Transcript Ecology Unit

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B. Biomes
1. Biomes: major biological communities
that occur over a large area of land/water.
a. Two types:
1. Aquatic
2. Terrestrial
b. Features which create different biomes:
i. Climate effects where species live.
http://images.sciencedaily.com/2007/03/070316164359.jp
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ii. Temperature: organisms are
adapted to live in a certain range of
temperatures
iii. Moisture: all organisms require
water; organisms can live within a
certain range of moisture.
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B. Biomes – Terrestrial
2. Most common
terrestrial biomes:
1. Tropical rain forest
2. Savanna
3. Taiga (coniferous
forest)
4. Tundra
5. Desert
6. Temperate grassland
7. Temperate forest
(deciduous and
evergreen)
8. Chapparal
B. Biomes - Terrestrial
I. Tundra - “The Cold Desert”
a. Around the North Pole
b. Less than 25 cm precipitation
yearly
c. Cold year round (-40ºC in winter)
d. Cold, dry, treeless region.
e. Permafrost: layer of permanently
frozen soil underneath the topsoil.
f. Plant examples: lichen, mosses,
shrubs
g. Animal examples: caribou, foxes,
wolves, arctic hares (think fur)
http://www.kidsgeo.com/images/tundra.jpg
B. Biomes - Terrestrial
II. Taiga or Coniferous Forest
a. Parts of Canada, Alaska, and Russia
b. World’s largest land biome
c. Between 50ºN and 60ºN
d. Winters are long and cold
e. About 40 cm of precipitation yearly
(mostly snow)
f. Plant examples: Cone-bearing
Evergreen trees (pines, cedars,
spruces)
g. Animal examples: Moose, black bear,
deer, wolves
B. Biomes - Terrestrial
III. Temperate Deciduous Forest
a. Found in Europe, the eastern part of the
U.S.A., and China
b. Below 50ºN latitude
c. 75 to 150 cm precipitation yearly
d. Wide range of temperatures with 4
seasons
e. Below freezing in winter to 30ºC in summer
f. Abundant Plant examples: Shrubs,
wildflowers, ferns, oak trees, maple trees
g. Animal examples: Birds, raccoons,
amphibians, snakes, bears, deer, foxes
B. Biomes - Terrestrial
IV. Tropical Rain Forest
a. Found near the equator in Africa,
South America, Australia, and the
Pacific Islands
b. 200 to 225 cm precipitation yearly
c. Hot and humid all year
d. Temperatures are fairly constant
around 25ºC
e. Abundant plants: Mahogany trees,
bromeliads and orchids, giant ferns,
many flowering plants
f. Animal examples: Monkeys, exotic birds,
snakes, sloths, bats, insects, large cats
(tigers)
B. Biomes - Terrestrial
V. Savanna
a. Tropical, rolling grassland
scattered with shrubs and isolated
trees
b. Long dry winter with 4” rainfall and
rainy summer with 15 – 50 inches
of rainfall annually
c. 90oF in dry season; 70oF in summer
d. Plant examples: Tall, wild grasses,
Acacia trees, small shrubs
e. Animal examples: antelope, gazelles,
giraffes, elephants, zebras,
wildebeests, lions, hyenas, and
leopards.
B. Biomes - Terrestrial
VI. Grassland – Prairie
a. Found on every continent
b. Wet seasons followed by a
season of drought
c. 25 to 75 cm precipitation yearly
d. Important farming areas for
grains such as wheat, rye, barley,
and corn.
e. Animal examples: Bison, prairie
dog, coyote
B. Biomes - Terrestrial
VI. Chapparal Characteristics
a. Cross between grassland and
forest
b. May contain mountain slopes and
plains
c. Hot, dry summers and mild
winters
d. Winter ~ 46oF ; summer ~ 72oF
f. Annual rainfall 15 - 40 inches
g. Plant examples: Oak trees, and
shrubs
h. Animal examples: Coyotes, lynx,
chipmunks
B. Biomes - Terrestrial
VII. Desert
a. Found on every continent
b. The driest biome on Earth
c. Extreme temperatures: Very hot
during the day and cool at night
d. Very little rainfall
e. Less than 25 cm precipitation yearly
f. Plant examples: Cactus, Joshua trees,
wildflowers
g. Animal examples: Lizards, camels,
snakes, scorpions, and Kangaroo rat
B. Biomes - Aquatics
I. Freshwater Biomes: divided
into 2 groups: ponds and lakes
and streams and rivers.
II. Marine Biomes: divided into
four sections: Estuaries,
Intertidal Zone, Photic, and
Aphotic Zones.
i. Estuaries: Water from the
rivers runs into the ocean;
mixture of salt and fresh water,
ii. Intertidal: Area from hightide line to low-tide line.
B. Biomes
iii. Photic Zone: shallow
enough for sunlight to
penetrate.
iv. Aphotic Zone: deeper
water that never receives
sunlight.
III. Wetlands: swamps,
marshes and bogs.