Transcript Concatenation
Maltiplexing in optic network
by: m.Nikeghbali
ICT department – ITI U
Contents
multiplexing PDH – SDH/SONET WDM’s Family
Common NEs in optical Network
VOD(video on demand)
2 2 © 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial
multiplexing
PDH – SDH/SONET WDM’s Family
Common NEs in optical Network
VOD(video on demand)
Standards
3 3 © 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial
Multiplexing
FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing)
4 © 2002 Lucent Technologies
(a) The original bandwidths.
(b) The bandwidths raised in frequency.
(c) The multiplexed channel.
Concatenation Tutorial
Multiplexing
WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing)
5 © 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial
Multiplexing
TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)
Multiple digital signals interleaved in time 6 © 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial
Multiplexing
TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) Multiplexing T1 streams into higher carriers.
7 © 2002 Lucent Technologies
The T1 carrier (1.544 Mbps).
Concatenation Tutorial
multiplexing
PDH – SDH/SONET
WDM’s Family
Common NEs in optical Network
VOD(video on demand)
Standards
8 8 © 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial
PDH – SDH/SONET
PDH(Plesynchronous Digital Hierarchy)
9 © 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial
10
PDH – SDH/SONET
PDH(Plesynchronous Digital Hierarchy)
140Mb/s 34Mb/s 8Mb/s de-multiplexer de-multiplexer de-multiplexer 2Mb/s 8Mb/s multiplexer 34Mb/s multiplexer 140Mb/s multiplexer The location of low-rate signals in high-rate signals is not regular nor predictable. So it is impossible to directly extract low rate signals from high-rate signals.
© 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial
PDH – SDH/SONET
SONET/SDH
• Digital transmission standards for fiber-optic cable • Independently developed in USA & Europe – SONET(Synchronous Optical Network) by ANSI – SDH(Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) by ITU-T • Multiplexed transport mechanism 11 © 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial
PDH – SDH/SONET
SONET/SDH
SONET Frame: 90 * 9 = 810 byte 810 * 8 = 6489 bite 6489 bit * 8000 frame/sec = 51.84 Mbps STS - 1 STS Multiplexing 12 © 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial
PDH – SDH/SONET
SONET/SDH
• SONET defines a signal hierarchy – STS (Synchronous Transport Signals) • A hierarchy of signaling levels STM-1 – OC (Optical Carriers) • Physical links defined for optical signals STM-1 – STS(OC)-1 (51Mbps) ∼ STS(OC)-192 (10Gbps) • SDH specifies a similar hierarchy STM-1 – STM (Synchronous Transport Module) – STM-1 (155Mbps) ∼ STM-1 STM-64 (10Gbps) • OC-1, OC-3, OC-12, OC-48, OC-192 13 © 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial
PDH – SDH/SONET
SONET/SDH
STS-1 Frame Overheads 14 © 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial
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PDH – SDH/SONET
SONET/SDH SDH(Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)
× N STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 SDH signal × 3 TUG-3 TU-3 × 7 Pointer processing Align adjustment Multiplexing Mapping © 2002 Lucent Technologies VC-3 C-3 34368kbit/ s TUG-2 × 3 TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2048kbit/s Concatenation Tutorial PDH signals C-4 139264kbit/s
PDH – SDH/SONET
SONET/SDH SDH SONET Electrical STM-1 STM-3 STM-4 STM-6 STM-8 STM-12 STM-16 STM-64 STM-256 Electrical Optical STS-1 OC-1 STS-3 STS-9 STS-12 STS-18 STS-24 STS-36 OC-3 OC-9 OC-12 OC-18 OC-24 OC-36 STS-48 OC-48 STS-192 OC-192 STS-768 OC-768
16 16 © 2002 Lucent Technologies
Line Rate 51.84
155.52
466.56
622.08
933.12
1244.16
1866.24
2488.32
9953.28
39813.12
Data Rate (Mbps) Payload Rate 50.112
150.336
451.008
601.344
902.016
1202.688
1804.032
2405.376
9621.504
38486.016
Overhead Rate 1.728
5.184
15.522
20.736
31.104
41.472
62.208
82.944
331.776
1327.104
Concatenation Tutorial
multiplexing PDH – SDH/SONET
WDM’s Family
Common NEs in optical Network
VOD(video on demand)
Standards
17 17 © 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial
WDM’s Family
Recently WDM has become known as Coarse WDM or CWDM to distinguish it from DWDM 18 18 © 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial
WDM’s Family
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Multiple channels of information carried over the same fibre, each using an individual wavelength
Dense WDM
is WDM utilising closely spaced channels Channel spacing reduced to 1.6 nm and less Cost effective way of increasing capacity without replacing fibre Commercial systems available with capacities of 32 channels and upwards; > 80 Gb/s per fibre 19 19 © 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial
WDM’s Family
DWDM Advantages
DWDM can give increases in capacity which TDM cannot match Greater fibre capacity Higher speed TDM systems are very expensive Easier network expansion No new fibre needed Just add a new wavelength Incremental cost for a new channel is low No need to replace many components such as optical amplifiers DWDM systems capable of longer span lengths TDM approach using STM-64 is more costly and more susceptible to chromatic and polarization mode dispersion Can move to STM-64 when economics improve 20 20 © 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial
WDM’s Family
DWDM Disadvantages
Not cost-effective for low channel numbers Fixed cost of mux/demux, transponder, other system components SONET/SDH network management systems not well equipped to handle DWDM topologies 21 21 © 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial
WDM’s Family
22 22 © 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial
WDM’s Family
Sample DWDM Signal
23 23 © 2002 Lucent Technologies
Multiplexer Optical Output Spectrum for an 8 DWDM channel system, showing individual channels
Concatenation Tutorial
multiplexing PDH – SDH/SONET WDM’s Family
Common NEs in optical Network
VOD(video on demand)
24 24 © 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial
Common NEs in optical Network
Common NEs in optical Network
25 © 2002 Lucent Technologies TM ADM REG DXC Concatenation Tutorial
Common NEs in optical Network Terminal Multiplexer(TM)
2M w STM-N
TM
(
Optical Interface
) 34M 140M STM-M Note: (M ADM 26 © 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial Common NEs in optical Network Add/drop Multiplexer (ADM) STM-N w ( Optical interface ) e STM-N ( Optical interface ) 2M 34M 140M STM-M Note: (M ) 27 © 2002 Lucent Technologies ADM Concatenation Tutorial Common NEs in optical Network Regenerator (REG) regeneration, amplification and relaying STM-N w ( Optical interface ) REG e STM-N ( Optical interface ) 28 © 2002 Lucent Technologies ADM REG ADM Concatenation Tutorial Common NEs in optical Network Digital Cross-connection Equipment (DXC) Core function is cross-connection Used at hub station ( Optical interface ) ( Optical interface ) 29 © 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial multiplexing PDH – SDH/SONET WDM’s Family Common NEs in optical Network 30 30 © 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial 31 31 © 2002 Lucent Technologies Concatenation Tutorial TM
TM
ADM
Tributary Interface
TM
TM
TM
TM
DXC
VOD(video on demand)
VOD(video on demand)
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