Transcript Canine Breeding Management - Department of Animal Science

Exam I
Post-Mortem
AnS 224
Spring 2005
“Life is Tough.
It’s tougher if
you’re stupid”
Grade Assignment
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Curve may be shifted down
Curve will not be shifted up
A 100-90%
B 89.9-80 %
C 79.9-70%
D 69.9 60%
F
<60%
Performance on Short Answers
R2 = 0.9887
85
75
65
55
45
35
R2 = 0.9385
25
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Performance on Written Answers
95.00
85.00
75.00
Series1
65.00
Series2
55.00
45.00
35.00
25.00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Correlation of Short and Written Answers
100.00
90.00
80.00
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
Total Combined Scores
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
100.00
92.50
85.00
77.50
70.00
62.50
55.00
47.50
40.00
32.50
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
25.00
17.50
10.00
2.50
Frequency
Frequency
Short
Mean
Median
Range
Minimum
Maximum
Written
Total
65.8
69.1
67.4
66.3
72.2
69.1
54.0
62.2
55.1
33.0
30.6
34.3
87.0
92.8
89.4
• 1. Pet dogs out number pet cats in the USA
False
Why Study Companion Animals?
• 68 million pet dogs, 73 million pet cats
• Estimates of 62% of US house holds have
pets
• In ~ 92% of pet owning house holds pets
are considered members of the family
• Estimate size of pet related industry in 2001
was ~ 30 billion dollars
• 2. The domestic cat is most closely related
to felis sylvestris
True
• 3. In ~ 62% of pet owning house holds pets
are considered members of the family
False
Why Study Companion Animals?
• 68 million pet dogs, 73 million pet cats
• Estimates of 62% of US house holds have
pets
• In ~ 92% of pet owning house holds pets
are considered members of the family
• Estimate size of pet related industry in 2001
was ~ 30 billion dollars
• 4. The size of the combined pet dog and cat
population is ~ 140 million animals
True
Why Study Companion Animals?
• 68 million pet dogs, 73 million pet cats
• Estimates of 62% of US house holds have
pets
• In ~ 92% of pet owning house holds pets
are considered members of the family
• Estimate size of pet related industry in 2001
was ~ 30 billion dollars
• 5. The cat was domesticated before the dog
False
Origin of the Cat
 Are first to be covered
 But were they the first animal to be
domesticated?
 miacids
 viverines & miacines – 30 mya
large prehistoric cats (Smilodon)
 dinictis – a small cat
 modern cat
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• 6. The dog was domesticated:
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A) In Asia from the Dingo ~5,000 years ago
B) In Africa from the Jackal ~12,000 years ago
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C) In Asia form the Wolf ~15,000 years ago
D) In Europe form the Wolf ~15,000 years
ago
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E) In Asia from the Wolf ~5,000 years ago
Conclusions
• Canis familiaris was domesticated from the
wolf ~ 15,000 ya
• Domestication occurred in east Asia
• The oldest remains of a domestic cat were:
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A) found in Crete and were 6,500 years old
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B) found in Cyprus and were 9,500 years old
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C) found in Egypt and were 15,000 years old
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D) found in Egypt and were 6,500 years old
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E) found in Cyprus and were 15,000 years old
http://news
Origin of the Domestic Cat
 9500 ya – Cyprus
 4500 BC – Egypt
 utilitarian – mouser
 spiritual – diety
• Relative to primates and wild canids, domestic
dogs have been shown to
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A) have a less sensitive sense of smell
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B) have a decreased desire to kill other
animals
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C) have a wider range of hearing
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D) have better ability to understand human
gestures and signals
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E) have stronger maternal instincts
Miss Jill M. Derocher,
which species is more
intelligent, a chimpanzee
or a domestic dog?
The answer
depends on
what aspect
of intelligence
one is asking
about. In some
cases the dog
is more
“intelligent”.
There is Something about Dogs
• The dog has
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A) The same number of Chromosomes as the
Grey Fox and the Dingo
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B) 35 pairs of Chromosomes
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C) 70 pairs of Chromosomes
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D) The same number of Chromosomes as
the Jackal and Coyote
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E) C and D
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F) A, and B
Origin of the Dog
Members of the Canidae family:
Ch r o m o s o m e
Co m m o n n a m e
no .
Ar c t i c f o x
48
Co y o t e
78
Di n g o
78
Do m e s t i c d o g
78
Gr e y f o x
66
Re d wo l f
78
Wo l f
78
• The domestic cat
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A) Differs from the dog in that it has
carnassial teeth
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B) Has 34 chromosomes
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C) Has the same number of chromosomes as
the ocelot
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D) Has 19 pairs of chromosomes
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E) Differs from the dog in that it cannot
retract its claws
Origin of the Cat
Domestic cat and some relatives:
Common name
Chromosome number
Domestic cat
38
Tiger
38
Cheetah
38
Ocelot &
Geoffrey’s
Cat
36
Origin of Carnivores
 Miacids (Miacidae family)
 62 million years ago
 Small, tree-dwelling
 Plantigrade
 Carnassial teeth
 Miacids
viverines (cats)
miacines (dogs)
Origin of the Cat
 Fewer physical changes than many
domesticated animals
 High homology
 Most cats - 19 pairs of chromosomes
 Striped
 Greater variety in eye color than
dogs
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yellow, green, gold, & blue
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Hamster_AC__________
Gerbil___AG_________
Chinchilla___AH______
Rabbit__BE___________
Mouse__A___________
Rat__AF_____________
Ferret__DIJ__________
Guinea Pig__ABH_____
A) is a rodent
B) was domesticated as a food animal
C) has well developed cheek pouches
D) are subject to hyperestorgenism
E) are subject to breaking the lower
spine
F) has a Harderian gland behind the
eyeball
G) has an inguinal scent gland for
marking territory
H) originated in South America
I) is susceptible to canine distemper
virus infection
J) is a carnivore
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Bifurcation of the uterus
Epididymis
Cervix
Rete Testis
Vaginal canal
Vas (or ductus) deferens
Body of the uterus
Penile urethra
Uterine horn
Seminiferous tubules
Efferent duct
Oviduct
__10_
__4__
__8__
__2__
__7__
__5__
__9__
__6__
__11_
__1__
__3__
__12_
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FSH and LH are produced by the _anterior
pituitary_
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The primary hormone produced by the CL is
__Progesterone_
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The primary hormone produced by the antral
follicle is ___estrogen_
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The structure(s) in the stud unique among
common domestic animals, which allows for the
coital lock or tie is(are) bulbis glandis
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The structure(s) in the tom unique among
common domestic animals important in
triggering ovulation is(are) _penile
spines____________________
In the stud the ampulla is _a thickened
region at the terminus of the vas_
• A life threatening complication of
pseudopregnancy in the bitch is
_________________
Canine Estrous Cycle
Continued
• Estrus ~ 9 days
• Diestrus/Metestrus/Psuedopregnancy
– ~ 45-60 days
– High progesterone
– Pregnancy assiociated behavioural and physiological
responses
– Pyometra risk
• Pregnancy = 65 days from LH surge (+/- 1 day)
• A nuisance complication of
pseudopregnancy in the bitch is
_____________________
Pseudopregnancy Associated
Galactorrhea in the Bitch
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Abnormal milk production
Later stages of overt pseudopregnancy
Primarily a nuisance issue
Will recur in predisposed bitches
Poor management can lead to persistence
Proper management can limit
Anti-prolactin pharmacological therapy
• An infection of the mammary glands is
termed _____________________
Anatomy
• Multiple paired teats
• Dog – 10
• Cat – 8
– Variation
• Blood and lymphatic supply
– Can affect spread of disease
• Mastitis and cancer
• Mastitis rare but serious cases occur
• Cancer – common and preventable
Mastitis
• Infected mammary gland
• Severity can vary from mild to life
threatening
• Adopt good standards of husbandry
• Daily examination of each mammary and
visual quality of milk
• Fatal blood type incompatibility in kittens is
called ___________________________
Feline Neonatal Isoerythrolysis
• AB blood group in cats
– Types A, B, or AB
– A dominant inheritance to B
– AB type inherited seperately
• Alloantibodies
– B cats have strong anti-A antibodies
– A cats have week anti-B antibodies
– AB cats have no alloantibodies
• B queens bred to A toms
– A kittens will absorb strong anti-B antibodies
– Leads to life threatening complications
– Remove kittens for first 48 hours and return to queen
Feline Neonatal Iso-erythro-lysis
• AB blood group in cats
– Types A, B, or AB
– A dominant inheritance to B
– AB type inherited seperately
• Alloantibodies
– B cats have strong anti-A antibodies
– A cats have week anti-B antibodies
– AB cats have no alloantibodies
• B queens bred to A toms
– A kittens will absorb strong anti-B antibodies
– Leads to life threatening complications
– Remove kittens for first 48 hours and return to queen
• The neuro-endocrine reflex are is
responsible for ____________________
Milk Ejection
• Milk let down versus milk secretion
– Smooth muscle cells versus secretory epithelia
• Neuroendocrine reflex arc
– Stimulation of the nursing pup sends afferent nerve impulses
to the hypothalmus
• Oxytocin secreting neurons in hypothalmus
– Axonal release of oxytocin in pituitary
• Posterior pitutary/neurohypophesis
• Oxytocin transport through blood stream
– Smooth muscle contractions lead to milk ejection
• The effector hormone in the this reflex is
_______________
Milk Ejection
• Milk let down versus milk secretion
– Smooth muscle cells versus secretory epithelia
• Neuroendocrine reflex arc
– Stimulation of the nursing pup sends afferent nerve impulses
to the hypothalmus
• Oxytocin secreting neurons in hypothalmus
– Axonal release of oxytocin in pituitary
• Posterior pitutary/neurohypophesis
• Oxytocin transport through blood stream
– Smooth muscle contractions lead to milk ejection
• The maintenance of lactation is dependent
on ________________ and _____________
Maintenance of Lactation
Galactopoesis
• Balancing act
• Hormonal support
– Prolactin and other hormones
• Physical emptying
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During proestrus the wave of follicles
which will eventually ovulate are
gonadotrope _______________
From Monday
Endocrinology of Estruos Cycle
• Pituitary Gonadal axis
• Positive feedback loop
• Pulsatile pituitary (wrong) secretion of GnRH
– From hypothalmus
– Released, taken up by vascular network, transport to
pituitary
• Release of FSH and LH
• Recruitment of ovarian follicles
– Gonadatrope independent to gonadatrope dependent
• With regard to the estrous cycle the bitch is
______________
• With regard to the estrous cycle the queen is
_______________
Canine and Feline Estrous Cycle
• Estrus – period of sexual receptivity
– heat, season, standing
• Dog
– Monestrus
• Queen
– Seasonally polyestrus
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List 4 elements you would want to
incorporate in the design of a small animal
clinic that will promote and ensure health
and wellbeing of your patients.
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
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In the circulation of the heart, number the
following anatomical structures in the order that
blood travels starting from the blood returning to
the heart from the body
__8___Aorta
__4___Pulmonary Artery
__7___Left ventricle
__2___Right atrium
__1___Vena cava
__5___Pulmonary vein
__6___Left atrium
__3___Right ventricle
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Order the following structures of the digestive
tract by numbering the structures in the order
that contents follow in their passage through the
tract
__6___Cecum
__7___Colon
__3___Duodenum
__8___Rectum
__5___Ilium
__4___Jejunum
__2___Stomach
__1___Esophagus
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In managing the breeding of a bitch, there
are three simple and critical tools available
to the breeder. These are
______________________,
______________________, and
______________________,
Tools and concepts necessary for
successful breedings
• The average bitch does not exist
• Trusting to “chemistry” . . . How to assess
normal courting and mating behavior
• Vaginal cytology . . . The tried and true
method in simple breeding management
• The power of the pen . . . Keeping records
for the lifetime of your bitch
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In calculating the date of parturition in the
bitch the most reliable and simplest
milestone to estimate is the
______________________, which occurs
___ days after the _______________
Planning for Parturition
• Diestrus shift
– Cytology or behavior
– Day 9 post LH peak
• Date of parturition
– Diestrus shift + 56 days (+/- 1 day)
Endocrinology of the Cycle
Review
• Proestrus
– Estrogen, produced by follicles
– Growth and bleeding in the uterus
– Cellular thickening of vaginal canal
• Estrus
– Estrogen is decreasing, while progesterone is increasing
– Standing heat, 48 hours post LH peak (ovulation)
– ~95% superficial cells
• Diestrus
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Pregnancy/pseudopregnancy, progesterone dominant hormone
Behavior: the bitch refuses to stand for breeding
Cytology: decline in % of superficial cells on vaginal cytology
Most reliable non-hormonal milestone of cycle
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Why is vaginal cytology an inappropriate
method of monitoring the cycle of the
queen?
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Before breeding a bitch or stud, the one
infectious organism that the breeder must
test for is ________________.
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Certain dog breeds are at particular risk
for dystocia (True False)
All breeds of dogs are able to safely breed
by natural service (True False)
Pre-breeding routine medical
concerns
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When to pursue them, who to contact
Physical exams
Reproductive exams
Laboratory assessments
– Cultures?
– Serologies?
• Brucella canis
• Answers must be legible and be limited to the
space provided. Answers must be in full and
correct sentences, and must be directed to
answering the question. Spelling, as long as the
word is unambiguous will not be counted
against you. Stilorrhea (the inordinate flowing
of words from the pen) will be penalized!
• 56. Compare and contrast the normal reproductive
physiology of the bitch and the queen with respect
to the diagnosis of pregnancy using a technique
available to the average breeder.
• The most practical technique available to
the trained breeder is trans abdominal
palpation for evidence of embryonic
vesicles. The queen and the bitch differ
with respect to the days post ovulation that
the early embryo implant in the uterus. This
discrepancy in day of implantation is such
that the queen, where implantation occurs
earlier, can be palpated days 17-25 post
ovulation, while in the bitch, where
implantation is relatively late, palpation can
be done days 25-35 post LH surge
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57. Discuss and detail the method of
estimating dates of parturition in the bitch
and queen.
• In the bitch the most reliable method involves estimation
of deistrus, from which one can count forward 56+/-1 day.
Diestrus onset is best estimated by monitoring vaginal
cytology shift from mostly superficial cells to mostly
parabasal and intermediate cells. The refusal of the female
to allow the male to mount can also be used. In the queen
the most reliable method involves palpation of embryonic
vesicles, which can be done 17-25 days post-ovulation.
Depending on whether breedings were timed or untimed,
and on frequency of palpation, one counts forward the
appropriate number of days, assuming parturition will
occur 66 +/-1 day post first day of fertile breedings
(ovulation).
• 58. With respect to the domestic dog,
discuss all the potentially adverse
consequences or risks that were covered in
class which a breeder may encounter as a
consequence of breeding, pregnancy,
psuedopregnancy, and lactation.
Adverse consequences and risks a breeder may face
in managing breeding s include physical harm to
the stud or bitch due to aggression or breeding
trauma, infectious diseases (e.g. b. canis), and/or
lost animals or mispaternity due to insecure
facilities. Risks during pregnancy include
pyometra, uterine rupture (rarely), and dystocia.
Risks during psuedopregnancy include pyometra,
and galactorrhea and maternal behaviors, which
are primarily nuisance problems only. Risks
during lactation include agalactia, due to either
poor mammary development or delayed mild let
down, mastitis, and especially in small breed dogs,
eclampsia.