Transcript No Slide Title

Summary of Turf Insect Trials
with Clothianidin (Arena™)
David J. Shetlar, Ph.D.
The “BugDoc”
The Ohio State University,
OARDC & OSU Extension
Columbus, OH
© March 2008, D.J. Shetlar, all rights1reserved
Notes:
While imidacloprid or Merit™ was the first neonicotinoid to
achieve registration, several more neonicotinoids are now
available. While some have stated that these are “just
another neonicotinoid,” this is like stating that all
organophosphates are the same! We are finding that each
neonicotinoid has unique properties, especially in their speed
of action and spectra of pests that are controlled. This
presentation was developed to provide more information on
one of these new neonicotinoids, clothianidin or Arena™.
2
Insecticide LD50s
Organophosphates (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors)
Acephate (Orthene)
980
Chlorpyrifos (Dursban)
270
Diazinon
400
Ethoprop (Mocap)
62
Fonofos (Crusade)
18
Isofenphos (Oftanol)
20
Isazofos (Triumph)
40-60
Malathion
1000
Trichlorfon (Dylox/Proxol) 250
Notes:
If we review the insecticides we’ve commonly used in the
past to manage turf and ornamentals pests, it’s pretty clear
that we did fulfill Rachael Carson’s predictions of using
pesticides of ever increasing toxicity! Remember that a
category I insecticide (danger, poison, skull & crossbones)
are ones that have (as one component) an oral LD50 of 0.01
to 50.0 milligrams of toxicant per kilogram of body weight.
Category II insecticides (medium toxicity level) have LD50s of
51.0 to 500.0 mg/kg, category III (low toxicity level) have
LD50s of 501 to 5000 mg/kg and category IV (practically nontoxic) have LD50s above 5000. With these in mind we were
using some pretty toxic materials (though formulations
significantly reduce the toxicity of the pure active ingredient)!
Through EPA’s Food Quality Protection Act Review, most of
these organophosphates have been
removed from residential
4
use.
Insecticide LD50s
Carbamates (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors)
Bendiocarb (Turcam)
Carbaryl (Sevin)
156
246
Pyrethroids (disrupt nerve sodium pump)
Bifenthrin (Talstar)
Cyfluthrin (Tempo)
Fluvalinate (Mavrik)
L-cyhalothrin (Scimitar)
Permethrin (Astro)
375
826
282
79
430
Notes:
Even if we look at the carbamates, most of these are medium
toxicity materials. However, if you look at carbaryl or Sevin, its
LD50 is actually lower than the banned Dursban! So, what
gives? In this case, dursban is relatively easy to absorb
through human skin while carbaryl isn’t easily absorbed. In
short, there are other factors that are also considered in the
overall toxicity of a pesticide. If you look at the pyrethroids,
there is also quite a range of toxicity levels and EPA will likely
restrict some of these as they apply the FQPA rules to this
category of insecticides!
6
Newer Insecticide LD50s
Tetranortriterpenoid (ecdysone blocker; antifeedant)
Azadirachtin A & B (Azatrol, Neem, etc.)
>3540
Spinosad (synaptic stimulation nicotinic acetycholine sites)
Spinosads (Conserve)
3783-5000
Diacylhydrazine (molt accelerating compound, induces molt)
Halofenozide (MACH2)
2850
Phenylpyrazoles (GABA receptor disruption)
Fipronil (Chipco Choice)
97
Anthranilic Diamides (muscle calcium disruption)
Chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn) >5000
Notes:
So, let’s look at the really different insecticides. Most of
these appear to be much less toxic when compared to the
organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids. Some of
these, like azadirachtins, are botanicals; some, like
spinosad, are microbial derivatives; some, like
halofenozide, are insect growth regulators (IGRs). On the
other hand, it may look like fipronil is going the wrong
direction in toxicity, but this insecticide is used at 0.03 to
0.003 pounds of active per acre! This illustrates a wellknown toxicological principle – the dose makes the poison.
In this case, even though the insecticide is pretty “hot,” its
low dose usage rate makes it a low risk insecticide.
8
New Insecticide LD50s
The Neonicotinoids
Nitroguanidine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites)
Imidacloprid (Merit)
450
Pyridylmethylamine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites)
Acetamiprid (TriStar)
217
Nitroguanidine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites)
Clothianidin (Arena)
>5000
Nitroguanidine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites)
Thiamethoxam (Meridian)
1563
Nitroguanidine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites)
Dinotefuran (Safari)9
>2000
Notes:
Finally, we get to the largest new category of insecticides,
the neonicotinoids. As stated before, imidacloprid was the
first of this category to achieve registration and use. If we
look closely at this insecticide, it has a moderate toxicity
level (for the 100% active ingredient), but look at the other
neonicotinoids! Most of these are at the low to practically
non-toxic level! In fact, while clothianidin 100% has an
LD50 of over 5000, the formulated product has an LD50 of
3500! Why would the formulated product be more toxic
than the active ingredient? It’s the inerts! In this case the
surfactants and spreading agents actually make Arena
slightly more toxic than if you use the pure insecticide by
itself! But, we need these inerts to help make Arena work
better.
10
Affects on Nerves
DJS
Notes:
The modes of action of the major insecticide groups are illustrated in
this diagram of a nerve synapse. Pyrethroids block the nerve’s ability to
reset the electrical impulse that travels down the axons. Affected
insects drop from the plants, and can not function. On the other hand
fiproles (like fipronil) cause the electrical impulse to fire as soon as it is
reset. Both organophosphates and carbamates destroy the
acetylcholine esterase, so when the sending nerve sends its chemical
messenger across the synapse, the receiving nerve continues to be
stimulated. Affected insects literally twitch to death! The neonicotinoids
block the reception of the chemical messenger, so they shut down the
insect’s nerve system. Specifically, they block the nicotinic form of the
receptors which are 20 to 30 times more numerous in insect nerves.
Affected insects just sit and do nothing, or their normal behaviors,
especially eating, grooming and egg laying, are stopped. I often call
neonicotinoids as being “mood-altering drugs for bugs!” Spinosyns
actually stimulate the post-synaptic nerves so the insects twitch like they
are being affected by an organophosphate or carbamate!
12
Pest Management Approaches
•
Tolerance (do nothing, spread Milorganite to
discourage animals, irrigate and foliar feed).
•
Preventive (let turf go dormant, use deeprooted turfgrasses, eliminate insect
populations early – with insecticides).
•
Curative (eliminate populations that are
sampled and will likely cause damage).
•
Rescue (damage has occurred, apply quick
acting insecticide).
13
Notes:
Before we review Arena’s performance, let’s look at the
general pest management options. First, we always have
the option of doing nothing. In many cases we control pests
just because they are present, not because they are causing
any real damage. Preventive use of pesticides is well
understood and used by weed scientists (e.g., pre-emergent
herbicides) and plant pathologists, but entomologist have
often had insecticides that worked well AFTER you
discovered the pests. Some of the newer insecticide groups
really work best when used in the preventive rather than the
curative mode. Curative treatments are made after you have
determined that a pest is present and is highly likely to cause
unacceptable damage. Rescue treatments are made
because the pest was missed and now you have to perform
emergency treatments to kill the
14 pests AND repair damage!
Major Turfgrass Insect
Pests in North America
• White Grubs (annual species)
• Mole Crickets (south)
• Weevils (billbugs/annual BG weevil)
• Caterpillars (cutworms,
armyworms, sod webworms)
• Ants (fire ants/turfgrass ant)
• Other (chinch bugs, crane flies)
15
Notes:
Around the world, we find white grubs, mole crickets, weevils
and caterpillars damaging turfgrasses. Most of the white
grubs eat organic matter, like thatch and the turf roots that
grows through this layer. While there are species of grubs
that take several years to develop and a few species that can
complete two or more generations in a year, most of the
damaging species take one year to complete their life cycles.
Billbugs are weevils that have larvae which burrow down
grass stems to eventually kill and devour the crowns. Smaller
weevils, often called stem weevils, also have larvae that
burrow down grass stems or that feed at the bases of stems.
Caterpillars include the large species like cutworms and
armyworms as well as a host of small species represented by
the webworms. Of course there are other localized pests, like
ants, chinch bugs and crane fly16larvae.
17
Notes:
This image of raccoon digging damage illustrates several
principles. First, notice that the turf itself looks pretty good
so there was likely good water and fertility present and the
grub populations were likely below the damage threshold of
over 8 to 10 grubs per square foot. Foraging animals, like
skunks, raccoons, armadillos, and even wild boars will often
dig up turf where grub populations are in the 3 to 5 grubs
per square foot range. This means that you may need to
control grubs well below the thresholds stated in many
textbooks.
18
Grub Complex –
Changing each year!
Ataenius
Aphodius
May/June Beetle
green June beetle
European chafer
masked chafer
Japanese beetle
Oriental beetle
Asiatic garden beetle
19
Notes:
There are many species of scarabs that have larvae, or white
grubs, that are known to feed on turfgrasses. While most of
the grubs look similar, the adult beetles are quite different in
color and form. Some species, like the European chafer,
Oriental beetle and the Asiatic garden beetle seem to be less
susceptible to some grub insecticides. Halofenozide or
MACH2™ does not work well on these species of grubs and
even imidacloprid or Merit is slightly less effective.
20
Grub Complex –
Ataenius
May/June Beetle
green June beetle
European chafer
Japanese beetle
Masked chafer
Oriental beetle
Asiatic garden beetle
21
Notes:
As stated before, most of the grubs look very similar with the
obvious difference in size of the May-June beetle grub and
the giant green June beetle grub. Fortunately, the May-June
beetle grubs take two to five years to complete their
development and they are quite susceptible to most of the
grub insecticides. The green June beetle larva is unique in
that it actually comes to the turf surface at night to feed on
grass clippings and grass blades. This species requires that
the grub insecticide be left on the surface rather than being
irrigated in as is recommended for most grub treatments. All
the white grubs are pretty easily identified by looking at the
patterns of bristles located on the underside of the tip of the
abdomen. This is called the raster pattern, and there are
many web sites that show these patterns.
22
Masked Chafers –
Pair of masked chafers at night on turf
Masked chafer eggs
newly laid (below)
48 hours in moist soil (above)
23
Notes:
Most white grub species, like these northern masked chafers,
come out at night to mate. In these cases, once mated, the
females dig back into the soil to begin egg laying. All white
grub species lay dehydrated eggs that require absorption of
water from the soil before development can start. If the egg
doesn’t absorb this water within 24 to 36 hours, the egg will
die. This is why grub populations tend to decrease during
summers where there is a significant drought during late
June through July. However, if the turf is irrigated, drought is
not a factor.
24
Northern Masked Chafer Life Stages –
egg
1st
2nd
instar larva
3rd
25
pupa
adult
Notes:
All white grubs go through egg, larval, pupal and adult stages.
The larval stage is subdivided into three instars where most of
the body growth occurs. Obviously, the tiny first instar would
be the easiest target for neonicotinoid insecticides like Arena.
When the first instar grub hatches, it has to quickly begin to
feed in the soil-thatch interface. If this zone has neonicotinoid
residues, after the first few bites of thatch, the white grub is
forced to quit feeding and moving. Within hours or a day or
two, this tiny grub will dry up or die of starvation. Actually,
neonicotinoids have the same affect on second and third
instar grubs, but these forms require longer time to die.
26
Masked Chafer Annual Cycle
Larval Rescue
Larval Curative
Larval Prevention
27
Notes:
Most annual white grubs have adults that fly between midJune and early August. During this time, they lay their eggs
which usually take about two weeks to hatch. If we know
that most of the neonicotinoid insecticides have effective
residuals within the soil-thatch zone of 90 to 120 days, we
can use a preventive strategy of applying the insecticide from
May to August and still achieve excellent grub control. If we
look at other potential pests that may be present during this
time period we can often control one to three additional
pests. This is especially true for billbug and chinch bugs.
Most of the neonicotinoids also control the second instar
grubs that are present in August into early September. When
we get into September and third instar grubs, only
thiamethoxam (Meridian) and clothianidin (Arena) kill these
grubs in 7 to 10 days.
28
Ranked Efficacy of White Grub Insecticides –
1976 – 2005a
rate
ave
range
lb.ai./a. % control # tests % control
8.0
72.8
43
13-100
Insecticide
Carbaryl
(=Sevin)
Chlorpyrifos
(=Dursban)
Clothianidin
(=Arena)
Halofenozide
(=MACH2)
Imidacloprid
(=Merit)
Permethrin
Thiamethoxam
(=Meridian)
Trichlorfon
(=Dylox, Proxol)
a
% of tests
below 70%
40
4.0
54.6
32
0-96
59
0.25
0.3
1.5
2.0
0.3
0.4
0.26
0.2
94.7
99.5
91.2
89.6
94.1
94.1
31.8
96.1
3
4
65
53
88
7
8
38
90-100
99-100
10-100
56-100
58-100
82-100
0-54
0-100
0
0
12
9
6
0
100
3
8.0
77.6
91
0-98
19
29
Data from ESA publications (1977-2005) & Ohio testing using masked chafer and Japanese beetle data where
label timing recommendations were used and at least 4.0 grubs per sq.ft. were found in checks.
Notes:
This summary chart contains efficacy data on all the currently
registered grub insecticides. Notice that the top performers
are the neonicotinoids, Arena, Meridian and Merit, as well as
the IGR, MACH2. The organophosphate, trichlorfon or Dylox
is commonly used as a curative insecticide but its average
efficacy and chance of failure of 19% is much higher than the
top performers. Recently, carbaryl or Sevin has been
suggested as another curative grub insecticide, but notice
that it has a very high potential for failure rate of 40%. The
data in this table are from applications made during egg lay
and first instar grub activity where masked chafers and
Japanese beetle grubs were the targets.
30
Comparison of Grub Insecticide Efficacy
by Time of Application
Insecticide
rate
lb.ai./a.
Halofenozide
(=MACH2)
1.5
2.0
88.5 (8)
80.5 (4)
94.4 (23)
63.7 (9)
88.8 (21) 89.6 (19)
93.8 (12) 75.0 (5)
77.7 (27)
---
Imidachloprid
(=Merit)
0.3
0.4
74.4 (12) 91.3 (27)
62.0 (1) 88.0 (1)
94.7 (39) 93.6 (29)
89.0 (1) 82.0 (1)
94.1 (35)
---
Clothianidin
(=Arena)
0.25
0.3
100.0 (1) 90.0 (1)
93.0 (1) 100.0 (2)
97.0 (2)
99.0 (2)
--97.0 (1)
Thiamethoxam
(=Meridian)
0.2
0.26
Trichlorfon
8.0
a
May
80.0 (5)
91.5 (4)
---
ave % control (#tests)
June
July
to Aug 16
-----
98.8 (11) 98.6 (9) 98.3 (11)
99.3 (3) 99.3 (2) 98.0 (6)
---
---
62.2 (5)
to Sept 10
93.7 (8)
100.0 (4)
77.7 (19)
Data from ESA publications (1977-2005) & Ohio testing using masked chafer and Japanese beetle data where
31
label timing recommendations were used and at least 4.0 grubs per sq.ft. were found in checks.
Notes:
If we look at earlier and later grub insecticide applications, we
see that the top grub insecticides perform quite well from
applications made in May, though the efficacy of Merit drops.
On the other end of the application window, applications
made from mid-August into early September also show
excellent grub control. In short, from these data, we see that
we can likely use our grub insecticides earlier than is normally
recommended and most can also be used as early curative
insecticides where second instar grubs are present.
32
2005 Ohio Grub April Preventive
Treatment
Rate
% Control
Acelepryn SC
0.25
100
Acelepryn SC
0.375
99
Acelepryn SC
0.50
100
Merit 75WP
0.30
81
Merit 75WP
0.40
93
Arena 50 WDG
0.30
99
MACH2 1.33G
2.00
92
appl – 11 April; Springfield, OH; read - 30 Sep (172DAT);
15.2 grubs/sq.ft.
check
33
Notes:
In this 2005 study, we put out these grub insecticides in early
April and you can see that all produced excellent grub
control for the season!
34
2006 April Preventive Grub Trial (6 Apr)
Treatment
Rate
% Control
Acelepryn SC
0.26 lb.
100
Acelepryn SC
0.21 lb.
100
Acelepryn SC
0.10 lb.
100
Acelepryn SC
0.05 lb.
100
Arena 50WDG
0.25 lb.
99
Arena 50WDG
0.15 lb.
100
Merit 75WP
0.30 lb.
92
MACH2 1.5G
2.00 lb.
50
Hilliard, OH; read - 11 Oct; 23.0 grubs/ft.sq.
check; 27%NMC/73%JB
35
Notes:
In this 2006 study, we again had excellent, season-long grub
control with an early April application of Merit or Arena.
Notice that the MACH2 treatment did not produce
satisfactory control. We believe that this may be due to
accelerated degradation since this course had used MACH2
for three years previous to the 2006 season.
36
2007 April & May Preventive Grub Trial
Treatment
Date
Rate
% Control
Acelepryn SC
10 Apr
0.157 lb.
85
Acelepryn SC
10 Apr
0.209 lb.
100
Merit 75 WP
10 Apr
0.30 lb.
100
Meridian 25 WDG 10 Apr
0.26 lb.
100
Arena 50WDG
10 Apr
0.25 lb.
100
Acelepryn SC
8 May
0.157 lb.
100
Acelepryn SC
8 May
0.209 lb.
95
Merit 75 WP
8 May
0.30 lb.
100
37
Columbus, OH; read - 2 Oct; 5.13 grubs/ft.sq.
check; 37%NMC/63%JB
Notes:
Our 2007 study where we applied the grub insecticides in
April and then May.
38
2006 Late Grub Trial (15 Sept)
Treatment
Rate
% Control
Meridian 25WG
0.20 lb.
82
Meridian 25WG
0.26 lb.
88
Allectus Fert
0.45 lb.
89
Arena 50WDG
0.25 lb.
76
24-hr Grub (Dylox)
8.10 lb.
91
Merit 2F
0.30 lb.
63
Sevin Lawn G
4.00 lb.
56
Triazicide G (Scimitar)
0.20 lb.
29
Hilliard, OH; read - 10 Oct; 24.9 grubs/ft.sq. check; 15%NMC/85%JB
39
Notes:
If we look at the other side of the grub control window, we
see from this 2006 grub “rescue” study that the
neonicotinoids Arena and Meridian produced quite
satisfactory results when compared to the industry standard
of Dylox.
40
41
Notes:
If I told you that this was a golf course bunker slope in early
July, what would you say is wrong with the turf? Most would
state that it is simply drought and/or heat, but this is classic
bluegrass billbug damage! Billbug damage continues to be
one of the most commonly misdiagnosed insect problems of
turf, whether on golf courses, sport fields or in home lawns.
42
Billbug Diagnosis – Use the “tug test”
43
Notes:
To properly diagnose bluegrass billbug damage, I
recommend using the “tug” test. Simply grasp some of the
dead grass stems and pull upward. If the stems break off
easily and they are filled with a fine sawdust-like material,
you have confirmed billbugs! The sawdust-like material is
called frass, which is the feces of the billbug larva.
44
45
Notes:
Like white grubs, billbugs have complete life cycles with
egg, larval, pupal and adult stages. However, the larvae
appear to go through five to six instars.
46
Bluegrass Billbug Life Cycle in Ohio
Larval Curative
Larval Prevention
Adult Control
47
Notes:
Bluegrass billbugs overwinter in the adult stage within the turf.
In the early spring, the surviving adults become active, mate,
eat and lay eggs in grass stems. In the past, dursban or
diazinon applications at this time killed the adults before they
could lay sufficient eggs to cause damage. You can still
accomplish this using one of the pyrethroid insecticides. On
the other hand you can apply one of the neonicotinoids in
early to mid-May which would likely stop adult egg laying as
well as prevent larvae from causing their damage. Of course,
this early application would also persist in the thatch to kill
white grubs that occur later in the season. Few insecticides
work well as billbug curative treatments, but Arena seems to
do a pretty good job at this time.
48
2006 Ohio Billbug Preventive Test
Treatment
Rate
% Control
Acelepryn SC
0.10
81
Acelepryn SC
0.16
88
Acelepryn SC
0.21
94
Acelepryn SC
0.26
94
Talstar F SC
0.10
69
Merit 75WP
0.30
69
Arena 50WDG
0.30
94
appl - 15 May (preventive); Columbus, OH;
49
read – 11 July; 23.2 larvae+pupae/sq.ft. check
2006 Ohio Billbug Alternates
Treatment
Rate
% Control
Allectus GR
0.28
95
Conflict GF
0.16
90
Scimitar CS
0.20
95
Talstar F
0.20
95
Arena 50WDG
0.15
75
Arena 50WDG
0.20
75
appl - 15 May (preventive); Columbus, OH;
50
read – 11 July; 29.0 larvae+pupae/sq.ft. check
2005 Ohio Billbug Then Grub Test
Treatment
Allectus SC
Allectus SC
Allectus SC
Allectus SC 2X
Merit 2F
Merit 2F
Talstar One
Talstar One
Arena 50WDG
Rate
0.13+0.10
0.20+0.16
0.25+0.20
0.14+0.11
0.20
0.30
0.10
0.20
0.20
Billbug
% Control
Grub
% Control
18
74
94
82
71
71
37
53
100
76
68
79
94
86
91
59
62
100
appl - 24 May (& 17 June); Columbus, OH; billbug read - 6&7July,
51
31.1/sq.ft. check; JB adults caged in July, grubs read - 27 Sept, 24.4/sq.ft. checks
2007 Ohio Billbug Then Grub Test
Treatment
Rate
Billbug
% Control
Grub
% Control
Aloft SC
0.12/0.06 lb.
100.0
68.0
Aloft SC
0.24/0.12 lb.
95.5
100.0
Aloft G
0.25/0.13 lb.
77.3
100.0
68.2
80.0
Bifenthrin SC
24oz/A
Meridian 25WDG
0.20
100.0
84.0
Merit 75 WP
0.25
77.3
72.0
Arena 50WDG
0.25
100.0
100.0
appl - 9 May; Columbus, OH; billbug read – 28 June, 18.6/sq.ft. check;
52
JB adults caged in July, grubs read - 28 Sept, 17.9/sq.ft. checks
Notes:
In order to illustrate that a single application of an
insecticide can control two pests, we applied several
insecticides in early May for control of bluegrass billbugs.
After rating the billbug populations in late June, we caged
Japanese beetle adults over the treated plots to force them
to lay eggs in the underlying soil. As you can see, Arena
provided the most consistent, high level of control of both
pests.
53
Black cutworm
damage spots on
short-cut
bentgrass.
Black cutworm
larvae the morning
after treatment
with insecticide.
Black cutworm larva
feeding at night.
54
Notes:
Moving to the caterpillar pests, black cutworm is one of the
most important species, especially on golf course turf
where they make characteristic pock marks on greens and
tees. In high cut lawn turf, cutworms are rarely a problem.
55
56
Notes:
Cutworms also have complete life cycles with egg, larval,
pupal and adult stages. The fourth through the sixth larval
instars are very mobile, often moving 50 feet or more in a
single night to establish a new burrow from which they feed
for several nights. Because of this, we usually recommend
spraying one to two boom widths around golf greens and
tees to reduce the movement of caterpillars back onto
these surfaces shortly after the pesticide residues have
disappeared.
57
Sod Webworms
Spring damage
Adult bluegrass
webworm
58
Larva and frass
Notes:
Sod webworm larvae are one of the most common
caterpillars found in turf. However, in high cut turf, sod
webworms are rarely a damaging pest. They often get
blamed for damage due to drought or disease because the
adult moths are easy to spot while mowing the turf and the
green frass pellets excreted by the larvae are also easy to
find in the thatch.
59
60
Notes:
Sod webworms have complete life cycles, but the larvae
construct silk-lined burrows which extend into the soil and
along the thatch surface.
61
Sod webworm damage to green often62resembles disease or other maladies.
Notes:
We are finding that sod webworm activity in the short cut
grass of golf course greens and tees is often very important.
The damage can be mistaken for turf disease and birds
certainly know how to peck the turf surface in search of the
sod webworms.
63
Bluegrass Webworm in Ohio
Overwintering Larvae?
Larval Damage (curative)
Early Larval Control (preventive)
Overwintered Larval Control
64
Notes:
The bluegrass webworm is a common species that typically
has two generations per year. All sod webworm species
overwinter as partially mature larvae. These larvae finish
feeding in the early spring before they pupate in order to
transform into the adult moth. The summer generation of
larvae are usually present in the turf during June and early
July and damage becomes visible in mid-July. The adults fly
again, dropping their eggs into the turf and the larvae of this
generation are the ones that ovewinter. This means that we
can control these pests several times during a season, but it
is our belief that an application in early May will eliminate
most of the sod webworms for the season.
65
2005 Ohio SWW Control with
Over-the-Counter Products
% Control
3DAT 7DAT 13DAT
Treatment
Rate
Merit 0.2G
0.10
80
63
18
Merit 0.2G
0.13
72
36
9
Arena 0.1G
0.05
94
91
53
Arena 0.1G
0.061
96
88
64
Scimitar 0.04G
0.034
81
83
90
MACH2 1.5G
1.01
82
76
82
Allectus 0.2G
0.19
84
96
82
66 Turf Facility;
appl. 16 Aug, OSU
27.0, 82.0 & 97.25 sww/sq.yd. checks @ 3, 7 & 13 DAT
Notes:
Traditionally, neonicotinoids have been stated as being
“weak” for caterpillar control. In many cases, this seems to
be a timing and expectation issue. Most expect to see dead
caterpillars on the turf surface within hours of an appliciation
of Dursban or one of the pyrethroids. In actuality, Arena
seems to have significant caterpillar control ability, but the
control may take five to seven days to reach its maximum
compared to maximum control being achieved with a
pyrethroid in three to five days.
67
2005 Ohio BCW-SWW Control
With Provaunt, Acelepryn & Arena
Treatment
Rate
% Control
2DAT 2DAT 14DAT 21DAT
Provaunt SC
Provaunt SC
Provaunt SC
Acelepryn SC
Acelepryn SC
Acelepryn SC
Talstar One SC
Arena 50WDG
0.0266
0.053
0.106
0.025
0.05
0.10
0.10
0.25
94
100
100
94
100
100
100
100
53
64
65
98
99
99
93
99
67
92
95
99
100
99
99
100
appl. 7 Sept, OSU Turf Facility;
68 4.25 BCW/sq.yd. @ 2DAT;
34.25, 59.5 & 60.25 sww/sq.yd. checks @ 2, 6 & 13 DAT
91
99
100
99
100
100
100
92
2007 Ohio Long Term BCW-SWW
Control Evaluation
Treatment
Rate
% Control
26DAT 56DAT
83DAT
Acelepryn SC
0.104
---
94-100
80-100
Acelepryn SC
0.209
---
100-100
70-100
Merit 75 WP
0.10
---
47-69
40-84
Arena 50WG
0.10
---
59-66
70-91
Meridian 25WG 0.25
---
65-62
70-91
appl. 22 June, OSU Turf Facility; 0.0, 4.25, 2.5 BCW/sq.yd. @ 26, 56, & 83DAT;
69 checks @ 22, 56 & 83 DAT
0.5, 37.25 & 9.5 sww/sq.yd.
70
Notes:
This is classic hairy chinch bug damage to a Kentucky
bluegrass lawn in July. We are seeing more of this damage
and it is often being misdiagnosed as drought dormancy,
heat stress and disease. The only way to tell for sure is to do
the old “hands-and-knees” sampling technique!
71
Hairy chinch bugs in thatch
Hairy chinch bug adults long wing & short wing forms
72
Notes:
If chinch bugs are present, they will be easy to find by
spreading the turf canopy down to the thatch level. Wait a
few seconds and the chinch bug nymphs and adults will
soon start running about!
73
Hairy Chinch Bug Life Stages
egg 1st
2nd
3rd
4th
instar nymphs
5th
74
normal winged
adult
short winged
adult
Notes:
Hairy chinch bugs have gradual life cycles in which the
nymphs look and act like the adults, except that the
nymphs are smaller and lack wings. Because of this, any
time you find chinch bugs, you can control them since all
the stages will be present.
75
Populations of the Hairy Chinch Bug 2004
May,
June,
July,
August, September, October
200
200
150
100
50
Nymph-Adult Curative
250
Nymph-Adult Curative
250
Adult Control
# of insects/ sq. ft
April,
0
150
100
50
0
April,
May,
June,
July,
August, September, October
weeks
76
Variable
Adults
Nymphs
Eggs
Notes:
Recent studies in Ohio lawns have shown that the hairy
chinch bug has two generations and the second generation
can be larger or smaller than the first generation, depending
on the weather and turf quality. Since chinch bug adults
overwinter in the turf, past controls have often utilized a
surface insecticide applied to kill these overwintering adults.
In our studies, you can easily control hairy chinch bugs in
June or August when their nymphs are smallest.
77
2005 OH Hairy Chinch Bug Control –
Over-the-Counter Insecticides
% Control
4DAT
7DAT 14DAT
Treatment
Rate
Merit 0.2G
0.13
77
70
93
Merit 0.2G
0.10
28
81
95
Arena 0.1G
0.06
51
86
75
Arena 0.1G
0.05
82
75
64
Triazicide 0.04G
0.034
62
93
92
Grub Stop 1.5G
1.01
38
82
86
Bayer Complete
0.19
64
80
88
78
appl. 21 July., Pickerington, OH; 70.6, 111.8 & 116.4 hcb/sq.ft. checks @ 4, 7 & 14 DAT
Notes:
Notice that in this study, we used half and third rates of the
insecticides. Even then, we got acceptable control when
using the neonicotinoid insecticides. This suggests that a
May application of Arena will take out billbugs, overwintered
chinch bugs, first generation sod webworms AND the new
crop of white grubs!
79
2005 OH Hairy Chinch Bug Control –
Talstar, Arena, DuPont Insecticides
Treatment
Rate
% Control
5DAT
7DAT 13DAT
DPX HGW 86 10SC 0.25
92
97
90
DPX HGW 86 10SC 0.50
65
75
42
Acelepryn SC
0.25
59
82
82
Acelepryn SC
0.50
54
57
33
Talstar 0.67SC
0.10
90
96
96
Arena 50WDG
0.15
75
69
67
Arena 50WDG
0.20
95
88
74
80
appl. 1 Sept., Pickerington, OH; 175.1, 304.4 & 145.8 hcb/sq.ft. checks @ 5, 7 & 13 DAT
81
Notes:
There are many species of ants that live in turfgrass
habitats, but fire ants and the turfgrass ant are two of the
most common problems. Fire ants are obviously a problem
because of their stings, but the turfgrass ant is a moundbuilder ant that can cause real problems on a golf course
green or tee.
82
83
Notes:
The turfgrass ant feeds on other insects but its primary food
is honeydew (the sugary excrement of some aphids and
scales) which it apparently gets from root-infesting aphids.
84
2001 Ohio Ant Curative Control
7DAT 14DAT 21DAT
Treatment
Rate
4WAT
6WAT
Fipronil Bait
0.0002 28
11
13
0
4
Fipronil Bait
0.002
84
78
68
44
0
Meridian 25WG
0.26
29
54
71
69
74
Tempo Ultra 1SC
0.07
0
0
0
0
0
Dursban Pro 2E
2.0
81
68
40
19
22
DeltaGard 0.42E
0.13
0
0
0
0
8
Talstar GC 0.67E
0.2
58
0
0
0
0
appl – 18 June; Clyde, OH;
8.9, 7.9, 7.6, 4.9, 5.5, 4.4 mounds/sq.yd.@ 0, 7, 14 & 28DAT&10 & 16WAT
Notes:
Traditionally, the turfgrass ant is controlled by applying
surface insecticides such as Dursban or one of the
pyrethroids. This usually achieves two to four weeks of
control. Baits are considered to be more effective, but the
Fipronil bait is only available for southern fire ant control.
When we applied the neonicotinoid, Merit, we often got
control of the turfgrass ant six to eight weeks after the
application, so you can anticipate our surprise when we got
much more rapid control from another neonicotinoid,
Meridian.
86
2006 Ant Trial – July Curative
Treatment
Rate
6DAT 14DAT 22DAT 44DAT
Allectus Fert
0.45 lb.
65
81
67
86
Allectus Fert
0.90 lb.
87
96
87
87
Allectus GC
0.45 lb.
84
82
84
71
Allectus GC
0.90 lb.
88
93
88
92
Arena 50WDG
0.30 lb.
80
89
80
91
Talstar F GC
0.20 lb.
96
62
96
33
Orthene TTO
1.00 lb.
57
16
57
55
Orthene TTO
2.00 lb.
84
47
84
82
Clyde, OH; applied 18 July; ant mounds in 4x8ft strip down middle of 10x10ft plots,
25.8, 28.5, 25.8 & 24.5 mounds per plots in checks at 6, 14, 22 & 44 DAT.
Notes:
What we now know is that Arena is a good, and often better
than Meridian at rapidly knocking down the turfgrass ant
and its activities. More importantly, this control continues
for many weeks!
88
Come visit the BugDoc at:
http://bugs.osu.edu
89
Notes:
Remember that this presentation as well as many others are
available from the BugDoc’s web site which is located at:
http://bugs.osu.edu/~bugdoc/
Just click on the “Recent Talks” button and you can observe
the presentations online or download them to your computer!
90
Use Milorganite to discourage animals!
Questions??
91
Notes:
As one last note, if you are having trouble with skunks or
raccoons digging for grubs while you wait until the grubs die
from a treatment, try spreading some Milorganite over the
area. This product, made from human sewage sludge, has
what can be call a “unique” odor which most foraging
animals will not tolerate!
92