty, or property, without due
process of law; nor deny to any person within its
jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. [Clauses 2
through 5 omitted]
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Gli altri Emendamenti - II
Amendment XV (1870) Section 1. The right of citizens of the
United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by
the United States or by any state on account of race,
color, or previous condition of servitude.
Amendment XIX (1920) The right of citizens of the United
States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the
United States or by any state on account of sex.
Amendment XXII (1951) Section 1. No person shall be
elected to the office of the President more than twice, and
no person who has held the office of President, or acted as
President, for more than two years of a term to which some
other person was elected President shall be elected to the
office of the President more than once. [In part omitted]
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Gli altri Emendamenti - III
Amendment XXIII (1961) Section 1. The District constituting
the seat of government of the United States shall appoint
in such manner as the Congress may direct: A number of
electors of President and Vice President equal to the
whole number of Senators and Representatives in
Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were
a state, but in no event more than the least populous state;
they shall be in addition to those appointed by the states, but
they shall be considered, for the purposes of the election of
President and Vice President, to be electors appointed by a
state; and they shall meet in the District and perform such
duties as provided by the twelfth article of amendment.
Amendment XXVI (1971) Section 1. The right of citizens of
the United States, who are 18 years of age or older, to
vote, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States
or any state on account of age.
64