Transcript PROCESSING AND MARKETING OF TEAK WOOD PRODUCTS …

MS ISO 9001 : 2000
Executing agencies:
 Forest Research Institute
Malaysia (FRIM)
 Timber Research and
Technical Training Centre
(TRTTC), Sarawak
 Forest Research Center
(FRC), Sabah
Collaborating agency
 Forestry and Forest
Products Research Institute
(FFPRI), Tsukuba, Japan
IMPROVING UTILIZATION
AND VALUE ADDING OF
PLANTATION TIMBERS
FROM SUSTAINABLE
SOURCES IN MALAYSIA
MS ISO 9001 : 2000
INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL
TIMBER ORGANISATION
(ITTO)
 PROJECT APPROVAL
(2004);
 IMPLEMENTATION (Sept 06
– Sept 09)
Paper presented at
the IUFRO ALL
DIV. 5 meeting
@TAIPEI 2007 by:
Y. E. TAN (FRIM)
N. LIM (TRTTC)
J. JOSUE (FRC)
K. S. GAN (FRIM)
MOTIVATION:
Issues in Forest Products sector
1.
Depleting Raw Materials supply
Depletion in quality timber (from natural & second
growth forest) & rubberwood
 Recycling of wood wastes, agricultural by-products
 Maximise utilisation of lesser utilised wood species,
plantation & other lignocellulosic resources.

2. Cost of production increased
(Cost of resin, wood resources & labor increased)
 Minimise wastage
 Improvement in machines efficiency
 Enhancement in process optimisation
Issues in Forest Product Sector
3.
Stricter competition due to globalisation
Improvement in product quality & technical content
 CE marking
 JAS/ JIS accreditation scheme
 Standards harmonization of products quality

4. Environmental issue



Sustainable forest management policy
Minimise air/ water pollution
Moving towards environmental-friendly process
MS ISO 9001 : 2000
Logs Production & Consumption in Peninsular
Cubic meter
Malaysia
12,000,000
10,000,000
8,000,000
6,000,000
4,000,000
2,000,000
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year
Production
Consumption
EXPORTS OF MAJOR TIMBER PRODUCTS
2006 (RM, Million)
9%
9%
14%
29% (Plywood)
1%
(Furniture) 25%
1%
5%
4%
3%
Logs
Plywood
Veneer
Mouldings
BJC
Fibreboard
Furniture
Particleboard
Sawn Timber
Others
Total value : RM 23.4 billion (USD 6.9 bil.)
Source: MTIB
Others
25%
US
35%
Canada
4%
Australia
8%
Japan
9%
EU
19%
Total Furniture Exports RM 6.3 billion (USD 1.9 billion)
Source: MTIB
Hence, there is a room for plantation
forests in Malaysia, of which the current
level of area of plantation is low by any
standards.
to supplement current shortage of wood
supply;
 as raw materials for booming furniture
industry in the country;
 Other socio-ecological reasons.

DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE

to improve end-uses and valueadding of Malaysian forest
plantation resources through
systematic evaluation of their
basic physical and mechanical
properties in order to contribute to
the development of the sustainable
wood-based industries.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
Objective 1:

To produce technical data on wood characteristics of
selected plantation grown species from Malaysia
based on harmonised set of procedures developed;
and
Benefits




Permits comparison of results, essential for
establishing effects of site, clones, silvicultural
treatment, etc;
Not just using rate of growth as the main
criterion;
Proposed approach to be adopted by all ITTO
countries if possible <Hence, requires
comprehensive literature search prior to
proposing Malaysian approach>
Basis for further technical improvement if
necessary.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
Objective 2:

To develop suitable techniques for production of
value-added timber products from existing
plantations and its technology transfer

Benefits

Development of techniques taking into
consideration the constraints of the juvenile
stocks in hand.

Carry out necessary economic studies before
dissemination of information to relevant parties;
 Not a pure “academic” or “scientific” exercise.
Commercial product development is one of the
targets
Expected Outputs
3.1
Objective 1:
To produce technical data using harmonised procedures
developed
Output 1.1: Harmonised procedures for evaluation of
basic properties of plantation species
Output 1.2:
Output 1.3:
Output 1.4:
Output 1.5:
Trained counterparts in new testing techniques
Scientific data on anatomical, physical and
mechanical properties of test timber species
Technical data on sawing, machining, veneering,
drying and bonding properties;
Technical information on bio-deterioration and
preservative treatment, and chemical properties of
wood, tannins and sugars in bark of test timber
species
Expected Outputs
3.2 Objective 2:
To develop suitable techniques for production of value-added timber
products from existing plantations and technology transfer
Output 2.1:
Output 2.2:
Output 2.3:
Output 2.4:
An assessment report on the suitability of
plantation species for doors and windows,
An assessment report on the suitability of
plantation species for advanced particleboards;
Technical evaluation on the production of sliced
and peeled veneers.
Website (containing project related materials
including data, reports, manuals and personnel
involved), training workshop/ project ending
seminar.
“Approach” used:
“Objectivity” – serving the purpose
 “Universality”
 “Practicality”

Species selected:



Acacia mangium – Peninsular Malaysia
Engkabang (Shorea macrophylla) - Sarawak
Teak (Tectona grandis) - Sabah
To date:
Activity 1.1.1: Evaluation of methods for preparation of
sample logs <Method of getting representative logs
for a selected plantation>(Adapted from relevant
ISO procedure)(Dr. Tan, Mr. Andrew Nyorik & Mr.
James Josue):
i)
Select a test area (> 150 trees) representative of
the plantation plot of interest!
ii) Record tree diameters at DBH
iii) Arrange diameters of tree in ascending orders
iv) Dividing logs into > 6 groups
iv) No. of logs per group needed
vi) Further division of logs for different tests
vii) Each test with its detail methods of samples
preparation
To date:
Activity 1.1.2: Assessment of methods for determination of
physical and mechanical properties (Dr. Omar, Mr. Alik, Mr.
Zamrie)
a) Physical and mechanical properties:
• 2 schemes for testing small clear specimens of timber to
obtain fundamental strength properties are accepted
internationally
• Test specimen (i) 2 in (50 mm)<ASTM> & (ii) 20 mm
square cross section <BS/ ISO>.
 20 mm square cross section is employed (BS 373: 1957).
 Green (> FSP) and Dry (~19%) test specimens
Sample cutting layout
Impact loading
Dry;
30x30mm)
Green;
30x30mm)
Billet allocated
g d
d g
g d g d g d
d g d g d g
g d
Hardness
Tension (optional)
Shear
Compression I g
Compression //g
bending
b) Anatomical
study (Mr. Lim S. C., Mr. Yang & Mr.
To
date:
James Josue):
The method of evaluation selected made
reference to international practices such as:
•
IAWA (1989) for microscopic features;
•
PROSEA Vol. 5(1), (2), (3);
•
Decamps (1973) for macroscopic and
microscopic features; and
•
Anonymous (2004) for methods of study.
 For the microscopic study, all the 163 features as listed by International
Association of Wood Anatomists (IAWA) were included in the form of a
table to ensure that no important features of the timber are left out.
To date:
Activity 1.1.3: Evaluation of testing methodologies for assessment
of processing properties (Mr. Wong T. C. (TRTTC)
& Dr. Murata, FFPRI, Tsukuba)
c) Sawing properties
Using Japanese and Malaysian approaches.
Items included:•
Basic sawing configuration - Saw and Saw-tooth, and other
set-up, for 2 cutting patterns (“Live” sawing and cant sawing)
 Sawing yield - Volume and Value Recovery in relation to
taperness of logs, types of cutting, quality of logs etc.; and
 Power/ energy consumption.
Major references
(i)
Testing Methods of Various Wood Properties of Fast
Growing Tropical Timbers, Technical Report of the
Product Development Committee No. 18, FFPRI, Japan
(ii)
Procedure of
Sawing Yield Test, Sawmilling and
Machining Laboratory, Forestry and Forest Products
Research Institute, Japan
(iii)
ASTM D 1666-87(2004) Standard Test Methods for
Conducting Machining Tests of Wood and Wood-base
Materials
Activity 1.1.3: Evaluation of testing methodologies for
To date: assessment of processing properties (Dr.
Salmiah, Mr. Lai and Mr. Kandau)
(d) Durability studies :
•
A few tests including lab. and grave yard tests could
be conducted to determine the natural durability of
wood.
o
o
o
Field stake test (FFPRI, ASTM D1758)
Fungus cellar Test (FFPRI, and a number of
reports)
Accelerated Laboratory Decay Test (FFPRI &
ASTM D2017-2005)
 Differences in the methods between different
standard bodies are not significant
2 Tests identified
i)
Accelerated Laboratory Decay Test (Base reference
used - ASTM D2017-2005)

Quick results could be obtained;

Test results may be reproduced irrespective of geographical
locality, but the same loss of weight may have different
interpretation on durability depending on climatic
differences;

Testing timber against specific wood rotting fungi (more
relevant to the country of “origin” of the standard);

Calculated mass loss of the timber specimens as an
indicator to durability
2 Tests identified
i) Accelerated Laboratory Decay Fungal Test (e.g.
ASTM D2017-2005)(Cont.!)

Fungi identified
-- Lantinus sayor-caju (Main)
-- Gloeophyllum trabium – Brown rot (Comparison)
-- Trametu versicolor – White rot (Comparison)

Medium : 2 % Malt extract agar

Dimension: 25 x 25 x 5 mm (l);

Exposure: 12 weeks.
2 Tests identified
ii)
Treatability test

Based on calculation method stipulated in Malaysian
Standards – MS 360;

Loading is calculated by treating heartwood samples of 20 x
20 x 450 mm by full cell process in water borne chemical to
REFUSAL!

Treatability classes:
 < 80 lit/ m3; VERY DIFFICULT
 80 – 160 lit/ m3; DIFFICULT
 160 – 240 lit/ m3; MODERATE
 > 320 LIT/ M3; VERY EASY.
To date:
Activity 1.1.3: Evaluation of testing methodologies for
assessment of processing properties (Mr.
Nigel Lim)
c) Peeling & slicing.
o
Totally new method;
o
The test parameters/ variables for the study have been
identified based on ease of application and utilization
potential.
o
The study parameters identified are:
 log rounding/ trimming loss,
 continuous form veneer
 peeler core/residual slab,
 drying and veneer properties such as surface roughness
and peeler checks.
To date:
Activity 1.1.3: Evaluation of testing methodologies for
assessment of processing properties
d) Bonding & finger-jointing
o
Focussing on non-structural applications;
o
Major references were ASTM, AS/ NZ and ISO.
o
3 Service Classes and 2 types of test (Bonding & Finger
jointing) were chosen
Testing Procedures for Non Structural Laminated Timber Products
AS 5067-2003
Service
Class
Type of
Adhesive
Block
Shear Test
Class 1
EMC<12%
PVAc
Shear
Strength
Class 2
EMC<18%
 PVAc
 Phenol-
resorcinol
formaldehyde
Class 3
EMC>18%
PhenolResorcinol
formaldehyde
End uses
Wood
Failure
(%)
Interior
framing,
staircase
Kitchens,
vanities etc,
Painted
outdoor
furniture
Sauna
benches,
unpainted
outdoor
furniture,
landscaping
application
AS 5067 - 2003
Performance criteria
Wood density,
Performance
Requirements
Glue-LinesMinimum
- Block shear
test
Average for
wood
wood
3
kg/m
failure %
failure %
Less than 600
Not less than 70%
Not less than 50%
Greater than 600
Not less than 50%
Not less than 30%
Relationship between Wood Failure % and Shear Strength of
Glue Line
Property
Average values
Individual values
Shear strength,
MPa
6
8
>11
4 to 6
6
>10
Min. wood failure
%
90
70
45
95
75
20
Block Shear Test
No of specimen : 30
or more
Shear strength (kgf/cm2 or MPa) = Maximum load at failure
Glued area
Testing Procedures
for Finger Joints in Non-Structural Timber Products
ISO 17087, ASTM 5572-95 & AS 5069-2006
Performance
/Service
condition
Type of
Adhesive
Adhesive bond
durability test
Strength Test
Dry Use
(EMC<16%)
PVAc

Bending
Wet use
(EMC>16%)
Phenolresorcinol
formaldehyde

Cured (dry)
 Three cycle soak
 Elevated
temperature
(104oC)
 Temperature
humidity (65oC
16% EMC)
Cured (dry)
 Boiling
 Elevated
temperature
(104oC)
 Vacuumpressure
Tension
(?)
Wood
Failure
(%)
Finger
Joints
failure
modes
End uses
Interior
furniture,
moulding,
joinery,
interior
cabinets,
windows
Outdoor
furniture,
fascia,
trellis
Strength Test Procedures (ISO 17087 & ASTM 5572-95)
Bending
Tension
PLs
Modulus of Rupture (MPa), R= bd2
p
Tensile Strength (MPa), Ts= bd
No of specimen : 30 or more
Activity 1.1.3: Evaluation of testing methodologies for
assessment of processing properties
e) Drying properties (Dr. Gan)
No “ISO” method available.
 Four techniques were identified:
 Air drying
 Drying rate – establish rate of drying, K value;
 Quick drying assessment - establishing initial drying
parameters; and
 Drying schedule development


The methods will be based on the Japanese methods
Conclusion
Based on the principles of “Objectivity”, “Universality” and
“Practicality” and with the intention of eventually used by the
tropical countries:
 A set of harmonised techniques for the determination of various
basic properties of plantation timber determination have been
proposed;
 Actual testing of methods proposed will be conducted in Year II
of project implementation while refinement will be made
concurrently.
 To make it more “universally” accepted, inputs from all parties/
countries are welcome.
 A terminal seminar is expected to be held in 2009 in Malaysia.
MS ISO 9001 : 2000
Wood inhabiting fungi at base
of A. mangium trees
Testing Procedures for Non Structural Laminated Timber Products
AS 5067-2003
Service
Class
Type of
Adhesive
Class 1
EMC<12%
PVAc
Class 2
EMC<18%
 PVAc
 Phenol-
resorcinol
formaldehyde
Class 3
EMC>18%
PhenolResorcinol
formaldehyde
Block
Shear Test
Shear
Strength
Wood
Failure
(%)
End uses
Interior
framing, staircase
Kitchens,
vanities etc,
Painted outdoor
furniture
Sauna benches,
unpainted
outdoor
furniture,
landscaping
application
THANK YOU VERY MUCH