Transcript Slide 1

Gaia Engineering for Planetary Engineers
?
?
Global population,
consumption per capita
and our footprint on the
planet are exploding.
Undeveloped
Countries
A Planet in Crisis
Developed
Countries
This presentation describes a recyclable world made of composites of carbon and other wastes. A world
in which and our entourage of rats mice and cockroaches can live, make money and thrive.
John Harrison B.Sc. B.Ec. FCPA. FAICD Managing director of TecEco and Chair of AASMIC
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1
Our Ecological Footprint Exceeds Capacity
Source: WWF State of the Planet, 2005
Our footprint is exceeding the capacity of the planet to support it. We
are not longer sustainable and the environment is no longer sustainable
– we must change our ways to survive.
View further to discover how
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2
Energy
Peak Oil Production (Campell 2004)
Most models of oil reserves, production and consumption show peak oil around
2010 (Campbell 2005) and serious undersupply and rapidly escalating prices by
2025. It follows that there will be economic mayhem unless the we act now to
reduce and change the energy base of our economies.
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3
The Carbon Cycle and Emissions
Emissions
from fossil
fuels and
cement
production
are a
significant
cause of
global
warming.
We need to
increase the
sedimentary
carbon sink
Units: GtC
GtC/yr
4.5 billion years of geological
sequestration
have resulted in 7% of the
crust being carbonate
After: David Schimel and Lisa Dilling, National Centre for Atmospheric Research 2003
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4
Global Warming
Rises in the levels
of greenhouse
gases
Are causing a rapid
rise in temperature
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5
CO2 and Temperature
Source of graphic: Hansen, J et. al. Climate Change and Trace Gases
The correlation between temperature and CO2 in the
atmosphere over the last 450,000 years is very good
Even if voluntary emissions reductions were to succeed we must still
get the CO2 out of the air. Carbon rationing is a frightening adjunct and
alternative. Who will be the global police?
The best plan is a holistic one that reduces emissions and
profitably balances the inevitable releases from our activities
with massive sequestration.
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6
Water
“1/3 of the world’s population
are presently living in water
stressed countries. Depending
on the emission scenarios,
climate scenarios and
population change, it is
estimated that up to 2/3 of the
world’s population will be
living in water stressed
countries by 2050 as a result
of climate change”
Source of Graphic:
Lean, Geoffrey, and
Don Hinrichsen, 1994.
Atlas of the
Environment, Santa
Barbara, CA: ABCCLIO, Inc.
Source: Defra (2004). Scientific and
Technical Aspects of Climate Change,
including Impacts, Adaptation and
Associated Costs. UK, Department for
Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
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7
Waste & Pollution
 Ill health.
 Contamination of global
commons with dangerous
molecules.
 Increased traffic, noise,
odours, smoke, dust, litter
and pests.
There are various estimates. The consensus is that we
produce about 5-600 billion tonnes of waste each year.
Tec and Eco-Cements use waste.
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8
One Planet, Many People, Many Interconnected Problems
TecEco are in the
BIGGEST Business on
the Planet – Economic
Solutions to our Energy,
Global Warming, Water
and Waste Problems.
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9
Urgent Fixes are Needed
 Water
– 1/3 of world population stressed
for water
– By 2050 2/3 due to global
warming
 Waste
– Around 600 million tonnes.
– The underlying moleconomic
flow is poisoning our world
All these
problems are
interconnected
 CO2
– Causing global temperature
rises
 Energy
– Peak oil has passed and fossil
fuel energy costs set to rise.
To solve these problems we need to change the way we
do things and what we do them with!
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10
The Techno-Process
Detrimental
affects on
earth
Waste
systems
Take
Underlying the techno-process
that describes and controls
the flow of matter and energy
through the supply and
waste chains are molecular
stocks and flows. If out of
synch with earth systems
these moleconomic flows
have detrimental affects.
To reduce the impact on earth systems new technical paradigms need to be invented and
cultural changes evolve that result in materials flows with underlying molecular flows that
mimic or at least do not interfere with natural flows and that support rather than detrimentally
impact on earth systems.
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11
The Earth System
The earth system
consists of positive
and negative
feedback loops.
Anthroposphere
Small changes
caused by man
such as CO2 and
other climate forcing
as well as pollution
impact right across
all interconnected
systems throughout
the global
commons.
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12
Earth Systems Science
Earth Systems
Atmospheric
composition,
climate, land
cover, marine
ecosystems,
pollution,
coastal zones,
freshwater
salinity etc.
Source graphic: NASA
Earth system science treats the entire Earth as a system in its own right, which
evolves as a result of positive and negative feedback between constituent
systems (Wiki). These systems are ideally homeostatic.
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13
Detrimental Impacts of the Techno-Process
Detrimental
Linkages that
affect earth
system flows
Take
manipulate
and make
impacts
Use impacts.
Materials are in
the TechnoSphere Utility
zone
End of
lifecycle
impacts
There is
no such
place as
“away”
Materials are everything between the take and
waste and affect earth system flows.
Greater Utility
Less Utility
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14
Under Materials Flows in the Techno-Processes are Molecular Flows
Take → Manipulate → Make → Use → Waste
[
[
←Materials flow→
← Underlying molecular flow →
]
]
If the underlying molecular flows are “out of tune” with
nature there is damage to the environment
e.g. heavy metals, cfc’s, c=halogen compounds and CO2
Moleconomics is the study of the form of atoms in molecules, their
flow, interactions, balances, stocks and positions. What we take from the
environment around us, how we manipulate and make materials out of
what we take and what we waste result in underlying molecular flows
that affect earth systems. These flows should mimic, balance or
minimally interfere with natural flows.
To fix the molecular flows that are impacting our planet we must first
fix the materials flows in a bottom up approach
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15
Innovative New Materials - the Key to Sustainability
Materials are what builders use
The choice of materials controls emissions, lifetime and embodied energies, user
comfort, use of recycled wastes, durability, recyclability and the properties of
wastes returned to the bio-geo-sphere.
By changing how we make “things” and what we make them with
we can fix the underlying molecular flows that are destroying the
natural homeostasis of our planet
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16
Economically Driven Sustainability
$ - ECONOMICS - $
New, more profitable
technical paradigms are
required that result in
more sustainable and
usually more efficient
moleconomic flows that
mimic natural flows or
better, reverse our
damaging flows.
Change is only possible economically. It will not
happen because it is necessary or right.
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17
Consider Sustainability as Where Culture and Technology Meet
Increase in demand/price ratio for greater
sustainability due to cultural change.
$
ECONOMICS
We must rapidly
move both the
supply and demand
curves for
sustainability
Equilibrium
Shift
Supply
Greater Value/for impact
(Sustainability) and
economic growth
Increase in supply/price ratio for
more sustainable products due to
technical innovation.
Demand
#
A measure of the degree of sustainability is where the demand for more
sustainable technologies is met by their supply.
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Changing the Technology Paradigm
It is not so much a matter of “dematerialisation” as a
question of changing the underlying moleconomic
flows. We need materials that require less energy to
make them, do not pollute the environment with CO2
and other releases, last much longer and that contribute
properties that reduce lifetime energies. The key is to
change the technology paradigms
“By enabling us to make productive use of particular
raw materials, technology determines what constitutes
a physical resource1”
1.Pilzer, Paul Zane, Unlimited Wealth, The Theory and Practice of Economic Alchemy, Crown Publishers
Inc. New York.1990
Or more simply – the technical paradigm
determines what is or is not a resource!
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19
Cultural Change is Happening!
 Al Gore (SOS)
 CSIRO reports
 STERN Report
 Lots of Talkfest
 IPCC Report
 Political change
 Branson Prize
 Live Earth (07/07/07)
The media have an important growing role
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Changing the Techno-Process
Take => manipulate => make => use => waste
Driven by fossil fuel energy with detrimental environmental effects.
By changing the
technology paradigms
we can change the
materials flows and
thus the underlying
molecular flows.
Reduce
Re-use
Recycle
This is
biomimicry!
Reduce Re-use
Take only
renewables
Manipulate
Make
Use
Waste only what is
biodegradable or can
be re-assimilated
Recycle
<= Materials =>
Atoms and Molecules in the global commons
Moleconomics
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21
Learning from Nature (Biomimicry)
 Nature is the most frugal economist of all.
– The waste from one plant or animal is the food or home for
another.
– In nature photosynthesis balances respiration and recycling is the
norm
 By studying nature “we learn who we are, what we are and
how we are to be.” (Wright, F.L. 1957:269)
 There is a strong need for similar efficiency and balance in
our techno-process
By learning from
Nature we can all live
together
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22
Biomimicry - Geomimicry
 The term biomimicry was popularised by the book of the same
name written by Janine Benyus
 Biomimicry is a method of solving problems that uses natural
processes and systems as a source of knowledge and inspiration.
 It involves nature as model, measure and mentor.
 Geomimicry is similar to biomimicry but models geological rather
than biological processes.
The theory behind biomimicry is that natural processes and systems have
evolved over several billion years through a process of research and
development commonly referred to as evolution. A reoccurring theme in natural
systems is the cyclical flow of matter in such a way that there is no waste of
matter and very little of energy.
Geomicry is a natural extension of biomimicry and applies to geological rather
than living processes
All natural processes are very economical. We must
also be MUCH more economical
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23
Biomimicry - Ultimate Recyclers
 As peak oil starts to cut in and the price of transport rises
sharply
– We should not just be recycling based on chemical property requiring
transport to large centralised sophisticated and expensive facilities
– We should be including CO2 and wastes based on physical properties
as well as chemical composition in composites whereby they become
local resources.
Jackdaws and bower bird recycle all sorts of things they find nearby
based on physical property. The birds are not concerned about chemical
composition and the nests they make could be described as a
composite materials.
TecEco cements are benign binders that
can incorporate all sort of wastes without
reaction problems. We can do the same as
the Jackdaw or bower bird
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24
Localized Low Transport Embodied Energy Materials
No longer an option?
As the price of fuel rises, the use of on site low embodied
energy materials rather than transported aggregates will
have to be considered. We will have to mimic the jackdaw
or bower bird. Gaia engineering can be implemented
everywhere.
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25
Utilizing Carbon and Wastes
 During earth's geological history large tonnages of carbon
were put away as limestone and other carbonates and as coal
and petroleum by the activity of plants and animals.
 Sequestering carbon in calcium and magnesium carbonate
materials and other wastes in the built environment mimics
nature in that carbon is used in the homes or skeletal
structures of most plants and animals.
In eco-cement concretes
the binder is carbonate and
the aggregates are
preferably carbonates and
wastes. This is
“geomimicry”
CO2
CO2
CO2
C
CO2
Waste
Pervious pavement
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26
Geomimicry
 There are 1.2-3 grams of magnesium
and about .4 grams of calcium in every
litre of seawater.
 Carbonate sediments such as
these cliffs represent billions
of years of sequestration
and cover 7% of the crust.
 There is enough
calcium and magnesium
in seawater with replenishment
to last billions of years at current
needs for sequestration.
 To survive we must build our homes
like these seashells using CO2 and
alkali metal cations. This is geomimicry
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27
Geomimicry for Planetary Engineers?
 Large tonnages of carbon (7% of the crust) were
put away during earth’s geological history as
limestone, dolomite and magnesite, mostly by the
activity of plants and animals.
– Much more than in coal or petroleum!
 Shellfish built shells from carbon and trees turn it into
wood.
 These same plants and animals wasted nothing
– The waste from one is the food or home for another.
 Because of the colossal size of the flows involved
the answer to the problems of greenhouse gas and
waste is to use them both.
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28
Geomimicry for Planetary Engineers?
 Such a paradigm shift in resource usage will not
occur because it is the right thing to do.
 It can only happen economically.
 We must put an economic value on carbon and
wastes
– inventing new technical paradigms such as offered by
TecEco and the Global Sustainability Alliance in Gaia
Engineering.
– Evolving culturally to effectively use these technical
paradigms
 By using
carbon dioxide and other
wastes as building materials we can
economically reduce their concentration in the
global commons.
Materials are very important!
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29
Why Magnesium Carbonates?
 Because of the low molecular weight of magnesium, it is ideal for
scrubbing CO2 out of the air and sequestering the gas into the built
environment:
 More CO2 is captured than in calcium systems as the calculations
below show.
CO 2
44

 52%
MgCO3 84
CO 2
44

 43 %
CaCO 3 101
 At 2.09% of the crust magnesium is the 8th most abundant element
 Sea-water contains 1.29 g/l compared to calcium at .412 g/l
 Magnesium materials from Gaia Engineering are potential low cost.
New kiln technology from TecEco will enable easy low cost simple
non fossil fuel calcination of magnesium carbonate to make binders
with CO2 recycling to produce more carbonate building material to
be used with these binders.
 Magnesium compounds have low pH and polar bond in composites
making them suitable for the utilisation of other wastes.
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30
Making Carbonate Building Materials to
Solve the Global Warming Problem
 How much magnesium carbonate would have to be
deposited to solve the problem of global warming?
– The annual flux of CO2 is around 12 billion tonnes ~= 22.99 billion
tonnes magnesite
– The density of magnesite is 3 gm/cm3 or 3 tonne/metre3
 22.9/3 billion cubic metres ~= 7.63 cubic kilometres of
magnesite would have to be deposited each year.
 Compared to the over seven cubic kilometres of
concrete we make every year, the problem of global
warming looks surmountable.
 If magnesite was our building material of choice and we
could make it without releases as is the case with Gaia
Engineering, we have the problem as good as solved!
We must build with carbonate and waste
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31
Why Materials for the Built Environment?
 The built environment is made of materials and is our
footprint on earth.
– It comprises buildings and infrastructure.
 Construction materials comprise
– 70% of materials flows (buildings, infrastructure etc.)
– 40-50% of waste that goes to landfill (15 % of new materials going
to site are wasted.)
 Around 25 billion tonnes of building materials are
used annually on a world wide basis.
– Mostly using virgin natural resources
– Combined in such a manner that they cannot easily be separated.
– Include many toxic elements.
Why not use magnesium carbonate building
components from Greensols and Eco-Cements from
TecEco to bind them together?
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32
The Built Environment and Global Sustainability
The built environment is our footprint, the major proportion of the
techno-sphere and our lasting legacy on the planet. It comprises
buildings and infrastructure
Source of graphics: Nic Svenningson UNEP SMB2007
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Building is Going Balistic!
Source of graphic: Rick Fedrizzi SMB 2007
The relative impact of the built environment is rising as the
East catches up with the West!
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34
Huge Potential for More Sustainable
Construction Materials
 Reducing the impact of the take and waste phases of the
techno-process by.
– including carbon in materials
Many wastes including CO2
they are potentially carbon sinks.
can contribute to physical
– including wastes for
properties reducing lifetime
physical properties as
energies
well as chemical composition
they become resources.
– re engineering materials to
reduce the lifetime energy
CO2
of buildings
CO2
 A durable low pH high bonding
binder system is required
for effective waste utilisation
such as TecEco Tec and
CO2
Eco-Cements
C
CO2
Waste
Pervious pavement
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35
Gaia Engineering Flowchart
CaO
Industrial CO2
TecEco
Tec-Kiln
Portland Cement
Manufacture
MgO
Clays
Fresh Water
Brine
or Sea
water
Greensols
Waste
Acid
NaHCO3
MgCO3
and
CaCO3
“Stone”
EcoCements
CaSO4
Other
Valuable
Commodity
Salts
TecEco
Cement
Manufacture
TecCements
Building
components &
aggregates
Other waste
Building waste
Built Environment
The Gaia Engineering Tececology
Industrial Ecologies are
generally thought of as
closed loop systems with
minimal or low impacts
outside the ecology
The Gaia Engineering
tececology could be
thought of as an open
technical ecology designed
to reverse major damaging
moleconomic and other
system flows outside the
tececology
The Gaia Engineering tececology is not closed and is designed
to reverse damaging moleconomic flows outside the ecology LIKE A GIANT ECOLOGICAL PUMP
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37
The Gaia Engineering Process
Gaia Engineering delivers profitable
outcomes whilst reversing underlying
undesirable moleconomic flows from other
less sustainable techno-processes outside
the tececology.
Inputs:
Atmospheric or industrial CO2,
brines, waste acid, other wastes
Outputs:
Carbonate building materials, potable water,
gypsum, sodium bicarbonate and other valuable
commodity salts.
Carbonate building components
CO2
Solar or solar
derived energy
CO2
CO2
MgO
Eco-Cement
TecEco
MgCO2
Cycle
TecEco
Kiln
MgCO3
Coal
Fossil fuels
Carbon or carbon compounds
Oil
Magnesium compounds
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CO2
Greensols
Process
1.29 gm/l Mg
.412 gm/l Ca
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Gaia Engineering Introduction
 Gaia engineering is a combination of new technologies
including
–
–
–
–
The Greensols process
TecEco’s Tec-Kiln technology and cements
Carbon dioxide scrubbing technologies
TecEco' Eco-Cements
 Gaia engineering profitably geomimics past planetary
geological processes and adopted on a large scale will:
–
–
–
–
Sequester significant amounts of atmospheric CO2
Add value to the salts recoverable from sea water
Convert large volumes of waste to valuable resource
Produce fresh water.
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Gaia Engineering Summary
 Inputs include
–
–
–
–
–
Seawater or suitable brine
CO2
Waste acid
Other wastes of all kinds
A small amount of energy
 Outputs include
–
–
–
–
–
Gypsum, sodium bicarbonate and various other valuable salts.
Magnesium carbonate building components.
TecEco Tec, Eco and Enviro-Cements.
Waste utlisation.
Fresh water.
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Gaia Engineering
Waste
Acid
CO2 from power
generation or industry
Other salts
Na+,K+, Ca2+,Cl-
Simplified TecEco Reactions
Tec-Kiln MgCO3 → MgO + CO2
- 118 kJ/mole
Reactor Process MgO + CO2 → MgCO3
+ 118 kJ/mole (usually more complex
hydrates)
MgO Production
using solar energy
Magnesite
(MgCO3)
Solar Process to Produce
Magnesium Metal
(MgCO2) Cycle
CO
2
Other Wastes
1.354 x 109 km3 Seawater containing 1.728 10 17
tonne Mg or suitable brines from other sources
Greensols
Seawater
Carbonation
Process.
Eco-Cement
Tec-Cement
Tec-Reactor
Hydroxide /
Carbonate
slurry process
Bicarbonate
of Soda
(NaHCO3)
Gypsum +
carbon waste
(e.g.
sewerage) =
fertilizers
Gypsum
(CaSO4)
Sewerage compost
CO2 + H2O =>
Energy rich biomass
using blue green algae
Magnesia (MgO)
CO2 from power generation,
industry or out of the air
Sequestration Table – Mg from Seawater
Tonnes CO2 sequestered per tonne magnesium with various cycles
through the TecEco Tec-Kiln process. Assuming no leakage MgO to built
environment (i.e. complete cycles).
Billion
Tonnes
Tonnes CO2 sequestered by 1 billion tonnes of Mg in seawater
1.81034
Tonnes CO2 captured during calcining (same as above)
1.81034
Tonnes CO2 captured by eco-cement
1.81034
Total tonnes CO2 sequestered or abated per tonne Mg in seawater
(Single calcination cycle).
3.62068
Total tonnes CO2 sequestered or abated (Five calcination cycles.)
18.1034
Total tonnes CO2 sequestered or abated (Ten calcination cycles).
36.20
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Gaia Engineering
Inputs
Brines
Waste Acid
Wastes
CO2
Outputs
Gypsum, Sodium
bicarbonate, Salts,
Building materials,
Potable water
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Seawater Reference Data
g/l H20
Cation
radius
(pm)
Chloride (Cl--)
19
167
Sodium (Na+)
10.5
116
Sulfate (S04--)
2.7
?
1.28
86
Calcium (Ca++)
0.412
114
Potassium (K+)
0.399
152
Magnesium (Mg++)
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Greensols Carbon Capture
 The hydrogen bonding in water keeps oppositely
charged ions from combining. Water “dissolves” them.
 Strongly charged ions such as calcium, magnesium and
carbonate attract hydration shells of water around them.
For example magnesium and calcium ions polar bond to
oxygen and the negative carbonate ion polar bonds to
hydrogen. These bonds can propagate through several
layers of water and are strong enough to prevent the
formation of calcium and magnesium carbonates even
from supersaturated solutions.
 The Greensols process uses waste acid to de-polarise a
statistical proportion of water molecules by attaching a
proton to them whereby positively charged sodium,
calcium or magnesium ions as well as negatively
charged ions including carbonate ions are released, can
combine and thus precipitate.
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Greensols Carbon Capture
Hydration shelling of
water occurs around
calcium or magnesium
ions because of the
strong charge of
especially magnesium to
the oxygen end of water
Similar hydration shelling occurs around
the negative carbonate ion through polar
bonding to the hydrogen ends of water
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45
Greensols Carbon Capture
The addition of a proton to water
using strong waste acid results in
its de polarisation whereby it no
longer electronically holds as many
ions (sodium, calcium, magnesium
or carbonate etc.) statistically
releasing them and allowing them
to combine and precipitate as
carbonates and other more
valuable salts leaving behind
essentially fresh water
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46
Greensols Carbon Capture
=
+
Mg
++
+
CO3
__
=>
MgCO3
The statistical release of both cations and anions results in
precipitation of for example magnesium carbonate as shown
above.
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Advantages of Greensols over Reverse Osmosis
GREENSOLS
REVERSE OSMOSIS DESALINATION
Low energy costs
- Does not work against the
electronic forces in water.
Relatively high energy costs
- Works against the hydrogen
bonding of water to separate it
from its ions
Low maintenance
- The plant consists of low cost
replaceable pumps
High Maintenance
- The membranes need cleaning
and changing at regular intervals.
No damaging or dangerous
outputs
Highly saline water is potentially
damaging
Value adds include fresh water,
sequestration, valuable salts and
building products
The only value add is fresh water
Tell somebody with influence today!
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48
The Tec-Reactor Hydroxide Carbonate
Slurry Process
 The solubility of carbon dioxide gas in seawater
– Increases as the temperature approached zero and
– Is at a maxima around 4oC
 This phenomenon is related to the chemical nature
of CO2 and water and
 Can be utilised in a carbonate – hydroxide slurry
process to capture CO2 out of the air and release it
for storage or use in a controlled manner
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49
The MgCO2 Process (Magnesium Thermodynamic Cycle)
The MgCO2 (magnesium thermodynamic
cycle) is very important for sequestration and results
in the formation of valuable building product
TOTAL CALCINING ENERGY
Relative to MgCO3
Theoretical = 1480 kJ.Kg
With inefficiencies = 1948 kJ.Kg-1
Tec-Kiln
CO2
Eco-Cements
CO2 + H2O =>
Hydrocarbons
compounds using
algae
Magnesite
Dehydration
Calcination
Representative of
other hydrated
mineral carbonates
Magnesia
Nesquehonite
Carbonation
Carbonation
Mg(OH)2.nH2O +CO2 +2H2O
=> MgCO3.3H2O
Brucite
ΔH = - 37.04 kJ.mol
ΔG = - 19.55 kJ.mol
Calcification
MgCO3 => MgO + CO2
ΔH = 118.28 kJ.mol-1
ΔG = 65.92 kJ.mol-1
Hydration
MgO + H2O => Mg(OH)2.nH2O
ΔH = - 81.24 kJ.mol
ΔG = - 35.74 kJ.mol
Tec, Eco and Enviro-Cements
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
50
The TecEco Tec-Kiln Technology
 Runs at low temperatures
minimising the
development of lattice
CO2 + H2O =>
energy.
Hydrocarbons
MgO
compounds using
 Can be powered by various
Production
algae
using solar
non fossil sources of
energy
energy such as solar
energy or waste heat.
 Grinds and calcines at the same time thereby operating 25% to 30%
more efficiently.
 Captures CO2 for return to the Greensols process, bottling or use
for fuel manufacture using algae and other life forms or other
purposes.
 The products – CaO and/or MgO can be used to sequester more
CO2 in the MgCO2 process which can be repeated.
 Suitable for making the reactive MgO used in TecEco cements.
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
51
Eco-Cement CO2 Release and Capture
Eco-Cement – With
Capture during
Manufacture
Eco-Cement – No
Capture during
Manufacture
CO2 capture
(Greensols
process etc)
CO2
MgCO3.3H2O
H 2O
H 2O
MgO
Mg(OH)2
H 2O
Carbon neutral except for carbon
from process emissions
H 2O
MgCO3.3H2O
CO2 from
atmosphere
H 2O
MgO
Mg(OH)2
H 2O
Net sequestration less carbon from
process emissions
Use of non fossil fuels => Low or no process emissions
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
52
Gaia Engineering will Modify the Carbon Cycle
CO2 in the air and water
Cellular
Respiration
burning and
Photosynthesis
decay
by plants and
algae
Cellular Respiration
Decay by
fungi and
bacteria
Limestone
coal and oil
burning
Gaia Engineering,
(Greensols, TecEco
Kiln and Eco-Cements)
Organic compounds
made by heterotrophs
Organic compounds
made by autotrophs
Consumed by
heterotrophs
(mainly animals)
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
53
Outcomes from Gaia Engineering
As the proportion of man made
carbonate used in the built
environment increases.
Critical 450 ppm, level =>
CO2 in the atmosphere will
start to fall.
Mass of CO2 (Gt)
Global CO2 in the Atmosphere
3,500
3,300
3,100
2,900
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
M ass CO2 in the atmosphere without "CarbonSafe"
sequestration (Gt)
M ass CO2 in the atmosphere with "CarbonSafe"
sequestration (Gt)
Upper CO2 limit (Gt)
These figures are obviously rubbery, but we hope you get the idea!
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
54
Emissions from Cement Production
 Chemical Release
– The process of calcination involves driving off chemically bound
CO2 with heat.
CO2
CaCO3 →CaO + ↑CO2
CO2
 Process Energy
– Most energy is derived from fossil fuels.
– Fuel oil, coal and natural gas are directly or indirectly burned to
produce the energy required releasing CO2.
 The production of cement for concretes accounts for around
10% of global anthropogenic CO2.
– Pearce, F., "The Concrete Jungle Overheats", New Scientist, 19 July,
No 2097, 1997 (page 14).
Arguments that we should reduce cement production relative to other
building materials are nonsense because concrete is the most sustainable
building material there is. The challenge is to make it more sustainable.
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
55
Embodied Energy of Building Materials
Concrete is
relatively
environmentally
friendly and has a
relatively low
embodied energy
Downloaded from www.dbce.csiro.au/ind-serv/brochures/embodied/embodied.htm
(last accessed 07 March 2000)
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
56
Average Embodied Energy in Buildings
Most of the embodied energy in the built
environment is in concrete.
Because so much concrete is used there is a huge
opportunity for sustainability by reducing the
embodied energy, reducing the carbon debt (net
emissions), incorporating waste and improving
properties that reduce lifetime energies.
Downloaded from www.dbce.csiro.au/ind-serv/brochures/embodied/embodied.htm
(last accessed 07 March 2000)
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
57
Cement Production ~= Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Exponential growth
Metric Tonnes
2,500,000,000
2,000,000,000
1,500,000,000
1,000,000,000
500,000,000
2001
1996
1991
1986
1981
1976
1971
1966
1961
1956
1951
1946
1941
1936
1931
1926
0
Tec, Eco and Enviro-Cements TecEco can provide a viable
much more sustainable alternative.
Year
Source data: USGS Minerals Yearbook
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
58
TecEco Binder Systems
SUSTAINABILITY
PORTLAND
POZZOLAN
Hydration of the
various components
of Portland cement
for strength.
DURABILITY
Reaction of alkali with
pozzolans (e.g. lime with
fly ash.) for sustainability,
durability and strength.
TECECO CEMENTS
STRENGTH
TecEco concretes are a
system of blending
REACTIVE MAGNESIA
reactive magnesia,
Hydration of magnesia => brucite for strength, workability,
Portland cement and
dimensional stability and durability. In Eco-cements
carbonation of brucite => nesquehonite, lansfordite and usually a pozzolan with
other materials and are
an amorphous phase for sustainability.
a key factor for
sustainability.
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
59
Tec & Eco-Cement Theory
 Portlandite (Ca(OH)2) is too soluble, mobile and
reactive.
– It carbonates, reacts with Cl- and SO4- and being
soluble can act as an electrolyte.
 TecEco generally (but not always) remove
Portlandite using the pozzolanic reaction and
 TecEco add reactive magnesia
– which hydrates, consuming significant water and
concentrating alkalis forming Brucite which is
another alkali, but much less soluble, mobile or
reactive than Portlandite.
In Eco-Cements brucite carbonates forming
hydrated compounds with greater volume
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
60
TecEco Cements
 Tec-cements (Low MgO)
– contain more Portland cement than reactive magnesia.
Reactive magnesia hydrates in the same rate order as Portland
cement forming Brucite which uses up water reducing the
voids:paste ratio, increasing density and possibly raising the
short term pH.
– Reactions with pozzolans are more affective. After all the
Portlandite has been consumed Brucite controls the long term
pH which is lower and due to it’s low solubility, mobility and
reactivity results in greater durability.
– Other benefits include improvements in density, strength and
rheology, reduced permeability and shrinkage and the use of a
wider range of aggregates many of which are potentially
wastes without reaction problems.
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
61
TecEco Cements
 Eco-cements (High MgO)
– contain more reactive magnesia than in tec-cements. Brucite in
permeable materials carbonates forming stronger fibrous
mineral carbonates and therefore presenting huge
opportunities for waste utilisation and sequestration. The low
pH and high hydrogen bonding make Eco-Cements ideal for
binding other materials including most wastes.
 Enviro-cements (High MgO)
– contain similar ratios of MgO and OPC to eco-cements but in
non permeable concretes brucite does not carbonate readily.
– Higher proportions of magnesia are most suited to toxic and
hazardous waste immobilisation and when durability is
required. Strength is not developed quickly nor to the same
extent.
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
62
Strength with Blend & Porosity
150
Tec-cement concretes
100
Eco-cement concretes
50
High OPC
0 High Porosity
Enviro-cement
concretes
STRENGTH ON
ARBITARY SCALE 1-100
100-150
50-100
0-50
High Magnesia
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
63
Converting Waste to Resource
 TecEco cements represent a cost
affective option for using localised low
impact materials and wastes
– Reducing transports costs and emissions
 Magnesium hydroxide in particular and
to some extent the carbonates are less
reactive and mobile and thus result in
much more durable concretes
–
–
–
–
Lower solubility
Lower reactivity
Bleed less
Lower pH
 The incredible stick as a result of polar
bonding also adds to their ability to bind
wastes.
TecEco Technology - Converting Waste to Resource
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
64
Carbonation of Eco-Cements
 Have high proportions of reactive magnesium oxide
 Carbonate like lime but generally used in a 1:5-1:12 paste basis
because much more carbonate “binder” is produced.
 Consider nesquehonite the main phase:
MgO + H2O <=> Mg(OH)2 + CO2 + 2H2O <=> MgCO3.3H2O
Mostly
CO2
40.31+ liquid <=> 58.31 + gas <=> 138.36 molar mass (at least!)
and
11.2 + liquid <=> 24.29 + gas <=> 74.77 molar volumes (at least!)
water
 668% expansion relative to MgO or 308 % expansion relative to
Mg(OH)2 (ex water or gas volume reduction)
 Total volumetric expansion from magnesium oxide to lansfordite
is even more at 811%.
MgO + H2O <=> Mg(OH)2 + CO2 + 4H2O <=> MgCO3.5H2O
 Because magnesium has a low molecular weight, proportionally
a much greater amount of CO2 is captured per mole of MgO
than lime or any other carbonate.
 Carbonation adds considerable strength and some steel
reinforced structural concrete could be replaced with fibre
reinforced porous carbonated concrete.
As Fred Pearce reported in New Scientist Magazine
(Pearce, F., 2002), “There is a way to make our city
streets as green as the Amazon rainforest”.
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
65
Carbonation is Proportional to Porosity an Time
%
Carbonation
Carbonation
Rate
Time
Macro
Porosity
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66
Eco-Cement Strength Development
 Eco-Cements gain early strength from the hydration of
PC.
 Later strength comes from the carbonation of brucite
forming an amorphous phase, lansfordite and
nesquehonite.
 Strength gain in Eco-Cements is mainly microstructural
because of
– More ideal particle packing (Brucite particles at 4-5 micron are
under half the size of cement grains.)
– The natural fibrous and acicular shape of magnesium carbonate
minerals which tend to lock together.
– Both the carbonates and hydroxide of magnesium have strong
polar bonding.
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67
Cements Net Emissions/Sequestration Compared
Net Emissions (Sequestration) per kg Cement
kg CO2-e/kg
Net Emissions
(Sequestration) per kg
Cement
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
ent
-C em
M or t
ar
Lime
t
EcoCem
en
nt
Cem
e
Tec-
Lime
esia
Magn
Envir
o
-0.60
nd C
e
-0.40
Portl
a
-0.20
ment
0.00
-0.80
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
68
CO2 Abatement in Eco-Cement Blocks
For 85 wt%
Aggregates
Portland
Cements
15 wt% Cement
Eco-cements in
porous products
absorb carbon
dioxide from the
atmosphere.
Brucite carbonates
forming lansfordite,
nesquehonite and
an amorphous
phase, completing
the thermodynamic
cycle.
15 mass%
Portland
cement, 85
mass%
aggregate
Emissions
.32 tonnes to
the tonne.
After
carbonation.
Approximately
.299 tonne to
the tonne.
No Capture
11.25% mass%
reactive
magnesia, 3.75
mass% Portland
cement, 85
mass%
aggregate.
Emissions
.37 tonnes to the
tonne. After
carbonation.
approximately
.241 tonne to the
tonne.
Capture
CO2
11.25% mass%
reactive
magnesia, 3.75
mass% Portland
cement, 85
mass%
aggregate.
Emissions
.25 tonnes to the
tonne. After
carbonation.
approximately
.140 tonne to the
tonne.
Capture
CO2. Fly and
Bottom Ash
11.25% mass%
reactive magnesia,
3.75 mass%
Portland cement,
85 mass%
aggregate.
Emissions
.126 tonnes to the
tonne. After
carbonation.
Approximately .113
tonne to the tonne.
Greater Sustainability
.299 > .241 >.140 >.113
Bricks, blocks, pavers, mortars and pavement made using eco-cement, fly and
bottom ash (with capture of CO2 during manufacture of reactive magnesia) have
2.65 times less emissions than if they were made with Portland cement.
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
69
TecEco Technology in Practice
By Taus Larsen, (Architect, Low Carbon Network Ltd.)
=> Earthship Brighton, UK
The Low Carbon Network (www.lowcarbon.co.uk) was established to raise awareness of the links between
buildings, the working and living patterns they create, and global warming and aims to initiate change
through the application of innovative ideas and approaches to construction. England’s first Earthship is
nearly completed in southern England outside Brighton at Stanmer Park and TecEco technologies have
been used for the floors and some walling.
Earthships are exemplars of low-carbon design, construction and living and were invented and developed in
the USA by Mike Reynolds over 20 years of practical building exploration. They are autonomous earthsheltered buildings independent from mains electricity, water and waste systems and have little or no utility
costs.
For information about the Earthship Brighton and other projects please go to the TecEco web site.
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
70
Earthship Brighton
The first building in the world made with Eco-Cement which sets
by absorbing CO2 and wastes
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
71
Tec-Cement Slab Whittlesea, Vic. Australia
– The formulation strategy was to
adjust a standard 20 MPa high fly
ash (36%) mix from the company
as a basis of comparison.
– Strength development, and in
particular early strength
development was good.
Interestingly some 70 days later the
slab is still gaining strength at the
rate of about 5 MPa a month.
– Also noticeable was the fact that
the concrete was not as "sticky" as
it normally is with a fly ash mix and
that it did not bleed quite as much.
– Shrinkage was low. 7 days - 133
micro strains, 14 days - 240 micro
strains, 28 days - 316 micros
strains and at 56 days - 470
microstrains.
Tec-Cement Concrete Slabs
Strength Development of Tec-Cement Concrete
30
Strength, MPa
=>
On 17th March 2005 TecEco
poured the first commercial slab
in the world using tec-cement
concrete with the assistance of
one of the larger cement and premix companies.
25
20
Compressive
Strength
15
10
5
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Days w ater cured
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
72
TecEco Technology in Practice - Whittlesea,
Vic. Australia
=> Eco-Cement Mud Bricks
First Eco-cement mud
bricks and mortars in
Australia
– Tested up twice as strong
as the PC controls
– Mud brick addition rate
2.5%
– Addition rate for mortars
1:8 not 1:3 because of
molar ratio volume
increase with MgO
compared to lime.
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
73
TecEco Technology in Practice – AMC
Hire Tilt Up Panels
=> Tec-Cement Tilt Ups
Our TecCement
concrete tilt
ups are free of
plastic
cracking,
obvious bleed
marking and
other defects.
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
74
Tec & Eco Cement Foamed Concretes
=> Foamed Concretes
BUILD LITE CELLULAR CONCRETE
4 Rosebank Ave Clayton Sth
MELBOURNE AUSTRALIA 3169
PH 61 3 9547 0255 FX 61 3 9547 0266
Foamed TecEco cement concretes can
be produced to about 30% weight
reduction in concrete trucks using cellflow
(or equivalents) or to about 70% weight
reduction using a foaming machine with
mearlcrete (or equivalents).
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
75
Tec & Eco Cement Foamed Concrete
=> Foamed Concretes Slabs
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
76
Tec & Eco Cement Foamed Concretes
=> Foamed Concretes
Foam infill in steel frames.
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
77
TecEco Technology in Practice
=> Topping Coats
Tec-Cement concretes
exhibit little or no
shrinkage. At 10%
substitution of MgO for
PC the shrinkage is
less than half normal.
At 18% substitution
with no added
pozzolan there was no
measurable shrinkage
or expansion.
The above photo shows a tec-cement concrete topping coat (with no flyash) 20mm thick
away from the door and 80 mm thick near the door. Note that there has been no
tendency to push the tiles or shrink away from the borders as would normally be the
case.
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
78
TecEco Technology in Practice
=> Waterproofing Render
The Clifton Surf Life Saving Club was built by first
pouring footings, On the footings block walls were
erected and then at a later date concrete was laid in
between.
As the ground underneath the footings was sandy, wet
most of the time and full of salts it was a recipe for
disaster.
Predictably the salty water rose up through the footings
and then through the blocks and where the water
evaporated there was strong efflorescence, pitting, loss
of material and damage.
The TecEco solution was to make up a
formulation of eco-cement mortar which we
doctored with some special chemicals to prevent
the rise of any more moisture and salt.
The solution worked well and appears to have
stopped the problem.
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
79
TecEco Technology in Practice
=> Our First Slab Ever!
Mike Burdon, Builder and Plumber.
Mike works for a council interested in sutainability
and has been involved with TecEco since around
2001 in a private capacity helping with large scale
testing of TecEco tec-cements at our shack.
Mike is interested in the potentially superior strength
development and sustainability aspects.
To date Mike has poured two slabs, footings, part of
a launching ramp and some tilt up panels using
formulations and materials supplied by John Harrison
of TecEco. Mike believes that research into the new
TecEco cements essential as he has found:
1.
The rheological performance even without plasticizer was excellent. As testimony to this the
contractors on the site commented on how easy the concrete was to place and finish.
2.
The formulations are extremely easy to pump and place. Once in position they appeared to “gel up”
quickly allowing stepping for a foundation to a brick wall.
3.
Strength gain was more rapid than with Portland cement controls from the same premix plant and
continued for longer.
4.
The surfaces of the concrete appeared to be particularly hard and Mike attributes this to the fact that
much less bleeding was observed than would be expected with a Portland cement only formulation
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
80
TecEco Technology in Practice
=> Concrete Bricks, Blocks and Pavers
TecEco Tec and EcoCement bricks, blocks and
pavers are now being
made commercially in
Tasmania and with freight
equalization may be viable
to ship to the mainland for
your “green” project.
Otherwise we may be able
to get a local manufacturer
to make them for you.
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
81
TecEco Eco-Cement Permecocrete
=> Permecocrete
Permecocrete
Allow many mega litres
of good fresh water to
become contaminated
by the pollutants on
our streets and pollute
coastal waterways
Or
Capture and cleanse
the water for our use?
TecEco have now perfected porous pavements that can be made out of mono-graded
recycled aggregates and other wastes and that sequester CO2.
It does not get much greener!
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
82
TecEco Eco-Cement Permecocrete
- Mimicking Nature
Water feature
keeps water clean
All rainwater redirected to pavement filter.
Permecocrete porous
pavement
Pump
Water storage
e.g. under drive
 Permecocrete is
made with EcoCements that set by
absorbing CO2 and
can use recycled
aggregates. It does
not get any greener!
 Freedom from water
restrictions – forever!
 Pure fresh water from
your own block.
 Filtration through
Permecocrete and
water feature in
garden will keep
water pure and fresh.
 Cooler house and
garden (cycle under
slab for house
cooling/heating
option).
 Lower infrastructure
costs for local
council.
TecEco Permecocrete – Biomicking Nature
Pavements are not just for
vehicles. They must do
much more
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
Sequestration
Cleansing microbial activity
and oxygenation
Cooling
Evaporation
Moisture
retention
The substrate must be
properly designed
Optional groundwater
recharge
Optional impervious layer, underground
drainage and storage. Dual water supply or
parks etc. only.
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
84
Holistic Roads for the Future
In Australia we run many duplicate services down each side of a road.
Given the high cost of installing infrastructure it would be smarter to
adopt a system whereby services run down the middle of a road down
what amount to giant box culverts.
Conventional
bitumen or
concrete footpath
pavement
Pervious EcoCement concrete
pavement
(Permecocrete)
surface using
recycled
aggregates
Possible leakage
to street trees
and underground
aquifers
Services to either
side of the road.
All in same trench
of conduit
Impermeable
layer (concrete or
plastic liner)
angling for main
flow towards
collection drains
Service conduit
down middle of
road
Collection drains to
transport drain or
pipe in service
conduit at intervals
Pervious gravel
under for
collection,
cleansing and
storage of water
Foamed Eco-Cement concrete
root redirectors and pavement
protectors. Roots will grow away
from the foamed concrete
because of its general alkalinity.
It will also give to some extent
preventing surface pavement
cracking.
Its time for a road re think!
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
85
So Far - Has Anything Really Changed?
 Building materials and methods have not really changed much
in spite of all the pretense about sustainability.
– So far mostly green wash.
 Big improvements in our understanding of the importance of
design but
 No real paradigm shifts in technology with perhaps a few
exceptions
– Neon light globes
– Solar panels etc.
 To solve sustainability problems of the magnitude we have we
must change the paradigm from the bottom up.
– We have to do things very differently!!
 TecEco’s answer is to convert waste and CO2 to resource by
building with them.
There is enormous scope for change
in the built environment
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
86
Challenge in the Construction Business
 The challenge now facing people in the
construction business is to:
– Implement sustainable materials
in more sustainable ways.
 As builders of cities we have
– dense concentrations of people
– the juxtaposition of many industries
– concentrations of materials
 Real opportunities to reduce energy and material
through-put!
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
87
What is Stopping Us?
 A lack of awareness
 The conservative nature of players in the industry
 Prescription standards, regulation etc.
 Lack of government leadership
– Politics
– Legacy subsidies for non sustainable materials and practices
 Failure by leaders in the market to buy sustainability
– Economies of scale
– Short term rather than long term
 A disconnect between builders and users
 A chronic lack of skills in the industry to take up new
more sustainable technologies
We are holding ourselves down!
We must change from the bottom up!
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
88
A Sustainable Built Environment
CO2 + H2O =>
Hydrocarbons
compounds using
bacteria
CO2
CO2
CO2
GREENSOLS
MAGNESIUM
CARBONATE
“There is a way to
make our city streets
as green as the
Amazon rainforest”.
Fred Pearce, New
Scientist Magazine
TECECO
KILN
MgO
ECO-CEMENT
CONCRETES
RECYCLED
BUILDING
MATERIALS
OTHER
WASTES
PERMANENT
SEQUESTRATION &
WASTE UTILISATION
(Man made carbonate
rock incorporating
wastes as a building
material)
Pareto’s principle 80% of the build
environment in non
structural and could
be carbonate from
Greensols held
together by EcoCements
SUSTAINABLE CITIES
Made with manufactured carbonate and waste!
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
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A Post – Carbon Age
As Fred Pearce reported in New Scientist Magazine (Pearce, F.,
2002), “There is a way to make our city streets as green as the
Amazon rainforest”.
Downloadable from www.tececo.com & www.gaiaengineering.com
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