Transcript Chapter 5 – Improving the Nutritional Status of Australians

HH330 – Unit 4 – AoS1
Key Knowledge
Key Knowledge Addressed this Chapter and the Next SAC:
 The eight UN’s Millennium Development Goals, their purpose and the
reasons whythey are important;
 The interrelationships between health, human development and
sustainability toproduce sustainable human development in a global
context.
Key Skills
Key Skilss Addressed this Chapter and the Next
SAC:
 Describe the eight Millinnium Development Goals,
their purpose and reasons why they are important;
 Evaluate the progress towards the Millennium
Development Goals;
 Analyse in different scenarios the interrelationships
between health, human development and
sustainability.
Explore The Concept Further
Human development
→ Creating an environment in which people can:
• develop to their full potential
• lead productive, creative lives in accordance with their
needs and interests
→ Expanding people’s choices and enhancing capabilities
through:
• increased participation in community life and
decision-making
• access to knowledge
• standards in living and health
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Sustainability
→ Meeting the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Sustainable human development…
…is a process of people striving to
achieve their full potential, lead
productive lives, expand their
choices and meet their needs
without compromising the
opportunities for future generations
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Objectives of Sustainable
Human Development
The interrelationships between health, human
development and sustainability to produce sustainable
human development
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Calculating Human Development Index
Millennium Development Goals
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Targets (purpose)
•
Halve the proportion of people living on less than US$1 a day
(between 1990 and 2015)
•
Halve the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
(between 1990 and 2015)
Reason for the goal
A child born in a developing country has a 4 in 10 chance of being
born into poverty which decreases their access to resources and
increases the risks to their health.
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Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
Targets (purpose)
•
Ensure that (by 2015) children everywhere, boys and girls
alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary school
Reason for the goal
There is a correlation between education levels and sustainable
human development. Education is vital for improved health
outcomes.
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Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
Targets (purpose)
•
Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary
education (preferably by 2005) and in all levels of education
(by 2015)
Reason for the goal
Women account for two-thirds of the world’s working hours but only
earn 10% of the worlds income. 75% of the children not in school are
female. Gender equality in education is needed to promote the health
of women.
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Cambridge University Press
© Goodacre, Collins
and Slattery 2010
Goal 4: Reduce childhood mortality
Targets (purpose)
•
Reduce the under-5 mortality rate by two thirds (between
1990 and 2015)
Reason for the goal
In developing countries 15% of children will not reach their fifth
birthday and simple interventions such as vaccination and clean
water can save the lives of millions.
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Goal 5: Improve maternal health
Targets (purpose)
•
Reduce the maternal mortality rate by three quarters
(between 1990 and 2015)
Reason for the goal
Each year 500,000 women in developing countries die from
pregnancy related complications. In the sub-Saharan African region
the risk of a woman dying due to pregnancy in 1 in 16 and most of
these deaths are preventable.
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Cambridge University Press
© Goodacre, Collins
and Slattery 2010
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
Targets (purpose)
•
Halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS, malaria
and other major diseases (by 2015)
Reason for the goal
AIDS has orphaned more than 15 million children. The highest
infection rates is among those aged 15-49 during their working years,
so it also contributes to poverty. Malaria is a leading cause of child
mortality yet it is highly preventable with simple measures.
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Goal 7: Ensure environmental stability
Targets (purpose)
•
Integrate the principles of sustainable development into
country policies and programs, and reverse the loss of
environmental resources
•
Halve the proportion of people without sustainable access to
clean drinking water and basic sanitation (by 2015)
•
Achieve a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100
million slum dwellers (by 2020)
Reason for the goal
Overcrowding is an issue among the urban poor and 20% of the
world’s population do not have access to sufficient safe water and 2.4
billion people lack access to sanitation.
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Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development
Summary of targets (purpose)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Relieve debt in developing countries and make debt
sustainable in the long term
Provide non-discriminatory training in governance,
development and poverty reduction
Develop and implement productive work for youth.
Provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing
countries.
Make new technologies available, especially information and
communication (internet).
Address the needs of landlocked developing countries &
small island states.
CONTINUED…
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Sustainable Human Development
1. Define deforestation.
 Deforestation is the process of removing trees or
clearing a forest.
2. What are the long-term
effects of deforestation on:
The environment?
 Deforestation causes soil erosion that leads to
degradation of farm land and devastation from floods.
Health of individuals and communities?
 Local livelihood is affected through being unable to
grow new crops, which also means it affects nutrition
through having no food from the crops to eat or to sell
to buy other nutritious foods.
3. Why is deforestation an
issue of sustainability?
 Deforestation is an issue of sustainability because the
needs of the present are overshadowing the needs of
the future, in terms of planting trees to replace those
removed, to continue the cycle of the forest and the
health of the land. The need for the trees is too urgent
today for tomorrow to be considered.
4. Explain how the provision of fast-growing fruit trees
can have a positive impact on health.
Possible reasons why fast-growing fruit trees can
have a positive impact on health are;
 Being a nutritious food source
 Being harvested and sold to provide income and to buy
more nutritious food
 To keep the soil healthy and fertile for continued crops
5. Describe how these fruit trees will have
an impact on human development.
 The fruit tress will have an impact on human development
because training and education in a variety of
environmental care methods will be offered along with
provision of the seedlings.
 This training will empower the people and enable them to
make a fresh start, but better equipped and able to break
the cycle of poverty, lack of education and lack of
sustainability.
 They will have the means to earn income for themselves,
eat a healthy diet and be well enough to continue the cycle,
stretching it across the broader community.
6. Discuss the elements of this strategy that
make it a sustainable solution for human
development and global health.
 Improving land stewardship
 Bettering local livelihoods
 Local livelihoods mean better income
 Better income means better nutrition
 Better nutrition means better health
 Better health means a more productive community
 A more productive community means wider implementation of new
agricultural skills
 Better health, more adequate health care and education about health care,
including better nutrition
 All these factors will lead to implementation of practises for the community for
the future not just the present
7. ‘Health, human development and
sustainability are all interconnected.’ Discuss this
statement.
Some points to consider when discussing the statement
‘health human development and sustainability are all
interconnected’ may be;
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Good health enables communities to better work at
conserving and replacing resources for the future
Healthier individuals will be able to put more time into
education and training which is the foundation for a strong,
functioning community that is self sufficient and better
equipped to plan for the future
Sustainability, once put into practise, will keep soil and crops
healthier and more abundant for today and tomorrow,
positively impacting on income, health status and education
8. Describe another sustainable strategy that focuses on
improving global health and development
 Other sustainable strategies that focus on improving global health and
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development are;
Teaching good governance using non discriminatory, open, rule based
training and implement financial systems to aid in self reliance for
communities
Increase debt relief for the least developed countries and increase
development assistance, both financial and with practical education to
promote sustainability
Address the special needs of each developing country and involve local
communities in developing plans for recovery and sustainability
Co-operating with developing countries on education and employment
programs for young people and women to boost the economy and
promote sustainability, good health through better nutrition due to
income enabling a higher standard of care
Chapter 11
1. Define the term sustainability
 Sustainability means to provide resources adequately
for the community in the present but also focusing on
and ensuring resources are available in the future.
2. Define sustainable human
development.
 Sustainable human development is a process of
people striving to achieve their full potential, lead
more productive lives, expand their choices and meet
their needs without compromising the opportunities
for future generations to meet their own needs.
3. Explain how the Human Development Index
measures human development.
 The Human Development Index measures human
development by providing a statistical assessment
ranking of a country’s achievements based on the
three basic aspects of human development – health,
knowledge and standard of living.
 Health – measured by life expectancy at birth
 Knowledge – measured adult literacy at the primary,
secondary and tertiary level
 Standard of living – using Gross Domestic Product
(PPP $US [purchasing power parity])
4. Discuss the purpose of the
Millennium Development Goals.
 The purpose of the Millennium Development Goals is
to address and achieve goals by 2015 which need to be
met on a global scale for developing countries to
achieve sustainable human development.
5. Summarise each goal.
Each Millennium Development Goal may be summarised as follows:
 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger –
 By 2015 halve the proportion of people whose income is less than
US $1 a day.
 2. Achieve universal primary education –
 Ensure that children everywhere, boys and girls, will be able to
complete primary school.
 3. Promote gender equality and empower women –
 Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education,
preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education by 2015.
 4. Reduce child mortality –
 Reduce the under-5 mortality rate by two thirds by 2015.
 5. Improve maternal health –
 Reduce the maternal mortality ratio by three quarters
5. Summarise each goal.
 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and
other diseases –
 8. Develop a global partnership for
development –
 Begin to reverse the spread of
 Debt relief for developing countries
HIV/AIDS
 Begin to reverse the spread of
malaria and other diseases by
2015.
 7. Ensure environmental stability –
 Reverse the loss of
environmental resources and
introduce environmental
sustainability
 Increase access to clean drinking
water and sanitation
 To have achieved by 2020 a
significant improvement in the
lives of at least 100 million slum
dwellers.
 Non discriminatory training in good





governance, development and poverty
reduction.
Address the needs of landlocked
developing countries and small island
states.
Make debt sustainable in the long
term.
Develop and implement productive
work for youth
Provide access to affordable, essential
drugs in developing countries
Make new technologies available,
especially information and
communication (internet).
6. Select one of the MDGs and explain how it
will improve health and sustainable human
development.
 Responses will vary. A sample answer using the MDG
of improving maternal health could be:
 Education on the dangers of pregnancy at a young age
 Programme for free treatment of obstetric fistula
 Infant and maternal health care centres to be accessible to more people
for regular checks, health screening and education on pregnancy,
childbirth, Infant health and birth control.
 Lobbying for strict penalties for marrying or having sexual contact with
young women.
 Wider access to adequate midwifery and maternity support services.
 Education about better nutrition for mothers who will in turn teach
their families.
6. Select one of the MDGs and explain how it
will improve health and sustainable human
development.
 Responses will vary. A sample answer using the MDG
of improving maternal health could be:
 Education on the dangers of pregnancy at a young age
 Programme for free treatment of obstetric fistula
 Infant and maternal health care centres to be accessible to more people
for regular checks, health screening and education on pregnancy,
childbirth, Infant health and birth control.
 Lobbying for strict penalties for marrying or having sexual contact with
young women.
 Wider access to adequate midwifery and maternity support services.
 Education about better nutrition for mothers who will in turn teach
their families.
7. Develop a strategy that could be used to
improve the equity of women in developing
countries.
 Increased access to education for women and small
business loans could improve the equity of women in
developing countries.
 Starting a small business could increase income which
would improve nutrition and access to medical care as
well as giving women more independence and help
with leadership skills.
 They would be able to learn how to look after
themselves and their children and also teach their
children how to me more self reliant and possibly
break the poverty cycle.
8. Evaluate the impact of adequate nutrition as an
example to show the interrelationship between health,
human development and sustainability.
Adequate nutrition will have a large impact on the interrelationship between health, human
development and sustainability because:
 better nutrition will improve health
 for access to better nutrition sustainable crops must be introduced to improve the
current situation of poverty as well and ensuring there will be resources available for the
future.
 good nutrition will help people in their working lives due to increase feeling of wellbeing
and physical fitness.
 generating more income will enable access to more adequate healthcare, better nutrition
for family and community
 sustainable crops require people to work them, generating employment.
 increase in income enables children to attend school as they are not needed to go ot and
work to generate income.
 education leads to knowledge of good nutrition, sanitation and clean drinking water.
 sanitation and clean drinking water programs can be implemented in the community
due to the increased standard of living through employment, sustainable crops and
improved health status.
9. Explain how developed countries can support
developing countries to achieve the targets set
by the MDGs.
Developed countries ca support developing countries to
achieve the targets set by the MDGs by doing the
following:
 Debt relief
 Reduced taxes for more affordable trade
 Education about sustainable living, sanitation, clean
drinking water and adequate health care
10. Create a mind map or summary map to demonstrate your
understanding of the interrelationships between health, human
development and sustainability, using sustainable human
development as your starting point.