Transcript New Reuse
WATER IS WATER REGARDLESS OF SOURCE, WE MUST TREAT ALL WATER AS A CRITICAL RESOURCE AND WATER SUPPLY ISSUES ARE SERIOUS CONCERN FOR COMMUNITIES, REUSE IS A TOOL Potable Water Reuse Water Wastewater Groundwater Non-potable Water Reclaimed Water Stormwater Roof Water Gray Water Rainwater Surface Water Applications of Reuse Technology in Decentralized Systems Presentation NCPHA Conference Wilmington, NC October, 2010 Robert Rubin Professor Emeritus, NCSU-BAE And Senior Environmental Scientist, McKim and Creed RECLAIMED WATER SYSTEM PLANNING Five Supporting pillars of a reuse program: Sound robust technologies, Competent personnel, Management program Ordinances / regulations to enable reuse, Publics who support. Drought History • Significant stress on water systems through decade • Increasing population pressures expected A Shift in Policy House Bill 2499 - The Drought Bill Dark-Brown indicates severe drought Groundwater Potentiometric Surface Data – Dwindling Supplies Capacity Use: Public Buildings • SB 1946 • Schools/public buildings – New – 20,000 ft. sq. – Remodeled – 5,000 ft. sq • Water and Energy efficiency – 25% reduction in water over standard – 30% reduction in energy over standard Drivers • • • • • • Scarce supplies Competition for resource Costs Equity NC Senate Bill 1946 Paper purports to: – Describe water quality and process requirements – Describe ongoing reuse efforts Water Planning-incorporate all sources • Harvested rainwater • Stormwater • Treated wastewater End Uses-supplanted source • Indoor – Toilet flush – Heating/cooling – Fire protection • Outdoor – – – – Irrigation Dust control Ecosystem enhancement Aesthetic ponds Water is water • Using this as a mandate: – Water should be treated to standard protective of public health and the environment – Regardless of source, waters will require treatment (and management) Rainwater and stormwater • • • • May not be as clean as you think Reactive Impact on metal pipe? Impact on plumbing fixtures – Appearance – Aesthetic Table 1, Typical Residential, Commercial and Industrial Harvested Rainwater and Paved Lot Stormwater Quality Residential rainwater1 Commercial rainwater1 Industrial rainwater1 Paved Lot Stormwater2 TSS (mg/l) 27 15 41 56 Coliform C/100ml) 290 1117 144 41976 Zn (mg/l) 149 330 1155 1.2 1. Bannerman, 1993; 2. Pitt, 2004 Reclaimed water standards • • • 15 A NCAC 0.2T 9 VAC 25-740 Title 22 NO EPA STANDARDS! – No congressional mandate – Guidelines only Water Quality Concerns • Intended Use of reclaimed water drives issue • Risk Based Management • Treatment Requirements – Constituents of concern (N, P, Na) – Treatment and Disinfection • Microbiological • Organic • Nutrients and salts NC Reuse Requirements parameter DWQ DEH (Pending) BOD 5 to 10 5-10 TSS 5 to 10 5-10 TN 3 to 10 ??? Coliform Detection to 14 ??? Reuse Implications • Environmental and Public Health Consequences – Discharge elimination – Reliable supply of high quality water-potable demand management – LEED – Important tool • Resource Allocation Consequences – Extends water supplies – Reduces energy demands on potable system – Saves Dollars – Important tool Planning for WATER REUSE Health Concerns • Public Health Concerns drive reuse efforts • Microorganism levels reduced to detection • Advanced treatment and Multi-barrier disinfection processes where exposure high – Chemical (chlorine, ultraviolet light) – Barriers (microfiltration) Planning for WATER REUSE Pathogen Control • • • • • • DISINFECTION STANDARDS RELIABILITY REDUNDANCY MONITORING MANAGEMENT Reliability and Redundancy • Treatment – System must meet permit conditions – Backup? – Upset? – Critical component redundancy • • • • Aeration Disinfection Equalization? Residuals? • Supply Adequacy – Demand determination – Peak demand-not average – Pumping capacity – Distribution capacity – Back-up Signage MG_0291 Many Available Technologies • Fixed media • Suspended media Microfiltration A Physical Barrier to Eliminate Pathogens Influenza Virus 0.1 micron Cryptosporidium Oocysts 3-8 micron Legionella Bacteria 0.6-1 micron Pseudomona diminuta 0.28 micron Create Multiple Barrier Process • Organic Contaminants Biological Treatment • Nutrient Removal BNR Anaerobic/Anoxic/Aerobic • Colloidal Particulate Removal Microfiltration Membranes • Pathogen Removal Biological Treatment Microfiltration Membranes UV Irradiation Chlorine Residual The MemJet Xpress Process Rotating Drum Screen Equipment Skid Anoxic Zone Aerobic Zone Membrane Operating System New 0.5 MGD Sequential Batch Reactor Wastewater Reclamation Facility in Oriental, NC Tertiary Cloth-Disk Filtration Sequential Batch Reactors Biological Treatment Tanks Reclaimed Water Pumping Station Utility Operation (not HOA) • State Oversight • Private utilities examined by SUC for license and re-license • Opportunity for rate-payer input • SUC oversight assures assets available to sustain facilities Conclusions • • • • Rules and regulations enable Technology available Dispersal options abound Cost is high, but so is cost of developing additional supplies • Total water management approaches must be incorporated into efforts Water Resources • Valuable assets for communities • Safe and adequate supply essential for life • Tool for growth management – Potable supply – Recreation – Aesthetics • Recycled through water cycle • Aggressive steps may be necessary to manage future supplies Watershed Management Driving Water Management Programs Nationally • • • • Component of pollutant load in watershed Comprehensive management approach Dictated by local conditions Address pollutants of concern throughout watershed/basin • www.epa.gov/owow Present and Future Challenges • Population Expected to increase • Environmental Pressure – – – – Potable water supplies Water quality Stream flow Stormwater management • Sustainable Solutions Require: – Rules and regulations that enable – Technical capacity – Managerial and personnel capacity – Financial and managerial capacity Infrastructure • Services and Functions essential to support a society • Sustainability essential • When Properly Managed, Onsite systems are a permanent element of infrastructure History • Over 100 years performance history – • Recent interest in performance monitoring – System performance • Individual systems • Systems collectively – Environmental consequences – Management systems • Operators and service providers • Management entity • Rules and regulations Recognition • The USEPA recognizes onsite and decentralized wastewater systems as a permanent and essential element of the nations wastewater infrastructure… • Onsite systems MUST be managed as an element of infrastructure… • Partnerships Essential Federal Activities A. 1972, Clean Water Act Amendments, PL 92 – 500, Established I and A Program, Recognized Onsite Systems B. 1997, OMB Report on Onsite Systems C. 1997, Response to Congress D. 2002, Onsite Systems Manual E. 2003, Onsite Guidelines F. 2004, Handbook NC Activities • • • • .1900 rule continues to evolve 2t Rule continues to evolve Reuse provisions developing NSF developing reuse standard – Quality – Process – Management – Verification st 21 Components of Century Permanent Wastewater Management Program • Physical Components – – – – Source Conveyance Treatment Dispersal • Performance Monitoring – Measure – Monitor – report • Managerial – – – – System Personnel Regulatory Organizational • • • • Financial Institutional Legal Asset management Challenges • Overcome bias • Educate decision makers • Program direction • Operating capitol • Fiscal management • Maintenance management • Operations management • Project management • Comprehensive planning • Management review • Program modernization Responsible Permitting and Management • Where site and soil conditions allow, traditional, low maintenance options remain the primary choice • Where site and soil conditions pose some limitations, alternative treatment and dispersal systems become the option of choice • Regardless – systems must be managed System Management • • • • Treatment Component Dispersal Component Management Component Regulatory Component Treatment Systems/Dispersal Systems and the Organization • Treatment – Component of System that Facilitates Physical, Chemical, Biological Processes that Render Liquid Suitable for Dispersal into Receiver Environment • Dispersal – Component of System that Facilitates the Uniform Distribution of Liquid into Receiver Environment • Organization – Component that assures MFT capacity in perpetuity Early Detection-Timely Correction • • • • Assure long term operation Facilitate remedial operations Prevent failures Protect public health, environmental quality, property values, community values, and create opportunity RME Requirements/Agreements • Local government and public determine requirements • History indicates service agreements temporary – RME permanent • Public and Private • Guidelines • Management -> Increasing options Decentralized Approaches to Wastewater Management U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Wastewater Management Infrastructure Model Program Direction Budget Operations Capital Plans/CIP Wastewater Infrastructure Financial Management Project Management Operations and Maintenance Management Information System Your EPA Web Site Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual (2002) Background and Use of Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Management of Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Establishing Treatment System Performance Requirements Treatment Processes and Systems Treatment System Selection Goals of the Management Guidelines • To raise the level of onsite/cluster system performance through improved management programs • To provide conceptual models that may be used by local units of government to assist them in upgrading their programs Elements in a Comprehensive Wastewater Management Program • Public Involvement • Planning • Performance Requirements • Training & Certification/ Licensing • Site Evaluation • Design • Construction • O&M • Residuals Management • Inspections/ Monitoring • Corrective Actions • Record-Keeping/ Reporting • Financing US EPA resources at www.epa/gov/owm/septic • • • • • • Design guidance Management guidelines Case studies Technology fact sheets State and local examples Research, demonstration projects, and other tools 23 US EPA Management Handbook 53 24 54 25 Overview • TWIST Application Overview • Data Entry Workflow • Functionalities • System Implementation 55