Transcript Nigeria: National Responses and Regional Dynamics In Peace

Hajiya Bilkisu mni
Chairperson Projects. Federation of Muslim Women’s Association in Nigeria FOMWAN.
Presented at the Conference on Sustainable Mechanisms for Preventing Violent Extremism in
West Africa Organised by WANEP and CORDAID April 19-20 2012 Cotonou, Benin Republic
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Population 167 million .A Young population 60% is under 35 yrs of age
Poverty Rate is high- 67% 100million people live on less than $1
Poverty level is 70% in N.Nigeria and 30% in the south
Maternal Mortality is the single most important health issue facing
Nigerian people.
 Maternal Mortality Rate 487 per 100,000
 This figure masks wide regional disparities which range from
339 per 100,000 live births in the Southwest to
 1,716 per 100,000 live births in the North East
 Contraceptive Prevalence Rate is 10%
 Total fertility rate of 5.7%
 Unmet need for FP is 6 million couples
 Early Marriage One in Four married by age 15.
 Teenage Pregnancy 23%
 HIV/AIDS prevalence is also 4.3%.
 Child mortality rates are 100 per 1,000 children under five years of age.
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young population where about 60% are under 35 years
Source NDHS 2008
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Source NDHS 2008
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In 2002 a group of youth, most of them of middle class
background , well educated and privileged became
radicalised and broke away from mainstream Islamic
movements
They were a peaceful dissenting group who became
disenchanted with the bad governance in their country
particularly at the state and local governments where Govt
was indifferent to societal problems
High youth unemployment, recruitment of youth for use as
thugs to rig elections, promotion of drug addiction among
youth, corruption etc
Most of them were Islamic of youths from Yobe and Borno
State in the North East of Nigeria.
The youth were disenchanted with the poor governance in
their states where the governors and most leaders are
Muslims whom they see as giving Islam a bad name
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Many of them had completed school and had no jobs.
Some were successful in their businesses and became the
supporters of their less endowed members
The level of corruption they see in a country which has
immense material and human resources made them
dissociate themselves from the government. They
denounced the type of governance that was seen as a
product of western education Boko and western style
democracy.
They declared it as haram meaning prohibited in Islam.
This gave the sect their nick name Boko Haram.
Their movemnt is named is Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna
Lidda'awati Wal-Jihad (People Committed to the
Propagation of the Prophet's Teachings and Jihad
It is important to call people what they call themselves
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These youths decided that the Nigerian version
of democracy was not working for them and
decided to go back to the Islamic model of a
welfare state in Madina, the first Islamic state
Some of them tore their certificates and said
Western education and democracy are not the
solution to their problems
In Madina, there was equality before the law,
accountability and transparency in governance
and the Caliph was considered culpable if a
citizen went to bed on a hungry stomach
Madina had a position of Ombudsman to collate
feed back on governance and the integration of
this into policy ensured good governance
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Some of these youth decided to establish their
own commune and lead a pure life that will be
built on equity and submission to the laws of
Allah’
Some of them settled in Yusufari in Yobe state
They engaged in agriculture, invested in
transportation and lived simple lives that
distanced them from the government but
observed duties and responsiblities for their
community member and lived peacefully with
non members of their commune
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From 2002 the jama’at group remained peaceful until
their funeral procession was attacked by security
agencies
They retaliated and called for help. Their members
and other sympathisers trooped into Maiduguri to
defend the attack on the Jamaat group
In the crackdown on the Jama’at members about
sources said about 2000 people were killed and
several were arrested
The extra judicial killing of their leader Mohammed
Yusuf was the last straw that broke the camel’s back
They reasoned government agents killed them
because they oppressors since no law of the land
prescribed death for dissenters who were peaceful
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About 700 people were killed in the military
operation in the first crackdown
Some sources put the figure at 2000 people
dead and property destroyed was put at millions
of naira
The Jamaatu then declared war on the police and
started attacking police stations, military
formations and local politicians and pro
establishment clerics who were all Muslims.
They also attacked prisons in Maiduguri and
Bauchi to release their members who were
detained without trial
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The extra judicial killing of Muhammad Yusuf
drew condemnation from human rights
organisations and earned the Jamaatu Daawah
members public sympathy and demand for
prosecution of those responsible for the killings.
Recently, the violence has spread from
Maiduguri to Damaturu, Madalla, Kano and
Kaduna where police stations and barracks are
bombed.
The January 24 2012 attack on Kano city where
twenty four bombs exploded in one hour killing
over 200 people remains the most destructive
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The Young people who established the movement called it),
not Boko Haram. “People of the Way of the Prophet Muhammad
(peace be upon him) and the Community (of Muslims), in line
with the earliest generation of Muslims”.
This name has a positive meaning that is acceptable to nearly all
Muslims(1)
A split occurred in the Jama’at Movement
One, the political wing is not afraid to use violence to achieve
its aims but only after being provoked when security agent shot
at a group of the Jamaat who were on a funeral procession
The jamaa’s goals are both long-term, like instituting their
version of sharia law in Nigeria, and also more immediate, like
pushing for the release of their members in prison.:
The popular name “Boko Haram” means Western education is
prohibited and has its origin in media and public/community
coinage (1)
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Sheikh Yusuf’s extrajudicial killing was captured
as evidence but no one was tried and punished
for the crime
An Aljazeerah news clip showed police killing
poor people who were asked to lie down
facedown on the streets of Maiduguri
Seeking revenge, Boko Haram targeted the
police, the military and local politicians — all of
them Muslims.
It was clear in 2009, as it is now, that the root
cause of violence and anger in both the north
and south of Nigeria is endemic poverty and
hopelessness (2)
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“Boko Haram” is an ideology providing inspiration to
some Nigerians living in grinding poverty under a set
of rulers who concern themselves not with running
the country but with simply stealing the country’s oil
wealth. It passes no Nigerian’s notice that decades of
official plunder have left what should be a thriving -or at least developing -- nation in a pitiful state of
neglect. Illiteracy stands at 40 per cent, and poverty
is rising, with 100 million people, or 61 per cent of
the population, now living in absolute poverty on less
than $1 a day. Despite petroleum’s billions, citizens
have to cover all their basic services themselves:
health, education and security. Andrew Stroehlein 2012
The Governor of the Central Bank Sanusi Lamido Sanusi
said deprivation, inequity, Poverty and youth un
employment is fuelling the Boko Haram insurgency
"Boko Haram capitalizes on popular frustrations with
the nation's leaders."
‘ In a country where nearly 100 million people live on
less than one dollar a day, U S Secretary of State
Carson says that desperation is especially felt in
northern states where Muslims are the majority and
the group is most active. "Nigerians are hungry for
progress and improvement in their lives, but northern
Nigerians feel this need most acutely," he said. "Life
in Nigeria may be tough for many, but life in the
north is grim for almost all."
President Bill Clinton on a trip to Nigeria in February
called on the Nigerian Government not to use the
military solution for a social
a social problem.
In April while launching an almajiri model school in
Sokoto, President Jonathan said the almajiri Qura’nic
school people number 10 million in Nigeria
They do not feed into the formal job market until their
curriculum is integrated into formal education system
Mean while what do we do with this huge army of
hungry, angry and alienated youth roaming our
streets?
Government has plans to build 100 almajiri schools
every year
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The United Nations says poverty in Nigeria's
12 most-northern states is nearly twice the
rate of the rest of the country. Northern
children are more likely to be malnourished
and illiterate.
"Public opinion polls and news reports
suggest there is a strong sentiment
throughout the country - but especially in the
north - that government is not on the side of
the people and their poverty is a result of
government neglect, corruption, and abuse,"
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The Movement for a Better Future ‘ joined other Human Rights
groups within and outside Nigeria in condemning, in strong
terms, the summary execution of Mallam Muhammad Yusuf, the
leader of the ‘boko haram sect’ by the Nigerian Police Force,
after he was handed to them by the military alive and unarmed.
The execution violates all rules of engagements. The killing of
Mallam Yusuf, has interred many potential leads and dimensions
in investigating the Boko Haram's phenomenal emergence,
source of funds, tentacles and even the psychological mindsets
and philosophies of the group’
The Movement for a Better Future therefore called on
government, to as a matter of urgency address the lingering
economic, environmental and social crises bedeviling this
country. The Movement believes that these crises are caused by
poverty, unemployment and loss of hope in government. Kabiru
Lawanti
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Boko Haram is a local problem that is a result of
bad governance
It requires a local solution
It is not about some global terrorism or Al Qaeda
in magrib or any where invading Nigeria
Our only solution to this insurgency is to
promote good governance
We can not find the solution outside Nigeria and
from any text book on terrorism
We must take full responsibility to what we are
doing to our children and the youth and develop
home bred solution.
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A communique at the end of a meeting of Northern
Leaders, among whom were two serving governors
etc expressed concern over the activities of Boko
Haram, the Movement for the Emancipation of Niger
Delta (MEND) and the Movement for the Sovereign
State of Biafra (MASSOB)
The meeting also received the shocking details of the
several excesses of the JTF (Joint Task Force) which
amounted to no less than gross human rights abuses.
The meeting expressed the view that the threat posed
by Boko Haram insurgency could best be attended to
without the attendant attacks on individual rights and
on businesses.
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In March, the leaders of jamaat appointed the
Supreme Council for Shariah in Nigeria and chose
its leader Dr Datti Ahmed as their negotiator with
Federal Government
A few days later, Dr Datti annouced his
withdrawal from the peace talks due to
‘insincerity on the part of Government’
Two weeks later Government said it is at war with
the insurgents and will crush the militants’
Military option took precedence over engagement
and dialogue
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There is pressure on the Federal government to engage
with the Jamaatu Daawah (Boko Haram)
Northern leaders under the regional policy group Arewa
Consultative Forum have named a panel of distinguished
Nigerians to facilitate dialogue between the government
and the Boko Haram leaders.
As is often the case with peace negotiations the Panel has
three men and one woman. The members are Alhaji
Shettima Ali Monguno an elder states man and former
Minister from Maiduguri the flash point of the insurgency,
Sheikh Ahmed Lemu a respected cleric and former Grand
Khadi from Niger state where the Christmas bombing
occurred, Senator Bukar Abba Ibrahim, former Governor of
Yobe state and currently a Senator and Hajiya Khadijah
Bukar Abba Ibrahim, a woman leader & member of the
National Assembly also from Yobe state.
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"Northern populations are currently trapped between
violent extremists on the one hand and heavyhanded government responses on the other. They
need to know that their president is going to go to
extraordinary lengths to fix their problems,“
Horrendous loss of lives and the economy in the
North, particularly in Kano the commercial centre is
being destroyed by the curfew and trauma inflicted
on the citizens.
The curfew and excesses of the military joint task
force dehumanises the people and dislocates social
and economic life
In Maiduguri, people are confined to their homes by
7pm
The once bustling city is now a replica of a ghost city
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Arewa Citizens Action for Change ACAC conducted a
research that identified ‘three types of Boko Haram ACAC
identified the three faces of the Boko Haram BH BH.
They include a core group, the Yusufiyyah BH which is
localized in its operation which is directed at ulama who
fight their beliefs, those affiliated to the old Borno State
Government of Ali Modu Shariff and security agents who
are blamed for the extra judicial killing of their leader and
almost 90% of its members.
ACAC said ‘it is entirely unbelievable that the dispersed,
clearly estranged original BH is capable of regrouping and
acquiring such immense wealth and training required in
the execution of the sophisticated and sustained
coordinated attacks we have seen lately’
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ACAC also identified the second criminal BH
‘where criminal gangs have cashed in using the
name of BH to perpetrate crimes such as bank
robberies, extortion and arson in different
places.
The third is the political BH which ACAC said is
the most sophisticated, more menacing and more
dangerous, coordinated and agenda based aspect
of the three. ACAC said the Federal government,
its security agencies and a large section of the
media are involved in this grand conspiracy’
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‘The disturbing aspect of this agenda driven BH is a
broad based manipulation of ethnic and religious
fault lines. ACAC believes that the political BH is
using fifth columnists to carry out the most
destructive, daring, merciless and violent attacks we
see nationwide for which we are quickly told that BH
has claimed responsibility.
This political BH has an agenda of pitting Muslims
against Christians . Working in tandem with it media
allies, the political BH has down played stories of
Christian attacks on fellow Christians and on
churches and transformed them into attacks by
Muslim Northern Nigeria on Christians and their
churches.’
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ACAC listed ‘ten cases of Christians caught
bombing or attempting to bomb their own
places of worship and non prosecution of
those apprehended’.
It expressed concern on ‘the indifference of
the National Assembly, the utterances of
compromised clergy who are bending
backwards to concoct excuses to cover up
these acts of sadism and to blame it on
others.’
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Bishop Mathew Kukah documented disturbing cases of people
trying to bomb their own places of worship in a bid to trigger
religious crises.
He said ‘last year, a Christian woman went to her own parish
Church in Bauchi and tried to set it ablaze. Again, recently, a
man alleged to be a Christian, dressed as a Muslim, went to burn
down a Church in Bayelsa President Jonathan’s home state
In Plateau State, a man purported to be a Christian was arrested
while trying to bomb a Church. Armed men gunned down a
group of Christians meeting in a Church and now it turned out
that those who have been arrested and are under interrogation
are in fact not Muslims and that the story is more of an internal
crisis.
In Zamfara State, 19 Muslims were killed. After investigation it
was discovered that those who killed them were not Christians.
Other similar incidents have occurred across the country.’ Kukah
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In March 2012 Boko Haram has dissociated itself from the kidnapping
and eventual killing of Francesco Molinara(Italian) and Chris
McManus(Briton) in Sokoto state.
Some young people who looked like minors were paraded as the
‘Kidnappers’
Abul Qaqa, spokesman for the sect in a conference call with reporters,
said,
 “We are not behind the hostage taking … which led to the military
operation yesterday in Sokoto in which the hostages were killed.”
 “We have never been involved in hostage-taking and it’s not part of our
style, and we never ask for ransom.”
 “We know how to settle our scores with anybody. Therefore the
allegation that the kidnappers were members of our group is
ridiculous.”
 Nigeria’s government “had better get its facts straight and find the true
identity of the kidnappers,”
 “They should not use us to mask their incompetence.” Qaqa added.
The Will 14/3/2021
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So who is bent on creating problems for
Nigerians?
Experts urge citizens to look deeper before
ascribing all violence to the insurgents
“Boko Haram” is also a cover for criminal activity
and political thuggery of all sorts. Anything that
turns violent can be blamed on the Islamist
movement, whether it has a link to it or not. It is
a perfect alibi, one that prevents further
questioning. Bank robbery? Boko Haram. Attack
on political opponents? Boko Haram Andrew Stroehlein 2012
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However, some experts (ACAC etc )attribute
the current spate of violence and increasing
sophistication of the attacks to criminal
groups and fifth columnists who have cashed
in on the existence of Boko Haram to
perpetrate crimes
There are also reports of politicians using
some thugs posing as Boko Haram for
perpetuating electoral violence and political
assassinations
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The Jonathan government has struggled to put a stop
to attacks, imposition of a state of emergency and
curfew in affected local governments and joint
military task forces accused by some local leaders of
attacking civilians.
Attempts at indirect peace talks with Boko Haram
collapsed in March
Government still insists that it will crush Bboko
Haram
Infact the government has given a date by which
this mission will be accomplished
Carson:ibid 2012
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Between the 1st and 12th of August 2009, a group of nearly
40 brothers and sisters from a number of Islamic
organizations under the Da’wah Coordination Council of
Nigeria (DCCN) met at the Da’wah Institute of Nigeria
(Islamic Education Trust) in Minna, Niger State, to discuss
among other things, various aspects of the “Boko Haram”
crisis and tragedy that erupted in some of the Northeastern States of Nigeria – particularly Bauchi, Borno, and
Yobe.
Those present were selected individuals from some of the
DCCN member organizations including the Muslim
Students Society of Nigeria (MSSN), the National Council of
Muslim Youth Organisations (NACOMYO), the Da’wah
Coordination Council of Nigeria (DCCN), and the Da’wah
Institute of Nigeria (DIN) – Islamic Education Trust (IET) (1)
‘War on terror cannot be won by arms alone'
Ehsan ul-Haq, is one of Pakistan's most accomplished
military officers.
 He also highlighted lessons for Nigeria to learn as it
struggles to deal with a series of terrorist
insurrections by Islamic extremist group, Boko
Haram.
 Pakistan would welcome close people-to-people
contact with Nigeria,
 This may be good but we know that our problem lies
within Nigeria and our ability to design a process of
engagement with the Jama’at Dawah to end the
conflict and improve our governance
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It is very important that scholars project the
correct message of Islam, which is a great
religion of peace. They have to project the true
message of Islam. Islam has nothing to do with
terrorism and violence.
It is a religion of peace. So, you have to develop
an alternate narrative based on the true and real
message of Islam, for which you would need
highly enlightened and educated scholars,
particularly religious scholars.
It is very important not to cede the religious
platform to the extremists and the terrorists. The
state and its institutions must fight this on the
religious platform
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The seriousness of taking the life of any
innocent human being is described by Allah
in Qur’an 5:32 – “If anyone kills a human
being – unless it be (in punishment) for
murder of for spreading corruption on earth –
it shall be as though he had killed all
mankind; whereas, if anyone saves a life, it
shall be as though he had saved the lives of
all mankind.”
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And above all, if the terrorism is based on an
ideology, then most critically it'll be
important to address the narrative of that
ideology.
In which case, you have to develop a
counter-narrative or an alternate narrative to
persuade people away from the narrative
which they are pursuing.
Combating narrative based on distorted
religious theology
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Design a comprehensive national strategy to
tackle terrorism.
This comprehensive national strategy must be
over-archingly a political strategy.
It may have other components; for example it
must have a media component, an information
component, a political component, an economic
component and of course a military component.
But mere use of military force will not solve the
problem. It has to be a comprehensive strategy
encompassing all the aspects
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The Nigeria Inter-Religious Council (NIREC) is a body made
up of fifty (50) members (25 Muslims and 25 Christians)
charged with the responsibility of promoting peaceful coexistence and religious harmony in Nigeria.
Established in 1999 & Co-chaired by the Sultan of Sokoto,
His Eminence, Alhaji Muhammad Sa’ad Abubakar, CFR,
mni, President-General, Nigerian Supreme Council for
Islamic Affairs and His Grace, Pastor Ayo Oritsejafor.
President of Pentecostal Fellowship of Nigeria PFN and ,
Christian Association of Nigeria (CAN).
The National Coordinator is an appointee of the Federal
Republic of Nigeria
NIREC has 47 men and three women, Dame Priscilla Kuye,
Alhaja Lateefah Okunnu and my humble self
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250 Youth participants consisting of 100
Christian participants from different parts of
Nigeria; 100 Muslim participants from
different parts of Nigeria; 25 Muslims from
Niger State and 25 Christians from Niger
State the host state
They were provided with capacity building to
be able to undertake conflict analysis, detect
early warning signal and undertake
community based peace works
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Federation of Muslim Women’s Association in Nigeria
FOMWAN works in interfaith networks of Muslim and
Christian women
Carried out a Sharia education and enlightenment
project on women’s rights in all 12 Sharia
implementing states, with activities such as seminars,
workshops, media discussion programs, etc.
Its partners include non-Muslim women’s rights
advocacy groups in order to promote their
understanding of Sharia and to disseminate such
knowledge among non-Muslims
FOMWAN has initiated formation of similar groups
across West Africa FOMWAG in Ghana, FOMWASL in
Sierra leone and also in Gambia
It networks with ANASI in Niger
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FOMWAN is a voice for peace. As mothers we
do not believe in throwing away the baby with
the bath water
As mothers we must do our best to mediate
in any conflict and the Jama’at insurgency is
also a challenge for us
We support fully the CSO initiatives to
address the insurgency and support our
fathers Led by Sheikh Lemu and Dr Ahmad
We see the Hon. Khadija as a mother who will
convey our concern and proffer solutions
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Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000)
urges Member States to take action at the
national level in the following areas:
• Women's participation in decision-making
and peace processes.
• The protection of women and girls
• Gender training
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The 10th anniversary of Resolution 1325 in
October 2010 highlighted the increasing
demand for accountability to UN Security
Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace
and Security. Many expressed concern about
the fact that only 22 Member States out of
192 have adopted national action plans.
Women are still underrepresented if not
totally absent in most official peace
negotiations and sexual violence in conflict
continue to increase.
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Presently, 35 countries have approved national
action plans NAP and numerous others are
currently in the drafting phase. The process of
developing a plan is also creates awareness and
capacity-building in order to overcome gaps and
challenges to the full implementation of
resolution 1325 (2000).
Four countries have launched revised action
plans
Nigeria is in the process of developing one and
zonal consultations are to begin soon to get
citizens to contribute to the Country’s NAP
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Interfaith Action for Peace in Africa (IFAPA) has
set in the agenda for involving women in the
process of addressing the above situation. This
based on the realisation that:Women have been part and parcel of the conflict
and situation of lack of peace in Africa; and
There is hidden potentiality in women towards
conflict resolution and peace-making that can
only be tapped and utilised effectively through
inclusive approaches
Two Liberian Women Leaders won the 2011
Nobel prize for Peace – President Ellen Sirleaf
and Mrs Ggowen an activist
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However, IFAPA noted that for this to be done
effectively, it is important to engage the women in
the identification of issues and in proposing concrete
actions to tackle the issues from grassroots level.
During the Second Interfaith Summit held in South
Africa in 2005, a pre-Summit gathering for women
was carried out specifically for the purpose of
deliberating on the women agenda. From this
gathering, a continental campaign was launched
under the banner ‘A mother’s Cry for a Healthy
Africa’
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Help Us Launch this Cry in West Africa.
IFAPA has a Gender Desk that is willing to work with
other CSOs across Africa
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The campaign focuses:
In Africa on religious, political and social institutions
Outside Africa i.e. women in the Diaspora and to others
who would listen to the Mothers Cry for a Healthy Africa.
Contacts and linkages have already been made with the
Nordic countries and Switzerland after a ten-member
women delegation visited these countries and through the
IFAPA Nordic coordinating office.
As the IFAPA Commissioner for Nigeria i am making to
collaborate with IFAPA West Africa office in Senegal and
NIREC to launch the Mother’s cry for West Africa
This becomes more urgent now that the threat of violence
is fast crossing borders
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ABANTU for Development AfD is an African NGO
building capacities of NGOs for promoting
development from a gender perspective
It has a Regional Office for West Africa ROWA
based in Accra, Ghana
Regional Office for Eastern and Southern Africa
ROESA based in Kenya
The ABNTU Nigeria Country Office is in Kaduna
It has extensive experience in peace work at the
ROWA office working refugees from Liberia and
Sierra Leone
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ABANTU has developed a framework for incorporating
gender into peace building
AfD Nigeria is also organising reflection seminars on
peace in Kaduna where ethno religious violence has
become a regular occurence
It is implementing micro credit scheme in three local
government to combat poverty and assist those
affected by the crises
ABANTU also works with women politicians to
promote effective participation in politics and public
life
It hosts the gender network of CSOs in Kaduna State
and AdvocacyNigeria working for reduction of
maternal mortality and morbidity
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To address alienation the youth have to be engaged
(7)The youth of Nigeria are the future and we must
empower them to be good leaders. Unemployment
remains high among youth and vocational training lacks
adequate funding. Youth need to be re-engaged in civic
life to build their self-esteem in order to be productive
citizens of Nigeria.
To encourage this development, Nigerian women
develped a manifesto that demand:
Legislators should pass laws to ensure that companies
within their constituencies to be part of the empowerment
program to embrace quota for youth employment.
The engagement of youth groups within communities to
deter negative activities through education, empowerment
and capacity building and mentoring.
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Manifesto demands that
Government should implement the national youth policy.
Launch and or increase funding of rehabilitation program
for youth who have experienced hardships and who are
victims of drug addiction.
Increase funding for role model or mentoring program for
youth.
Increase funding for popular sporting and cultural
activities.
Government should implement and enforce laws against
human trafficking and provide adequate rehabilitation
programs for trafficked persons.
Women and youth should be involved in the decision
making process of laws and policies that affect them.
Government should enforce anti-drug laws.
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ECOWAS should encourage implementation of all
it protocols
implement the African Peer Review Mechanism
to check excesses of African leaders’ deficiency
in Governance
Issues of sit tight leaders
Mind boggling corruption
Poverty
Rigged elections
Abuse of human rights
Press censorship
Violence Against Women
Violence in One country in West Africa spills
into others and we are all vulnerable as
events unfolding in Mali has shown
A hausa adage:
 ‘When your neigbour’s beard is on fire, Pour
water on your own beard’
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I thank you for listening
(1)A consensus confidential document emerged from the NDCC meeting. It is
a draft still being fine tuned
 Ehsan ul-Haq, -‘War on terror cannot be won by arms alone‘
Presentation at Thomson Reuters Foundation seminar on global security and
terrorism NEXT publication Reuters circulated on an internet network
 (2) Jean Hershkovites-Boko Haram Is Not the Problem By Jean Herskovits
Washington Post January 3, 2012
 (3)Bilkisu Yusuf ‘Women, Religion, and Peace Building in Nigeria: A Case
Study of Kaduna State. Paper presented at the seminar on Women Religion
and Peace at United States Institute for Peace ,Washington 5/1/2012Yusuf
 Bilkisu yusuf-“Managing Muslim –Christian Conflicts in Northern Nigeria: A
Case Study of Kaduna State” in Islam And Muslim Christian Relations. Centre
for The Study of Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, University of
Birmingham and Centre for Muslim-Christian Understanding, Georgetown
University, Washington D.C. Volume 14 No 2 April 2007
 (5) Johnnie Carson-Nigeria's Islamic Militants Are Capitalizing On Discontent
– The Will US based On line newspaper 10/4 2012
 (6) Junaid Committee has
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(7) Women ‘s Manifestoe developed by a coaltion of women activists to Engage with Politicians during
the 2011 elections in Nigeria . Supported by International Republican Institute
(8) On The Trail Of Boko Haram By Andrew Stroehlein Posted: on internet March 13, 2012 - 03:35
(9) (Clinton: Nigeria Can Overcome Security, Economic Challenges- This Day Newspaper Lagos
14/2/2012
10) Sanusi Lamido Sanusi ‘Deprivation is the Cause of Boko Haram’ The Willl On Linenewspaper 2
/2/2012
( Kukah:Mathew Hassan Beyond Boko Haram Al Bushra Newspaper, Abuja 10/2/2012
ACAC In an open letter signed by Tahir Abdullahi Usman, the organisation’s Director of Research and
Documentation Daily Trust Abuja March 2012