Transcript Recycling 101

Application of Life Cycle
Assessment to Waste
Management
Christina Seidel
Executive Director
What is Life-Cycle
Assessment?
LCA: Quantify total burdens of a product
or project including everything from:
-upstream effects of sourcing materials,
to
-downstream effects of disposal after the
project or product is finished.
“CRADLE to GRAVE”
Credit: Dr. David Checkel
What is Life-Cycle
Assessment?
PRODUCT
LIFE CYCLE
Core Activity
S Emissions_
Functional Unit
Credit: Dr. David Checkel
Life Cycle Assessment for
Sustainable Design
Supportable, reliable decisions
must be made between alternative
projects or designs based on Real
Environmental Consequences
Life Cycle Assessment now
provides a broadly accepted
framework for complex decisions
involving direct and indirect
(societal) costs.
Credit: Dr. David Checkel
The Common Link:
Life-Cycle Thinking
Product / project evaluation
including upstream and
downstream burdens and/or costs
associated with your project /
product even if they are paid
elsewhere.
Using Life Cycle Thinking to
improve design and/or make a
better decision between options.
Credit: Dr. David Checkel
History of LCA (1)
1969: Coca-Cola commissioned
the first “REPA”
(Resource and Environmental
Profile Analysis)
What’s the best
pop container?
A re-usable glass bottle or a
recyclable steel can?
(Note that both alternatives are long obsolete)
Credit: Dr. David Checkel
History of LCA (2)
Following the Coca-Cola study:
REPA studies focus on solid waste
and recycling
Mobil Chemicals, (plastics
manufacturer), compared plastic
meat trays vs. pulp trays
SOME RESULTS
MAY NOT BE
AS EXPECTED !
History of LCA (3)
1975 - 88: Corporate Focus on
product improvement
Companies applied REPA for product
design.
1970's energy crisis spurred interest in “full
fuel cycle analysis”.
What is the actual environmental cost to switch
10 million cars from petroleum gasoline to
natural gas ?
• Or to battery electric ?
• Or to synthetic fuel?
Credit: Dr. David Checkel
History of LCA (4)
1990 :
LCA is Born
Society of Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) :
“Life-Cycle Assessment” (LCA)
Emphasis on life cycle thinking for new
chemicals … Resources, Manufacture,
Deployment, Use, Disposal, Fate
Credit: Dr. David Checkel
History of LCA (5)
Complexity of LCA work and data
scarcity led to a desire for
standards.
1994: Canadians were involved
early, leading to …
CSA Z760-94 Life Cycle Assessment
CSA PLUS 1107 User's Guide to Life
Cycle Assessment: Conceptual LCA
in Practice
Credit: Dr. David Checkel
History of LCA (6)
ISO added LCA to their series of environmental
standards …
1997 ISO 14040: LCA - Principles and
framework
11 pages with two references
1998 ISO 14041: LCA - Goal & Scope Def. and
Inventory Analysis
2000 ISO 14042: LCA - Life Cycle Impact
Assessment
2000 ISO 14043: LCA - Life Cycle Interpretation
2000 ISO 14049: LCA - Examples of Application
Credit: Dr. David Checkel
LCA Outputs – Paper Recycling
Input
Recyclable paper unsorted
Diesel
Fuel (Oil)
Electrical Energy
Unit
Quantity
kg
kg
kg
1.30E+03
7.74E+00
1.45E-02
kWh
3.64E+00
kg
kg
ppm
1.21E+03
8.80E+01
2.34E+00
Output
Recyclable paper sorted
Cardboard packaging
Dust
LCA Outputs – Paper Recycling
Thus you have to consider the emissions coming from that 3.64 kWH electricity consumption so based on that inventorised process for electricity
production ( Ökoinventare für Verpackungen; Band I und II; Schriftenreihe Umwelt Nr. 250/I. Switzerland) , the calculations are as follows:
Energie Source
Unit
Petroloeum
[kWh]
Gas
[kWh]
Bituminous Coal
[kWh]
Lignite
[kWh]
Hydro
[kWh]
kg
Nm³
kg
kg
g
kWh
kg
kWh
3.21E-03
1.39E-02
2.42E-03
2.75E-01
2.18E-04
3.92E-03
2.37E-05
2.69E+00
8.71E-04
2.41E-01
5.51E-02
6.22E-04
5.92E-05
1.06E-03
6.71E-04
1.93E+00
5.96E-03
7.14E-03
6.13E-01
8.47E-03
4.05E-04
7.25E-03
5.94E-03
2.53E+00
1.48E+00
1.30E-03
4.41E-03
1.69E-03
3.99E-04
7.14E-03
4.33E-05
3.03E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
1.31E+00
0.00E+00
3.06E-01
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
kBq
3.76E-01
2.51E-03
1.90E-05
6.24E-03
6.57E-05
5.69E-09
1.10E+00
2.18E+00
8.80E+02
2.23E-01
7.56E-04
9.73E-04
1.94E-02
9.69E-03
9.30E+00
1.96E+00
5.18E-04
5.96E-05
1.58E-04
4.52E-03
2.79E-06
3.79E-04
2.70E-02
1.90E+01
6.52E-02
4.13E-03
9.97E-05
2.03E-03
1.48E-07
1.55E-09
1.76E+00
1.23E-01
7.67E+02
2.67E-01
1.94E-04
5.28E-05
5.58E-03
6.19E-04
2.65E-01
1.49E+00
3.61E-06
2.29E-07
2.96E-06
4.88E-06
1.46E-05
5.82E-06
1.23E-03
5.15E+00
1.73E+00
1.31E-04
1.37E-05
1.29E-02
2.02E-06
1.06E-08
4.26E+00
1.00E-01
9.79E+02
1.25E-01
5.84E-03
3.19E-02
6.06E-03
3.00E-01
4.02E+00
2.52E+00
1.83E-04
4.66E-06
1.11E-04
4.64E-04
3.85E-05
3.50E-04
7.90E-02
3.52E+01
2.02E+00
3.31E-05
1.26E-05
1.51E-02
4.03E-07
1.04E-08
2.62E-01
3.01E-02
1.35E+03
1.33E-01
5.05E-04
2.28E-02
6.86E-03
2.19E-01
6.86E+00
1.97E+00
4.94E-05
2.16E-05
3.83E-05
6.63E-05
5.03E-05
3.35E-04
6.28E-02
3.47E+01
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
Primary Energy Carriers
Raw Lignite for delivery
Crude gas
Crude Bituminous Coal for preparation
Crude Oil from Borehole
Uranium from Ore
Potential Hydro Energy
Wood
Air Emissions
Dust/PM
Benzol
PAH Polyzyklische Arom. KW
Aromatische KW
Halon H1301
Halogenierte KW
Methane
NMVOC
CO2 fossil
CO
Ammonia
Hydroflouric acid
Nitrous Oxide
Hydrochloric acid
SO2
NO2
Lead
Cadmium
Manganese
Nickel
Mercurt
Zink
Metalle
radioact. Substanzen
LCA Outputs – Paper Recycling
Energie Source
Primary Energy Carriers
Raw Lignite for delivery
Crude gas
Crude Bituminous Coal for preparation
Crude Oil from Borehole
Uranium from Ore
Potential Hydro Energy
Wood
Unit
Petroloeum
[kWh]
Gas
[kWh]
Bituminous Coal
[kWh]
Lignite
[kWh]
Hydro
[kWh]
kg
Nm³
kg
kg
g
kWh
kg
kWh
3.21E-03
1.39E-02
2.42E-03
2.75E-01
2.18E-04
3.92E-03
2.37E-05
2.69E+00
8.71E-04
2.41E-01
5.51E-02
6.22E-04
5.92E-05
1.06E-03
6.71E-04
1.93E+00
5.96E-03
7.14E-03
6.13E-01
8.47E-03
4.05E-04
7.25E-03
5.94E-03
2.53E+00
1.48E+00
1.30E-03
4.41E-03
1.69E-03
3.99E-04
7.14E-03
4.33E-05
3.03E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
1.31E+00
0.00E+00
3.06E-01
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
kBq
6.01E-04
1.07E-02
4.76E-05
7.86E-01
1.98E-03
1.63E-03
1.79E-04
1.17E-02
1.21E-05
3.64E-01
8.02E-06
1.07E-01
1.38E-02
9.27E-03
1.33E-03
1.35E-02
1.90E-05
7.38E+00
5.28E-05
3.69E-04
2.74E-01
4.21E-04
5.33E+00
3.99E-03
3.48E-02
4.13E-05
1.50E-05
1.56E-04
8.27E-03
4.41E-05
5.83E-05
1.65E-07
1.59E-04
8.47E-02
1.81E-01
1.95E-05
2.49E-04
1.18E-07
2.20E-01
3.86E-05
3.73E-05
9.15E-07
4.19E-04
3.38E-06
9.35E-03
3.55E-03
2.39E-01
6.64E-04
5.27E-05
9.19E-06
5.66E-05
1.78E-04
6.31E-01
6.85E-05
5.33E-03
4.62E-01
6.48E-05
4.02E-01
8.90E-02
7.19E-03
4.48E-04
4.49E-06
9.11E-04
2.82E-02
4.45E-04
4.48E-04
7.82E-07
8.94E-04
9.24E-03
4.74E-02
1.39E-04
4.35E-03
1.52E-06
3.63E-02
6.62E-05
5.04E-05
5.53E-06
3.63E-04
4.92E-07
1.13E-02
2.18E-05
4.94E-03
1.42E-03
2.35E-02
7.05E-05
5.43E-04
1.97E-03
6.30E+00
6.28E-06
5.85E-02
4.35E+00
1.40E-05
3.40E+00
9.75E-01
7.91E-02
4.90E-03
5.07E-05
9.77E-03
3.03E-01
4.89E-03
4.93E-03
1.39E-06
9.82E-03
1.02E-01
3.25E-01
6.59E-06
1.61E-04
3.02E-07
6.78E-03
1.19E-05
1.01E-05
1.10E-06
7.34E-05
8.77E-08
2.27E-03
1.36E-05
1.64E-03
1.86E-04
2.22E-04
1.67E-05
1.18E-04
1.44E-05
1.25E-01
5.98E-07
4.22E-04
5.02E+00
2.83E-06
5.26E+00
7.15E-03
7.74E-04
4.34E-05
4.86E-07
7.16E-05
2.37E+00
3.56E-05
3.60E-05
1.75E-08
7.23E-05
1.27E-03
3.19E-01
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
Water Emissions
BOD
COD
AOX als Clmaterial suspended
Phenole
Toluol
polycyclical aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Fats oils
DOC
TOC
Ammonium
Nitrat
Nitrogen org. geb.
Total Nitrogen
Arsenic
Chlorid
Cyanid
Phosphat
Sulfat
Sulfid
Anorg. Salts and acids
Aluminium
Barium
Lead
Cadmium
Chrom
Iron
Cooper
Nickel
Mercury
Zink
Metalle
radioact. Substanzen
LCA Outputs – Paper Recycling
Production 1 Kg Diesel from the gas
station
Input
The sorting process uses 7.74 Kg Diesel therefore:
Quantity
Unit
Quantity
Unit
1.33E+01
9.50E-03
1.76E-02
1.33E+01
kWh/kg
kWh/kg
kWh/kg
kWh/kg
1.03E+02
7.36E-02
1.36E-01
1.03E+02
kWh
kWh
kWh
kWh
2.32E+01
3.55E+02
2.54E+00
3.81E+02
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
1.80E+02
2.75E+03
1.97E+01
2.95E+03
g
g
g
g
Output
Air Emissions
SO2
NOx
HCl
HF
Staub
CO
NMVOC
H2S
NH3
CO2
CH4
N2O
Perfluormethane
Perfluorethane
2.29E+00
1.58E+00
1.12E-02
9.04E-04
2.33E-01
6.10E-01
7.95E-01
4.73E-07
6.68E-05
3.88E+02
3.57E+00
7.96E-03
3.85E-07
4.84E-08
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
1.77E+01
1.23E+01
8.68E-02
7.00E-03
1.81E+00
4.73E+00
6.16E+00
3.66E-06
5.18E-04
3.00E+03
2.77E+01
6.16E-02
2.98E-06
3.75E-07
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
Residues
Ashes
flue-gas desulfurization plant-Residues
Sludge
Waste production
Spoil
Residues highly active
N
AOX
COD
BOD
anorg. Salts
2.96E+00
5.65E-01
8.92E-01
3.96E+00
1.39E+02
8.19E-05
2.14E-06
6.71E-08
2.33E-01
6.53E-03
1.76E-05
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
2.29E+01
4.37E+00
6.91E+00
3.06E+01
1.08E+03
6.35E-04
1.65E-05
5.20E-07
1.80E+00
5.06E-02
1.37E-04
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
Heavy metals
As
Cd
Ni
Cr
2.46E-05
6.17E-05
2.51E-03
3.07E-05
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
g/kg
1.91E-04
4.78E-04
1.94E-02
2.38E-04
g
g
g
g
Energetic resources used
Expenditure of Energy
Expenditure of Energy - Not Renewable
Expenditure of Energy - Renewable
Expenditure of Energy - Others
Expenditure of Energy - Sum
Raw Materials from fossil sites
Expenditure of Materials
Expenditure of Materials-Not Renewable
Expenditure of Materials- Renewable
Expenditure of Materials- Others
Expenditure of Materials- Sum
Expenditure
Expenditure
Expenditure
Expenditure
of
of
of
of
Energy
Energy
Energy
Energy
- Not Renewable
- Renewable
- Others
- Sum
What is Waste?
And How Should We Manage it?
What is Waste?
Represents system failure/
inefficiency
Design to eliminate waste
Zero Waste movement
Zero Waste Definition
Zero Waste is a goal that is both pragmatic and
visionary, to guide people to emulate
sustainable natural cycles, where all discarded
materials are resources for others to use. Zero
Waste means designing and managing
products and processes to reduce the volume
and toxicity of waste and materials, conserve
and recover all resources, and not burn or bury
them. Implementing Zero Waste will eliminate
all discharges to land, water or air that may be a
threat to planetary, human, animal or plant
health."
Zero Waste International Alliance
Cradle to Cradle
Biological nutrients
Organics
Designed to return
safely to the
environment
Technological
nutrients
Closed loop recycling
Sources of Waste Materials
generated in Alberta
Construction &
Demolition
27%
Industrial,
Commercial &
Institutional
40%
Residential
33%
Source: Stats Canada
Composition of Residential Waste
• Meat & fish
waste
• Diapers
• HHW
• Textiles
• Dust
Other
Mixed
25%
Plastic
7%
Metal
6%
~ 50 % of paper
is newsprint
Paper
25%
Food & Yard
Waste
35%
Glass
3%
Source: Action on Waste, % composition by weight
ICI Waste Composition
• HHW
•Misc. Organics
•Yard Waste
Metals
7%
Glass
4%
Plastic
7%
Other
15%
Paper
54%
Food Waste
13%
Source: Action on Waste, % composition by weight
C&D Waste Composition
Asphalt
Brick/Stone
8%
5%
Concrete
8%
Other
29%
Drywall
6%
Wood
19%
Metal
12%
Roofing
13%
Source: CRD Waste Characterization Study, CH2M Gore & Storrie Ltd.
MSW Waste Composition
Glass
6%
Metals
8%
Plastic
9%
Paper
29%
Food & Yard
23%
Wood, Rubble,
Leather, Textiles
25%
Municipal solid waste composition in Alberta (1994)
Source: Alberta Environment, SOER for Alberta
Waste Management Hierarchy
Reduce
3Rs
Reuse
Recycle
Residuals
Management
Disposal Options
Recover
Landfill
3Rs Hierarchy
Reduce
Source reduction can be achieved by purchasing
durable, long-lasting goods, as well as seeking
products and packaging that represent a reduction
in materials, energy consumption or toxicity
Reuse
Reusing involves the use of a product more than
once without altering its form, either for the same or
for a different purpose
Recycle
Diverting products from disposal at the end of their
useful lives, sorting, transporting and processing
them to produce secondary sources of materials
that are subsequently used in the production of new
goods
Mobius Loop
collection
resale
remanufacture
Net GHG Emissions from MSW Management Options
(tonnes eCO2/tonne)
Material
Source
Recycling/ Anaerobic Thermal
Reduction Composting Digestion Treatment
Landfill
Newspaper
(3.81)
(2.81)
(0.49)
(0.05)
(1.22)
Fine Paper
(5.93)
(3.33)
(0.34)
(0.04)
1.18
Cardboard
(5.22)
(3.34)
(0.32)
(0.04)
0.29
Aluminum
Cans
(4.55)
(6.49)
0.01
0.01
0.01
Steel
(1.95)
(1.15)
0.01
(0.99)
0.01
Glass
(0.40)
(0.10)
0.01
0.01
0.01
HDPE
(2.74)
(2.27)
0.01
2.85
0.01
PET
(3.50)
(3.63)
0.01
2.13
0.01
Computers
NA
(1.59)
0.01
0.41
0.01
Food Waste
NA
(0.24)
(0.10)
0.02
0.80
Yard Waste
NA
(0.24)
(0.15)
0.01
(0.33)
Energy Use: Recycled & Virgin
Content Products (MJ/kg)
300
250
Recycled
Virgin
200
150
100
50
0
Source: Dr. Jeffrey Morris, Sound Resource Management
CO2 Emissions: Recycled &Virgin
Content Products (kg eCO2/kg)
12
Recycled
10
Virgin
8
6
4
2
Source: Dr. Jeffrey Morris, Sound Resource Management
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0
Energy Savings: Recycling
versus WTE Incineration (MJ/kg)
250
Recycling
200
WTE Incineration
150
100
50
Source: Dr. Jeffrey Morris, Sound Resource Management
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0
CO2 Emissions: Recycling versus
Disposal (kg eCO2/kg)
4
2
0
-2
-4
Recycling
-6
WTE Incineration
Landfill+Energy
-8
Source: Dr. Jeffrey Morris, Sound Resource Management
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-10
CO2 Emissions: Composting
versus Disposal (kg eCO2/kg)
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
Composting
-8
WTE Incineration
Landfill+Energy
-10
Source: Dr. Jeffrey Morris, Sound Resource Management
er
ap
P
S
cr
ap
d
Fo
o
Y
ar
d
D
eb
ris
s
-12
Source: Dr. Jeffrey Morris, Sound Resource Management
Source: Dr. Jeffrey Morris, Sound Resource Management
Source: Dr. Jeffrey Morris, Sound Resource Management
Value of Pollution Reductions
from Recycling & Composting
Discard Type
Environmental Value (US$/metric ton)
Newspapers
$363-367
Cardboard
467-496
Mixed Paper
172-197
Glass Containers
61
PET Plastics
639-712
HDPE Plastics
224-310
Other Plastics
224-310
Aluminum Cans
1,607
Ferrous Cans & Scrap
18-72
Food Scraps
62-107
Yard & Garden Debris
61-74
Compostable Paper
52-78
Source: Dr. Jeffrey Morris, Sound Resource Management
Beyond LCA
Genuine progress indicator (GPI)
developed in 1995
GDP inadequate measure of a nation’s health
needed a more comprehensive measurement
system to monitor the total well-being of
society
more than just economic output
Genuine Wealth (well-being) model
developed by Mark Anielski to assess the
overall economic, social, health and
environmental well-being of communities.
Typical Company of the 20th Century
Processes
market
(technology)
$
$
suppliers
VALUES
customers
raw materials
Mark Anielski
people
capital
products
Source: The Interface Model based on Ray C. Anderson. 1999, Mid-Course Correction.: Toward a Sustainable Enterprise: The
Interface Model. Interface Inc. model
Closing the Waste Loop
EARTH’S
BIOSPHERE
x
x
x

x

x
x
Solar energy
market
Processes
(technology)
$
suppliers
$
VALUES
customers
raw materials
x
x
x
people
capital
products
x
x
TECHNICAL CYCLE
EARTH’S
LITHOSPHERE

TECHNICAL CYCLE
COMMUNITY
SUSTAINABILITY LINK
Source: The Interface Model based on Ray C. Anderson. 1999, Mid-Course Correction.: Toward a Sustainable Enterprise: The Interface Model. Interface Inc. model
The Genuine Wealth process examines the life-cycle of the
relationships of your organization to other stakeholders
Natural Materials
Waste to Landfill
Biosphere
Waste
Emissions
Solar Energy
$
Human
Capital
Social
Capital
Suppliers
Raw Material
Organic & Inorganic
Market
$
Natural
Capital
Financial
Capital
Customers
Products
Produced
Capital
Lithosphere
Community
Employees
Wages
Investments
Taxes
Laws and Values
Service
Sensitivity
Expectations
Source: Based on Interface Inc. model
Alberta Stewardship Program
Full Cost Accounting Assessment
Study Purpose: An accounting of the full
range of economic, social and
environmental benefits, costs and
impacts of Alberta’s waste stewardship
programs for beverage containers,
electronics, tires and used oil materials.
Intended Use: To assess the true
societal value of these stewardship
programs to Albertans, and to serve as
an accounting framework for assessing
the sustainability of waste stewardship
programs.
Research Process
Used Genuine Wealth Assessment full
cost benefit accounting tool
Itemized the costs and benefits
Monetary estimates assigned where data
exists
Estimates: low, medium (average), high
Net value then calculated
Result: relative “return” on a per unit
recycled, per Albertan basis
Genuine Wealth Accounting Framework for
Alberta’s Stewardship Programs
• Sales of recovered/recycled materials
• Program Administration and Operating Costs,
Investment Costs, Amortized Costs and Aftercare Financial
(Economic)
Costs:
Capital
• Alberta Used Oil Mgmt. Assoc.
• Beverage Container Mgmt. Board
• Alberta Recycling Mgmt. Authority
• Government spending on services and support
• Industry/retail sector costs (fee collection and other
financial costs)
• Household costs (direct costs associated with
cleaning, sorting, delivery, and transportation)
• Transportation costs: fuel costs to transport wastes
to collection points.
• Market disruption costs (due to reduced
competition and costs incurred by industry)
• Savings (forgone operating costs) from extended
landfills
• Avoided costs from siting and operational costs
• Financial Liabilities: Debt and Accounts payable
Built
Capital
• Buildings
• Machinery and equipment
• Technology
• Patents
• Brands
• Intellectual property (ideas, innovations)
• Management processes
• Production processes
• Databases
Human
Capital
100
50
0
•Time-use spent in cleaning, sorting, delivery and
transportation of recycled materials.
•Direct and indirect employment (employees,
contractors, suppliers)
•Full-time vs. part-time employment
•Productivity
•Creativity and entrepreneurship
•Workplace safety
•Training and professional development
•Personal self-development
Social
Capital
Natural
Capital
•Reduced landfill and incineration
•Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions
•Energy consumption
•Reduction in pollutants to air, land
and water.
•Environmental quality risk
•Ecosystem integrity/environmental
protection
•Local disamenity (odor, vermin, traffic)
•Health effects (raw material extraction and waste management)
•Civic pride and responsibility (e.g. participation rates as a proxy)
•Equity and fairness: the equitable distribution of costs and benefits
of programs amongst various stakeholders.
•Improved overall quality of life (e.g. perceived value of
cleaner/healthier environments)
*Customer relationships (value, loyalty and commitment by customers)
*Supplier relationships (value and commitment by suppliers)
*Reputation
*Work place climate (e.g. Employee interrelationships, meaningful
work, workplace stress, teams and team spirit)
*Workplace equity (incomes, age-sex distribution, women in
management)
*Employee family quality of life
*Financial investment/giving/donations to the community
Note: Items marked with an asterisk and italicized are items that are part of the Genuine Wealth framework for businesses but which will
not necessarily be assessed for the Alberta Stewardship Program evaluation due to data limitations.
The benefits side of the GPI
“income statement”:
Value of recovered materials
in end markets.
Reduced landfill
development and
operational costs
Reduced environmental
contamination and
associated health risks
of environmental
impairment
Reduced environmental
risks
Reduced costs of
extraction/processing of
virgin materials for products
Overall value of a
cleaner/healthier
environment
Employment benefits
of a growing recycling
industry
Avoided greenhouse
gas emissions and air
pollutants
Resource
conservation
Increased employment
Economic spin-offs
such as tourism
Reduced liability
Energy savings
The cost side of the GPI
“income statement”:
Program administrative and
operational costs (direct and
indirect)
Costs to government in the
oversight role of
Stewardship Programs
Costs to other parties
(i.e., retail sector to collect
eco-fees, public/household
participation)
Any increased
environmental impacts
associated with the
programs
Disruptions to the
marketplace
Operating and amortized
capital costs, including
costs associated with
collection, transportation,
storage, recycling, reuse,
and recovery of materials
Reduced employment
Nuisance or increased
risk management costs
Energy use
Other unaccounted
environmental and social
costs
Summary of Monetized Costs
/ Benefits
Recycling Program Costs and Benefits (fiscal year 2004-2005)
COSTS
Low
Medium
High
Low
Medium
High
Program operating costs
Recycling incentives
Administration incl. amortization
Recycling development and promotion
Government support
Retail sector program support
Disruption in marketplace
Total Costs
BENEFITS
Reduction in GHG emissions
Avoided raw material use
Extended landfill life
Avoided siting and operational costs
Reduced environmental and human
health liability
Direct employment
Indirect employment
Expanded economic activity
Community investment
Total Benefits
GHG Savings Through Recycling
Beverage Containers
Material
Net Recycling
Emissions vs
Landfill
(MTCE/ tonne)*
Tonnes
Diverted
(2004)
Net
Emissions
(MTCE)
Glass (recycled)
-0.12
35,021
-4,203
Glass (reused)
-0.38
36,199
-13,756
PET
-3.64
6,854
-24,947
HDPE
-2.29
228
-523
Other plastic
-1.82
44
-81
Aluminum
-6.51
9,813
-63,883
Steel
-1.16
253
-293
Polycoat
-1.82
1,755
-3,194
GHG Benefits from Tire Recycling
Estimated GHG $
reduction benefits
GHGs avoided
(low impact scenario)
Total benefit
Benefit per tire
recycled
GHGs avoided
(high impact scenario)
Total benefit
Benefit per tire
recycled
Low estimate
($27/tonne CO2)
European Carbon
Trading Market
Value
Medium
estimate
($85/tonne CO2)
High estimate
($142/tonne CO2)
Stern Review
(Britain)
21,000
21,000
21,000
$576,000
$1,776,000
$2,975,000
$0.14
$0.43
$0.72
138,000
138,000
138,000
$3,788,000
$11,669,000
$19,549,000
$0.91
$2.81
$4.70
Tire Program Costs
Program Operating Costs
Program operating costs
$19,190,287
Recycling incentives
$11,555,722
Administration incl. amortization
Recycling development and promotion
$862,042
$6,772,523
Other Non-Program Societal Costs
Government support
$50,433
Retail sector program support
$34,323
Disruption in marketplace
Total Program Costs
$0
$19,275,043
Tire Program Benefits
Low
Medium
High
Societal Benefits
Reduction in GHG emissions
$576,000
$10,063,000
$19,549,000
$7,500,000
$7,500,000
$7,500,000
$12,800,000
$16,160,000
$19,520,000
$25,000
$62,000
$99,000
Reduced environmental and human
health liability
$600,000
$2,000,000
$2,900,000
Direct employment
$465,537
$728,667
$1,588,899
Indirect employment
$498,561
$780,357
$1,701,612
—
—
—
$2,101,000
$2,101,000
$2,101,000
$24,566,098
$39,395,024
$54,959,511
Avoided raw material use
Extended landfill life
Avoided siting and operational costs
Expanded economic activity
Community investment
Total Societal Benefits
Tire Program Net Benefits
Low
Net Annual
Costs/Benefits
Medium
High
$5,291,055 $20,119,981 $35,684,468
Net Annual
Costs/Benefits per tire
$1.27
$4.84
$8.58
Net Annual
Costs/Benefits per
Albertan**
$1.62
$6.18
$10.96
Recycling in Alberta
56
2004 Provincial Trends
kg/capita/year
1200
1000
Newfoundland and Labrador
800
Nova Scotia
New Brunswick
Quebec
600
Ontario
Manitoba
Sasksatchewan
400
Alberta
British Columbia
200
0
Generated
Disposed
Data from the territories and PEI are not provided due to confidentiality reasons
Source: Statistics Canada 2006
Diverted
Provincial Waste Disposal
Source: Stats Can 2008
Provincial Waste Disposal
Source: Stats Can 2008
Provincial Waste Diversion
Source: Stats Can 2008
Provincial Waste Diversion
Source: Stats Can 2008
City of Calgary
Blue Cart Recycling
Service for single family homes
Community Recycling Depots
Service for multi-family homes
Network of over 50 depots
Calgary Recycling Depot
Edmonton
Blue bag, curbside pickup of recyclables
Co-composter composts organics
contained in the general waste stream
Depots for drop-off of multi-family
recyclables
New program for blue bag collection of
multi-family
Year-round EcoStation
household hazardous
waste drop-off
Edmonton Program
Airdrie
First Alberta community
to implement “userpay” garbage system
Residents assigned bag
limit of 5 Bags in 1992
Annual reductions
bag limit now 2
Drop-off depot for
collection of
recyclables
Opened new Westside
recycling facility
Participation rate – 72%
Population ~38,091
Strathcona County
Rural Alberta
Primarily drop-off depot collection
of recyclables
Varied levels of service
Bag limits, user-pay and landfill
bans common tools used to
promote waste reduction
Edson & District
Recycling Depot
CCME Stewardship
Definition
“[Packaging] stewardship is a
concept by which industry,
governments, and consumers
assume a greater responsibility for
ensuring that the manufacture, use,
reuse, recycling, and disposal
[of packaging] has a minimum
impact on the environment.”
Extended Producer
Responsibility Definition
OECD defines EPR as an
environmental policy approach in
which a producer’s responsibility
for a product is extended to the
post-consumer stage of a product’s
life cycle.
Alberta Stewardship Programs
- Regulated
Beverage Containers
Scrap Tires
Used Oil Materials
Electronics
Paint
Alberta Stewardship Programs
- Non-Regulated / Voluntary
Pesticide Containers
(http://www3.gov.ab.ca/env/protenf/pesticide/news/waste
facts98.html)
Dead Drugs (Envirx)
Portable Rechargeable Battery
Collection (Rechargeable Battery
Recycling Corporation)
Covers Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cd), Nickel Metal
Hydride (Ni-MH), Lithium Ion (Li-Ion) and Small
Sealed Lead (Pb) rechargeable batteries.
Beverage Container
Recycling
Return system established in 1972
Containers are returned for deposit
at over 278 collection sites in
Alberta (216 bottle depots for all
products and 62 retail locations for
beer only)
1.6 billion containers collected
and recycled in 2008 (77% return
rate)
Beverage Container
Management System
Deposit paid at retail level on
ready to drink beverage containers
(including milk)
10 cents on containers up to and
including one litre
25 cents on containers larger than
one litre
10 cents for beer bottles and cans
Container Recycling Fee (CRF)
shown visibly on till slips – nonrefundable
Scrap Tires
Program launched in 1992
Regulated retail advance disposal
surcharge - $4.00
Program administered by non-profit
stakeholder board (Alberta Recycling
Management Authority – Tire Recycling
Program)
Dedicated Fund
Board Funding Strategy
Pay for results
Value-added products
Used Oil Management
Program
Environmental Handling Charge (EHC)
on new oil materials (oil, filters, plastic
containers)
Industry-established non-profit,
AUOMA, governs funds
Return Incentive (RI) paid for collection /
transport to recyclers
Similar program in effect in BC,
Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Quebec and
Ontario
Alberta’s Electronics
Recycling Program
Launched October 2004
Environmental fees collected on the sale
of new eligible electronics in Alberta.
More than 300 collection sites across
Alberta
Some communities hold e-waste roundup events
Over 2,800,000 units or 53,500 tonnes of
electronic components recycled
Paint Recycling Program
Launched April 1, 2008
Over 225 collection sites have been
established throughout Alberta
Over 3.8 million litres of paint and
480,000 aerosol containers have
been recycled
Stewardship Summary
Stewardship programs have been
successful in diverting waste
Regulation provides level playing
field to producers
Dedicated funds ensure targeted
programs
DAOs maintain “arm’s length” from
government
Recycling Council of Alberta
Vision
Zero Waste
Extended Producer
Responsibility
Social Conscience
Mission
To Promote and
Facilitate Waste
Reduction,
Recycling, and
Resource
Conservation in
Alberta
Christina Seidel
Executive Director
403.843.6563
[email protected]
www.recycle.ab.ca