Transcript Document

Minerals and Vitamins
Galen Erickson
Calcium and Phosphorus
Chapter 5, 96 NRC pp 54-74
Brief metabolism
Importance
Ca:P ratios
Requirements, sources
Performance-Ca (UNL)
Calcium
.35
.70
DMI
ADG
Trial 1
18.5
3.15
17.9
3.12
% change
-3.4
-.95
Trial 2
.35
15.3
2.22
.70
15.8
2.33
% change
2.87
4.95
Trial 3
.35
19.0
2.51
.70
18.8
2.55
% change
-1.16
1.59
AVG of 5 trials (1&2 at Ibarn, 3,4,5 at feedlot)
% change
-.69
1.4
F:G
5.93
5.79
-2.36
7.11
6.88
-3.23
7.59
7.38
-2.77
-2.6
Performance-Ca
DMI
(lbs)
.35
24.4
ADG
(lbs/d)
3.88
3.50
.13
.04
.159
.145
.004
.02
6.29
6.90
G/F
FE
(ADG/DMI)
.70
23.9
SE
P<
.46
NS
n=30, limestone as only supplemental Ca source
DMI (-2.1%); ADG (-10.9%); F:G (+8.8%)
Faulty paradigms
• Ca:P ratio in bone (2.1:1) = requirement of diet
• P requirement = .35%
• young calves require same as typical feedlot cattle
• Phytate P is unavailable to feedlot cattle
SUM ALL THEM, OVERFEEDING P
Ca:P ratios
Wise et al. (1963, J Nutr.)
Ca, % .27 .27 .27 .81 .81 .81 2.43 2.43 2.43
P, %
.17 .34 .68 .17 .34 .68 .17 .34 .68
Ca:P 1.6
.8
.44 4.8 2.4 1.2 14.3 7.2 3.6
ADG .67 .50 .28 .71 .69 .63 .49 .66 .50
DMI 3.6 3.4 2.7 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.2 3.6 3.4
F:G 5.6 6.7 14.6 4.8 5.1 5.9 6.5 5.5 6.9
Conclusion:
Stay between 1.5:1 and 7:1 agrees with Ricketts et al., 1970
Problems with high Ca and high P?
OPTIMUM = 2:1 to 4:1
Phosphorus Nutrition

NRC cites Ellenberger, 1950
 Reasons for overfeeding

extremely important metabolic nutrient

monogastrics can’t utilize phytate

previous work with small calves(< 500lbs)

hard to measure, 80% of stores in bone
Phosphorus Nutrition
M.B. Coehlo, BASF
Metabolism
Tremendous stores of Ca & P
Creates challenges for us, good for animal
Hormonal control of stores, sensitivity from circulating
concentrations, PTH, calcitonin, and vit. D
Absorption (digestibility) is relatively low
NRC 50% for Ca
68% for P
Functions of P:
AFRC 68% for Ca
64% or 70% for P
Prehistoric research-P
• ‘96 NRC references Ellenberger, 1950 for P requirement
of gain as 3.9 g P / 100 g protein gain
• NRC references various authors (‘58,’59,’88,&’89) for P
maintenance requirement as 16 mg P / kg BW
• Both assume 68% ‘true’ absorption
• Cromwell (JAS ‘95,2000; ‘95,449; ‘94,2653) with valid
assumption that total ash is proportional to bone P
due to non-discrimation during resorption
• Estimate requirement ~ .20 % with this type of animal
(dependent on BW, age, and intake)
P requirements
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
P intake
NRC predicts requirements from .22 to .32% of diet DM
P requirements
Feed efficiency, ADG/DMI
0.250
0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
NRC
recommendation
0.000
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
P intake, grams per day
Erickson et al., 1999 J. Anim. Sci.
35.0
40.0
P requirements
Feed efficiency, ADG/DMI
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
NRC
recommendation
0.00
10
15
Erickson et al., 2002 J. Anim. Sci.
20
Industry
average
25
30
P intake, g/d
35
40
P require bone data
•Cromwell (JAS ‘95,2000;
‘95,449; ‘94,2653) with valid
assumption that total ash is
proportional to bone P due to
non-discrimation during
resorption
Erickson et al., 1999 and 2002 J. Anim. Sci.
P require-calves
40
34.1
urinary P
30
fecal P
24.3
17.9
g/d 20
10
9.7
11.6
0
0.16
0.22
0.28
0.34
% P (DM basis)
Erickson et al., 2001 Midwest abstract
0.40
Plasma
9
8
Plasma P, mg/dL
7
6
5
4
0.16
0.22
3
0.28
2
0.34
0.40
1
0
0
56
Erickson et al., 2002 J. Anim. Sci.
112
Day
168
224
Performance
Feed efficiency, ADG/DMI
8.00
FG
6.00
y=0.0035x + 6.0419
R2 = 0.0005
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
P Intake (g/d)
Giesert et al., 2004 Nebraska Beef Report
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
P requirements
4.00
3.50
ADG, lb/day
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
P, % of diet DM
Giesert et al., 2004 Nebraska Beef Report
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
P requirements
9
8
Plasma P, mg/dL
7
6
5
4
3
% P in Diets
0.10
0.17
0.24
0.31
0.38
2
1
0
0
28
56
Giesert et al., 2004 Nebraska Beef Report
84
112
Days on Feed
140
168
196
Dietary P examples
% diet P (DM-basis)
0.7
0.6
0.5
supplement
byproduct
corn
roughage
0.4
0.3
.59
.52
.35
.27
0.2
0.1
0
85% corn
85% corn +
supplement
byproduct
byproduct +
supplement
Dietary P examples
% diet P (DM-basis)
0.7
0.6
0.5
supplement
byproduct
corn
roughage
0.4
0.3
.59
.52
.35
.27
NRC
0.2
Our data
0.1
0
85% corn
85% corn +
supplement
byproduct
byproduct +
supplement
Conclusions
• Recommended levels
– .5 to .7 % Ca
– no supplemental P if diet >.25 %
– if byproducts, the diet range will be .25 to .5 %
– Ca:P ratios between 1.25:1 and 3:1
• Need supplemental Ca (limestone)
• P should never be supplemented
– based on work here; Call et al., 1978; Burroughs et al.,
1956; Long et al., 1956; Ellenberger et al., 1950; and 1996
NRC
P conclusions
• Does the requirement matter?
• NRC requirement is high
• Industry is markedly overfeeding
(relative to requirement)
• P should never be supplemented
– based on work here; Call et al., 1978; Burroughs et al.,
1956; Long et al., 1956; Ellenberger et al., 1950; and 1996
NRC
– What options are left?
Approach
• “Average” diet (Galyean & Gleghorn, 2001)
AVG
MIN
MAX
DMD
OMD
CP
P
Ca
K
S
Na
80
83
13.3
0.31
0.70
0.74
0.19
0.14
70
85
73
88
12.5
14.0
0.25
0.50*
0.60
0.90
0.60
1.00
0.10
0.34
0.10
0.20
Macro minerals
• NRC requirements vs. corn amount
%
NRC
Corn
Note
Ca
0.35 (.6-.7)
<0.15
0.60
0.08
0.10
0.15-0.40
.02
add!
>.25
never add!
P
K
Na
Mg
.44 (.06)
.10 (.05)
salt?
.12 (.03)
S
.11 (.02) too much?
Distillers very high in P, K, Na, and S
Micro minerals
• NRC requirements vs. corn amount
ppm
NRC
Co
.10
10
.5
50
20
30
Cu
I
Fe
Mn
Zn
Se
.10
Corn
Note
B12
2.51 (1.98)
add
add
54.5 (43.2) excesses?
add
24.2 (11.1)
.14 (.12)
add
add
Vitamins
• Vitamin A: 2,200 IU/kg DMI – feedlot cattle
• 1000 IU/lb
• Vitamin D: synthesized under normal conditions
• requirement: 275 IU/kg of feed
• Vitamin E: 25 IU/kg
• 10 IU/lb