CME Guides - Epilepsy Group
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Transcript CME Guides - Epilepsy Group
Hackensack University Medical Center
Comprehensive Epilepsy Center
Georges A. Ghacibeh, MD, MS
Seizures vs. Epilepsy
Seizures
A transient occurrence of signs
and/or symptoms due to abnormal
excessive or synchronous neuronal
activity in the brain
Incidence: approximately
80/100,000 per year
Lifetime prevalence: 9%
(1/3 benign febrile convulsions)
Epilepsy
A disorder of the brain characterized
by an enduring predisposition to
generate epileptic seizures and by the
neurobiologic, cognitive,
psychological, and social consequences
of this condition
Incidence: approximately 45/100,000
per year
Point prevalence: 0.5-1% (2.5 million)
Cumulative risk of epilepsy: 1.3% - 3.1%
Definition: Seizure vs. Epilepsy
Sz
Sz
Diagnosis
Seizure-free
No Sz
Epilepsy
Treatment
No Epilepsy
Stop Treatment
Classification of Seizures
Focal - Onset
Simple partial
Complex partial
Secondarily
generalized
Generalized - Onset
Absence
Myoclonic
Generalized tonic-clonic
Tonic
Clonic
Atonic
Seizure Types
Generalized
Focal
Focus
Classification of Epilepsy
Seizure Onset
Etiology
Primary
Generalized
Focal
Juvenile Myoclonic
Childhood Absence
Primary GTC
Benign Rolandic
Benigh Occipital
Secondary
Lennox-Gastaut
Other developmental
disorders
Focal-Onset Epilepsy
Epidemiology of Epilepsy
Incidence per 100,000
Epilepsy: Incidence Rates by Seizure Type*
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Partial
Generalized tonic-clonic
Primary Generalized
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Age
*Data from Rochester, Minn (1935-1979). Adapted with permission from Annegers JF.
In: The Treatment of Epilepsy: Principles and Practice. 2nd ed. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1997:165-172.
Seizure Risk Factor
Prenatal and Birth Injury
Febrile Convulsions
Developmental Delay
Head Trauma
CNS Infections
Brain Tumors
Brain Surgery
Family History
Evaluation and Diagnosis
History from patient and family
EEG: standard 20-30 minutes
EEG Monitoring:
Ambulatory EEG
Video EEG
Neuroimaging
The Tracing
Video-EEG Monitoring
Continuous synchronized EEG and Video
recording
Monitors patient’s behavior and EEG
Scalp: Electrodes Similar to EEG
Invasive: Electrodes within or on the surface of
the brain.
Paroxysmal Events
Epileptic
Focal (Partial) onset
Generalized onset
Non-Epileptic:
Psychogenic
Cardiac
Vasovagal
Sleep disorder
Migraine…
Partial (focal) Seizures
Simple Partial Seizure
no loss of awareness
Complex Partial Seizure
Impaired consciousness w w/o aura
Clinical manifestations vary with origin & degree of spread
Clinical Manifestations:
Automatisms (manual, oral)
Bicycling and fencing posture (frontal)
Duration (typically 30 seconds to 3 minutes)
Amnesia for event
Partial Seizure with Secondary
Generalization
Primarily Generalized Seizures
Absence: Brief staring (<30sec )
Myoclonic: Brief, shock-like muscle contractions
Atonic: Loss of muscle tone
Tonic: Sustained muscle contraction
Tonic-Clonic
Non-Epileptic Events
Psychogenic
Cardiovascular
Syncope
Metabolic (glucose, Na, Ca, Mg)
Sleep disorders (parasomnias, cataplexy)
New Onset Seizure
After the first seizure, no clear indication for
treatment
Routine EEG is usually of low yield
Long term EEG monitoring is sometimes indicated to
determine need for long term treatment with AEDs.
What Type of Seizure was it?
Type
Recurrence Risk (2 years)
Provoked, no brain injury
3%
Provoked, brain injury
10%
Single, Unprovoked
42%
Recurrent, Unprovoked
70-80%
Pohlmann-Eden, BMJ, 2006.
Discontinue AEDs
Patients who are seizure-free for over 2 years wanting
to come-off AEDs
Monitoring for 48 – 72 hourse OFF anti-epileptic
drugs
Seizure activity (spikes) on EEG indicate high risk of
seizure recurrence.
Treatment of Epilepsy
Medications
Diet Therapy
Hormonal Therapy
Surgical:
Resective
Multiple Subpial Transaction
Vagus Nerve Stimulator
Experimental:
Deep Brain Stimulation
Radiosurgery
Cortical Stimulation
Anti-Epileptic Drugs (AED)
A drug that decreases the frequency and/or severity of
seizures in patients with epilepsy
Treats the symptom of seizures, not the underlying
epileptic condition
Goal—maximize quality of life by minimizing seizures
and adverse drug effects
Available AEDs
Phenobarbital
Mysoline
Dilantin
Tegretol
Depakote
Zorantin
Felbatol
Neurontin
Lamictal
Topamax
Gabitril
Trileptal
Zonegran
Keppra
Lyrica
Frisium
Klonopin
Tranxene
Banzel
Vimpat
Primidone
phenytoin
carbamazepine
valproic acid
ethosuxamide
felbamate
gabapentin
lamotrigine
topiramate
tiagabine
oxcarbazepine
zonisamide
levetiracetam
pregabaline
clobazam
clonazepam
chlorazepate
rufinamide
lacosamide
Rational Use of AEDs
Indication / Guidelines by FDA, AES, AAN
Seizure type/ Epilepsy syndrome
Adverse effects (acute; chronic)
Comorbid conditions
Cost
Age
Gender
Concomitant medications
Social factors
Pharmacokinetic profile
Rational Use of AEDs
Side Effects
Sleepiness
Cognitive
Behavioral
Metabolic :
Liver
Electrolytes
Hyperthermia
Weight gain
Ostioporosis
Bone Marrow
Age / Sex
Young Women
Elderly
Dilantin
Phenobarbital
Mysoline
Tegretol
Depakote
Zorantin
Felbatol
Neurontin
Lamictal
Topamax
Gabitril
Trileptal
Zonegran
Keppra
Lyrica
Frisium
Klonopin
Tranxene
Banzel
Vimpat
Co-morbid Conditions
Co-TRT
Migraine
Pain
Mood
Avoid
Kidney Stones
Psychiatric
Liver Disease
Bone Marrow
Drug Interactions
Cytochrome P-450:
Steroids
Chemotherapy
Coumadin
Many others…
FDA: Use of AEDs
Monotherapy
Carbamazepine
Valproate
Ethosuximide
Oxcarbazepine
Phenobarbital
Phenytoin
Primidone
Felbamate
Lamotrigine
Topiramate
Adjunct Therapy
Carbamazepine
Lacosimide
Levetiracetam
Rufinamide
Gabapentin
Zonisamide
Ethosuximide
Phenobarbital
Oxcarbazepine
Phenytoin
Tiagabine
Primidone
Topiramate
Valproate
Pregabaline
Lacosamide
AED Treatment Options
Partial
Generalized
Simple
Complex
Secondary
Generalized
TonicClonic
Tonic
Atonic Myoclonic
Rufinamide
PHT, CBZ, GBP,
OXC, TGB, LCS
PGB
Infantile
Spasms
ACTH
TPM
TGB
VGB
VPA, LTG, TPM, ZNS, LVT, FBM
Absence
ESX
AED Therapy
Epilepsy
Time
First AED
Increase
Dosage
Switch
AED
Combine
AEDs
Polytherapy
Trial and Error Method
Trial and Error Method
TRIAL
Adjust Dosage
ERROR
Recurrent
Seizures
Change AED
Combine AEDs
Side Effects
Rational Use of AEDs
PharMetrics. April 2002 to June 2003
IMS NPA, Dec 2003.
Kwan P, Brodie MJ. N Engl J Med
2000; 342: 314-9.
Success With Antiepileptic Drugs
Previously Untreated Epilepsy Patients (N=470)
Kwan P, Brodie MJ. N Engl J Med.
2000;342(5):314-319
Common Side Effects
Dizziness
Sleepiness
Drowsiness
Ataxia
Blurred vision
Diet Therapy
Diet Treatment
For Epilepsy
Ketogenic Diet
Modified Atkins
Low Glycemic
Index Treatment
Energy Source: Regular Diet
Carbohydrates
Fat
Glucose
Brain
Fatty Acids
Body
Energy Source: Ketogenic Diet
Carbohydrates
Fat
Ketones
Fatty Acids
Brain
Body
Ketogenic Diet
Very High Fat, Low Carbohydate And Protein Diet
Fat Used As Alternative Energy Source
Goal = Ketosis
Why?
Elevated Ketones Correlate With Optimal Seizure Control
Fluid And Calorie Restricted
Based On Ratio – 3:1 or 4:1
Food Must Be Weighed
Ketogenic Diet
Admission to the hospital 3-5 days
Precise amounts of carbohydrates, proteins and fat
All food needs to be weighed
Strict monitoring of urine ketones and blood work
All medications, including over-the-counter
medications, such as Motrin and Tylenol have to be
keto-friendly
Modified Atkins Diet
Easier than the ketogenic diet
Many advantages over ketogenic diet:
No admission to the hospital
Only carbohydrates are measured and restricted
Start at 10 gm per day, then increase to 15-20 gm per day
No Protein Restriction
No Fluid Restriction
No Weighing Food
www.atkinsforseizures.com
Compare And Contrast
Carbohydrate
Fat
Protein
Ketogenic
2%
90%
8%
Modified
Atkins
6%
64%
30%
Average
American
~50-55%
~25-30%
~10-15%
Low Glycemic Index Diet
No Hospital Admission Required
Allowance: 40 – 60 grams CHO/day
Only Foods With Low Glycemic Index are allowed
Foods quantities are not weighed but are based on
portion size
More Flexible Lifestyle
Hormone Therapies
Some women experience increase in seizure frequency
around their menstrual period
Catamenial seizures
This is believed to be due to sudden changes in levels
of hormones
There are three types of catamenial seizures
Estradiol g/mL
Progesterone ng/mL
Serum Hormone Levels
E2
P
150 30
25
100 20
15
50 10
5
0
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
Day of the Cycle
E2 = estradiol; P = progesterone.
21
23 25
27
Estradiol g/mL
Progesterone ng/mL
Serum Hormone Levels
E2
P
150 30
C2
C1
25
100 20
15
50 10
5
0
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23 25
27
Day of the Cycle
C1 = catamenial 1 (seizure pattern); C2 = catamenial 2; E2 = estradiol; P = progesterone.
Herzog AG, et al. Epilepsia. 1997;38:1082-1088.
Serum Hormone Levels
E2
P
100 25
Estradiol g/mL
Progesterone ng/mL
C3
80 20
60 15
40 10
20
5
0
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
Day of the Cycle
C3 = catamenial 3.
Herzog AG, et al. Epilepsia. 1997;38:1082-1088.
21
23
25
27
Catamenial Epilepsy
Katamenios = “monthly”
The tendency for increased seizures related to the
menstrual cycle
Affects 30%-40% of women with epilepsy
Note: Catamenial seizure patterns will be
apparent only during ovulatory cycles, and 30% of
cycles in women with epilepsy are anovulatory
Herzog AG, et al. Epilepsia. 1997;38:1082-1088.
Hormone Therapy
Supplementation of Progesterone during the period
of increased seizures is effective in reducing seizures
Oral natural progesterone is the most effective
Give for 7 days starting on day 23 of the cycle
Treatment with intramuscular progesterone is
sometimes effective (Depo-Provera)
Some seizure medications shorten the half-life of
Depo-Provera and more frequent injections are
necessary (every 10 or 8 weeks instead of every 12
weeks)
Herbal Medicines
No proven benefits in epilepsy
Some herbal medicines may increase the risk of
seizures
Some herbal medicines may interact with seizure
medications
If you plan on trying an herbal medicine, first
research it thoroughly and consult with your doctor
NEVER substitute an herbal medicine for your regular
seizure medications
http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/11570.cfm
Herbal Medicines
Some Herbal Substances
Used In
Borage
Anxiety
Caffeine
Depression
Low Energy
Arthritis
Memory difficulties
Chamomile
Ephedra
Evening Primrose
Ginkgo
Ginseng
Herbal Essential Oils
Kava
Passionflower
St. John's Wort
Valerian
Caution
Some may cause seizures
Some may have bad interactions
with seizure medications or other
medications
Supplements
Vitamins: A - E
Minerals: Magnesium, Selenium, Zinc…
Other: CoQ10, Carnitine, anti-oxidants, …
Supplements: The Rule
Most supplements are probably safe if taken at the
recommended dose
No proven efficacy in treating seizures
BUT: Some supplements are recommended in certain
metabolic disorders affecting the function of the
mitochondria
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are small organelles inside the cells, including the brain cells.
Their function is to generate energy for the cell
Mitochondria and Seizures
Certain mitochondrial diseases can cause seizures
It is possible that some patients with epilepsy might
have an un-diagnosed mitochondrial disease as a
cause of their seizures
It is not know if repeated seizures exhaust the energy
source of the brain and lead to mitochondrial
dysfunction
Supplements
In some cases, a combination of supplements and
vitamins that support the energy production in
the brain might be helpful
These are not recommended in everybody, but are
safe
Some supplements include: Co-Q10, Carnitine,
Vitamin B1, B5, B6, C, and E, Lipoic Acid
Folic acid is recommended in all women of childbearing age
Vitamin D and Calcium are recommended for all
patients taking seizure medications
Cognition
Sleep
Seizures
Behavior
Seizures in sleep disorders
In patient with epilepsy
Evaluation for a sleep disorder should be done if the patient
has the right symptoms
Treatment of the sleep disorder often leads to marked
improvement in seizure control
In children, sleep disorder sometimes manifest as behavioral
and learning problems. Treatment can improve both.
Sleep in patients with epilepsy
Many patients with epilepsy have disrupted sleep
This is usually caused by:
Nighttime seizures
Nighttime seizure activity
Side effects of seizure medications
Depression and anxiety
Sleep in patients with epilepsy
The most common sleep symptoms in patients with
epilepsy are:
Insomnia:
Trouble falling asleep
Frequent night time arousals
Excessive sleepiness:
Frequently due to side effects of medications
Sometimes due to sleep disruption form nighttime seizures
and seizure activity
Attention
The relationship between sleep and seizures is very
complex
Memory, attention difficulties and sleepiness can be due
either to:
Seizure medications
Lack of proper sleep
Nighttime seizures and seizure activity
Specific sleep disorder
The correct diagnosis is essential!
Nighttime seizure activity
In some patients, the EEG reveals very frequent spikes
(seizure activity) during sleep, with minimal seizure
activity while awake
NOTE: Routine 20 minute EEG usually do not reveal
this activity
Overnight EEG is necessary to capture and quantify
this activity
Significance
Recent evidence suggests that patients, especially
children, with frequent nighttime spikes may develop:
Cognitive problems
Learning difficulties
Behavioral problems
Autism and Seizures
About 30% of patients with autism experience seizures
About 60% of patients with autism have seizure
activity on the EEG
The relationship between Autism and Seizures is
complex
Seizures, EEG and Autism
Seizures in Autistic patients should be treated like any
other seizures
Some patients with Autism who have frequent spikes
(seizure activity) during sleep
It is believed that seizure activity can interfere with
learning ability, sleep and behavior
In some cases, treating the seizure activity can help
improve learning ability and behavior
Treatment options include medications and diet
Conclusion
Epilepsy is a very complex medical condition
Many effective treatment options are available
Most patients with epilepsy achieve seizure freedom
and can live a normal and productive life
Seizure medications are the main treatment modality
Diet therapy should be considered in some cases
Patients who don’t respond well to medications, may
consider epilepsy surgery