Transcript Phys/ENVS 105: Energy Daniel W. Koon Fall 2011

Phys/ENVS 105:
Energy
Daniel W. Koon
Bewkes 221, x5494
Fall 2013
Lecture #1: Wed., 8/28/13
Course Overview
Energy: past, present & future
http://images.betterworldbooks.com/111/Energy-Hinrichs-Roger-A-9781111990831.jpg.
Accessed 8/28/12.
Overview/Announcements
• Syllabus -- Sakai site:
https://sakai.stlawu.edu/
• New material:
 Energy overview
 Friday: Exponential growth and decay
Announcements
& Assignments
• Handouts: Syllabus, TPS sheets (ABCD)
READ SYLLABUS: Quiz Friday?
• HW #1: due Monday
Chapter 1: 1, 12*, 24**
• Camera: take class picture
Energy as a field of Physics,
Science
• Physics= The User’s Guide to the universe
 Quantitative
 Observation-based
• Observation disagrees with theory?
 Throw out the theory.
• Physicists focus first on the essentials
(blowing off the details for now).
• Physicists focus on context, the big picture.
The Importance of Context
Proper units help keep things in context.
2010 BP oil spill:
• Up to 4.9 million barrels of oil. Is that a lot?
• 0.03 Quads vs 100Quads/yr US use.
(Quad = quadrillion BTUs =1015 BTU =
1,000,000,000,000,000 BTU)
• equivalent to 2.5hr of total US energy use
Image: http://www.burdr.com/2010/05/deepwater-horizon-oil-spill-on-60-minutes/. Accessed 8/22/11.
Energy: past, present and future
Wind farm near Chateaugay, NY, 2009.
Human population through the ages
Miller, G. T., Living in the Environment, 7th ed., Wadsworth: Belmont, CA (1992), p. 4.
Taube, M., Materie, Energie und die Zukunft des Menschen, 1st ed., S. Hirzel, Wissentschaftliche
Verlagsgesellschaft: Stuttgart (1988), p. 310.
As cited in Gross, K. J., Thesis, University of Fribourg (Switzerland), 1998.
Per capita energy use through the ages
NOTE: 20W = 400 food calories / day
“International Energy Annual”, Energy Information Administration, US Dept. of Energy
(1997).
Miller, G. T., Living in the Environment, 7th ed., Wadsworth: Belmont, CA (1992), p. 32.
Taube, M., Materie, Energie und die Zukunft des Menschen, 1st ed., S. Hirzel,
Wissentschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft: Stuttgart (1988), p. 216.
Gates, D. M., Energy and Ecology, 1st ed. Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA (1985).
As cited in Gross, K. J., Thesis, University of Fribourg (Switzerland), 1998.
Fuel energy content
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Food
2 kWh/kg
Wood
5
Coal
7
Anthracite
10
Petroleum
12
Methane (Natl. gas) 15
Hydrogen
40
Uranium fission
2×107
Hydrogen fusion 15×107
Solar, wind
infinite
U.S. fuel preference history
Fig. 1-6, p. 11
History of US energy use by fuel
Text: Fig. 1-2, p. 7
World Energy consumption
US: 4.5% of world population;
20% of world energy use
(wikipedia from 2008-2010 data)
MAIN MAP: Unknown year. http://cartogram.w3ec.com/. Accessed 8/11/2010.
INSET: Population, unknown year: http://www.ribbonfarm.com/2007/07/17/visualizing-the2d-world-with-cartograms/. Accessed 8/17/2010.
Global Oil consumption, 2009
Sources: BP Statistical Review of World Energy; The Guardian .
http://blogs.edf.org/restorationandresilience/category/deepwater-horizon/ -- Accessed
8/11/2010.
Origin of US Oil Imports, 2009
Lugar Energy Initiative, http://lugar.senate.gov/energy/graphs/crude.html. Accessed 8/11/2010.
Origin of US Oil Imports, 2009
http://www.ngoilgas.com/media/media-news/infographics/090911-OGUS-USOilImports.png.
Accessed 8/28/2013.
Energy consumption by country
Unknown year and source. http://sites.google.com/site/thepoliticsofsacrifice/.
Accessed 8/11/2010.
Energy use vs Per capita GDP
“David Roland-Holst's chart,... based on World Bank and International Energy Agency data, the
vertical axis plots per capita energy use in terajoules/year; the horizontal is per capita income as
measured by the GDP. Bubble sizes represent population.” Accessed 8/11/2010.
Total U.S. energy flow, 2011
http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=9170, accessed 8/20/13.
Energy in Quadrillions of BTUs, or Quads
Study question
Which of the following statements is true?
a) Residential/Commercial, Industrial, and
Transportation sectors in the US use
approximately the same amount of energy per
year.
b) Most fossil fuel consumed in the US is
imported.
c) Most fuel consumed in the US is imported.
d) The chief US energy export is natural gas.
How long will it last?
Proven World
Reserves
World
Consumption "Lifetime"
rate
(ZJ=1021J)
(TW=1012J/s)
(yr)
Oil
8.1
5.74
45
Natural
gas
8.1
3.61
70
Coal
19.8
4.27
150
2010, BP estimates
2006, US EIA
DWK's
calculations
Update to Table 1.1, p. 15
But demand is increasing...
http://www.kids.esdb.bg/usesectors.html.
Accessed 8/11/2010.
History of US petroleum supply, by origin
Fig. 1-7, p. 11
US oil & natural gas production
(Hubbert curve in dashes)
Fig. 1-12, p. 19
Fig. 1-13, p. 20
Impact of industrialization on the
environment:
Miller, G. T., Living in the Environment, 7th ed., Wadsworth: Belmont, CA (1992), p. 285.
As cited in Gross, K. J., Thesis, University of Fribourg (Switzerland), 1998.
Impact of industrialization on the
environment:
Greenhouse gases -- origins
World Resources Institute. http://cait.wri.org/figures.php?page=/World-FlowChart. Accessed
8/11/2010.
Study questions
A study of carbon dioxide content in the
atmosphere and global temperatures
shows
a) A modest correlation between the two.
b) A very strong correlation going back to about
1000AD.
c) A very strong correlation going back about
160,000 years.
d) A very strong correlation that breaks down over
the last hundred years or so.
Study questions
An increase in CO2 in the atmosphere
since the Industrial Revolution
a) Has not been observed yet.
b) Has been claimed by some but the evidence
for an actual increase is controversial.
c) Has been definitively observed to be smaller
than increases between the Ice Ages.
d) Has pushed CO2 level in the atmosphere
above its previous values during or between
the Ice Ages.
Study questions
How many of the following statements about
atmospheric methane levels are true?
I. Methane is not a “greenhouse” gas.
II. Changes in methane levels over the last 100
years are correlated to changes in CO2 levels.
III. The data shows that methane levels have
already contributed to global warming.
a) II only
b) II and III only
c) I and III only
d) All of the above.
What have we learned?
• US 5% of the world’s population; 20% of
energy use.
• US = 100Q, stable. World: 500Q &
increasing.
• Cow toots (methane) and doots are evil.
• Canada & Mexico are our main energy
suppliers.
• Hubbert curve predicts future history
• There may be syllabus quiz Friday!!