Transcript Title Page

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Catalan banned from education C 17th-20th
imposition of Spanish in obligatory education
education important for vitality of a language
C 20th – political Catalanism:
◦ Mancomunicat, Generalitat
1932 Statute of Catalonia – Catalan in
education for first time
Franco dictatorship – prohibition of Catalan
democratic transition – Catalan a subject
Estatuts d’Autonomia and linguistics laws put
emphasis on the learning and education use of
Catalan
unitary linguistic model: model de conjunció
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5.
Totes les persones tenen dret a rebre l’ensenyament en català, d’acord amb
el que estableix aquest Estatut. El català s’ha d’utilitzar normalment com a
llengua vehicular i d’aprenentatge en l’ensenyament universitari i en el no
universitari.
Els alumnes tenen dret a rebre l’ensenyament en català en l’ensenyament no
universitari. També tenen el dret i el deure de conèixer amb suficiència oral i
escrita el català i el castellà en finalitzar l’ensenyament obligatori, sigui quina
sigui llur llengua habitual en incorporar-se a l’ensenyament. L’ensenyament
del català i el castellà ha de tenir una presència adequada en els plans
d’estudis.
Els alumnes tenen dret a no ésser separats en centres ni en grups classe
diferents per raó de llur llengua habitual.
Els alumnes que s’incorporen més tard de l’edat corresponent al sistema
escolar de Catalunya gaudeixen del dret a rebre un suport lingüístic especial
si la manca de comprensió els dificulta seguir amb normalitat l’ensenyament.
El professorat i l’alumnat dels centres universitaris tenen dret a expressarse, oralment i per escrit, en la llengua oficial que elegeixin.
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children are entitled to receive primary education
in their language of habitual use – Catalan or
Spanish (Article 21.2 LPL 1998)
it is compulsory to teach both languages at all
levels of non-university education
all children in Catalunya should be able to use
Catalan and Spanish normally and correctly by the
end of primary education (Article 21.2 LPL 1998)
Catalan is the main teaching language and a
compulsory subject:
◦ pre-primary education 87% of pupils taught
mainly in Catalan
◦ primary education 69% of pupils taught mainly in
Catalan (1992-93)
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Catalan is the main teaching language for:
◦ 73% of pupils in public-sector schools
◦ 74% of pupils in private schools
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a compulsory subject in all schools
use of Catalan has increased in recent years
◦ wider range of textbooks in Catalan
◦ still a low number of university textbooks
◦ most of books used are in Spanish/English
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Catalan is the main teaching language for
31% of pupils
most of the remainder were all taught partly
in Catalan
all pupils take Catalan as a subject
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everyone entitled to express themselves in
the official language of their choice (Article
22.1 LPL 1998)
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between 1990-93 the use of Catalan for
university entrance tests went from 52-59%
% of classes in Catalan (Department of
Universities of Catalonia):
University of Barcelona
66% Rovira I Virgili University
65%
Autonomous Uni of Barcelona 62% Open University of Catalunya
71%
Polytechnic Uni of Catalunya
59% Ramon Llull University
76%
Pompeu Fabra University
66% Vic University
84%
Girona University
80% International Uni of Catalunya 44%
Lleida University
53% Abbot Oliba-CEU University
32%
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responsibility of the Generalitat de Catalunya
Catalan and Spanish teaching is compulsory
(Article 23.1 LPL 1998)
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linguistic issue (la Llei de normalització lingüística, 1983) ->
language policy more political (La Llei de política lingüística)
efficient use of Catalan has gone from strength to strength
tension between the Generalitat and the Spanish government
is increasing
02/09/11 Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Cataluña gave
Generalitat two months to make Spanish a vehicular language
in Catalan education system
huge oppression and the Generalitat maintained that this
ruling would lead to the disintegration of society
demands were unclear as Catalunya was already obeying the
law, ensuring that all pupils are fully competent in Spanish
upon leaving school
Generalitat didn’t see that it was necessary to make any
additional changes
Valencia
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Generalitat Valenciana has full power over the education system
Official policy: ‘support the introduction of Catalan as a teaching
language in schools and to establish language immersion
programmes for Spanish-speaking pupils’
http://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/document/catala/an/i2/i2
.html#3.1
La Llengua Valenciana is the traditional and official name of the
Catalan language in Valencia.
‘The Valencians, who have been keen to establish their different
identity from the Catalans, insisted that there should be a
Valencian version of the 1978 Constitution. This was granted,
with the result that a document was published which, almost
without exception, was word for word identical to the Catalan
version!’ (Mar-Molinero: 1997)
Llei d'Ùs i Ensenyament del Valencià (Law of use and teaching of
Valencian/Catalan): both Catalan and Castilian are compulsory
subjects to be studied in all levels of education except at
university
Since 1983, Catalan has been used more and more as a medium
for teaching
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Catalan is the main teaching language in some schools
and a compulsory taught subject in all schools.
1983: 10 schools that taught entirely or partially in
Catalan
1992: 392 schools that taught entirely or partially in
Catalan
1991: decree made it compulsory for all schools to
provide a minimum number of classes in both Catalan
and Castilian from the age of 8.
Criticisms and exemptions
Immersion programmes for pupils who only speak
Castilian
Progress has been slow in areas when Castilian is the
dominant language
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The use of Catalan has increased significantly
Catalan is now a compulsory taught subject in all
schools
Academic year 1983-1984: 1280 pupils taught at
least partially in Catalan
1993-1994: increased to 7900
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There are 4 main public universities in the
Community of Valencia: James I University, Miguel
Hernandez University of Elche, Polytechnic
University of Valencia and the University of
Valencia.
Use of Catalan is below 10%
Used mainly as a language of social interaction
rather than a medium for teaching
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Language training programme in place for adults who want to
learn Catalan
Many materials are available to assist
1986: regional government set up the Junta Avaluadora de
Valencià which organised official exams in Catalan for adult
learners on the language programme.
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The 4 main islands are: Majorca, Minorca, Ibiza and Formentera. The
capital is Palma (de Majorca)
The central government has the responsibility of education, but the
Balearic government has power of the teaching of Catalan.
Language Standardisation Law of 1986:
Catalan is the official language of all levels of education
Pupils have the right to be taught in their ‘own’ language
Catalan language and literature is compulsory at all levels except at
university
By the end of compulsory education, pupils must be able to use both
Castilian and Catalan ‘normally and correctly’
Students and lecturers at university have the right to use the language of
their choice
Catalan as a medium of teaching: usually parents / teachers who initiate
this
http://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/document/catala/an/i3/i3.html#
3.1
1990-1991: 147 out of 555 schools taught classes partially in Catalan
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Catalan is currently a compulsory subject in all
schools.
1990-1991: 48% of public-sector schools provided
teaching at least partially in Catalan.
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Catalan is a compulsory subject taught in all
schools.
According to the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya,
around 60% of pupils are taught at least partially in
Catalan.
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According to the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya,
around 50% of the courses taught at the Universitat
de les Illes Balears are taught in Catalan
Variation between departments
Catalan as a subject in its own right
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Large number of Catalan language courses are
available to the public.
1991: around 6000 people registered on one of
these courses.
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3 main problems identified by Hoffman
Lack of confidence of many non-native Catalan teachers
Demographic distribution of children from Catalanspeaking homes and Castilian speaking ones is uneven
Many children from middle-class Catalan families go to
private schools making the proportion of Catalan to
Castilian speaking children in state schools even more
unfavourable.
‘…The aim in education is to have a wholly Catalan
system where Castilian is taught as a foreign language.’
(Hoffman 2000)
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‘It’s promotion in the public sphere, in
education and the media has resulted in an
increase in the number of those who read it,
speak it and write it, up by some 20% in the
period between the 1986 and 1996 census.’
(Hoffman: 2000)
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The Catalan-speaking area of France (known
as Catalunya Nord) covers the Département de
Pyrénées Orientales
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The geographical variant of Catalan spoken in
France has traditionally been known as
northern Catalan or Roussillonnais
Linguistic legislations very recent in the
languages history
Northern Catalonia annexed in 1659 after
Treaty of the Pyreenes
Harsh repression followed
‘Gallicisation’ from 1682
Édit du Roi in 1700
Languedoc-Roussillon: 2.3 million people
140,000 speakers
6% of population speak Catalan
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French is used in administration and public
services
Bilingual place names
Bilingual street names from 1993 in Perpignan
Dans le nord de la Catalogne cependant, les
chiffres montrent une baisse dans la
connaissance de la langue, et seulement 34 %
peuvent parler le catalan, 27 % peuvent l'écrire
et 55 % peuvent le comprendre. En catalan, on
écrit català pour désigner la langue catalane
(llengua catalana).
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Federació per a la Defensa de la Llengua i de
la Cultura Catalanes
Institut Rossellonès d'Estudis Catalans (GREC)
Universitat Catalana d'Estiu (1969)
Ómnium Cultural Catalunya-Nord
Federació Sardanista
Centre de Documentació i Animació de la
Cultura Catalana
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Dexionne Law in 1951
Haby Law in 1975
Bas-Lauriol Law in 1975
Toubon Law in 1994
21st July 2008 – article 75-1 added to the
French constitution
Previous articles discuss the ex-colonies /
and the status of those people
 Article 75-1: Les langues régionales
appartiennent au patrimoine de la France 
«Regional languages are part of France’s
heritage»
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Préambule:
The promotion of the Catalan language will not
be detrimental to the French language.
La politique de promotion de la langue catalane
ne se fait pas au détriment de la langue
française.
The linguistic policy in favour of Catalan is based
on inclination and encouragement and not on
obligation.
La politique linguistique en faveur du catalan est
fondée sur l'incitation et l'encouragement et non
sur l'obligation[…]
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ARTICLE 1:
Le Conseil Général des Pyrénées-Orientales
reconnaît officiellement, au côté de la langue
française, le catalan comme langue du
département.
The Conseil Général des Pyrénées-Orientales
officially recognises Catalan, alongside the
French language as a language within the
département.
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ARTICLE 4:
De manière générale, toutes les structures
départementales (services, administrations,
organismes associés et partenaires) intégrent la
dimension de la langue catalane dans leurs
fonctions et attributions, en particulier en ce qui
concerne la communication avec le public et la
signalisation
In general, all regional structures will integrate
the Catalan language in their functions,
particularly concerning communication with the
public.
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ARTICLE 7:
La langue catalane ne se limite pas à une
discipline scolaire. Sa présence à tous les
niveaux de la vie publique et sociale doit être
garantie et encouragée.
The Catalan language will not be limited to
schooling. Its presence at all levels of public
and social life must be guarantied and
encouraged.
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Charter in favour of Catalan in relation to
education:
aide à l'ouverture de classes bilingues
Help to create bilingual classes
généralisation de la sensibilisation à tous les
enfants
Spreading the knowledge to all children
aide au développement de la formation pour
adultes
Help to develop adult education
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CEDACC - courses at pre-school level and in
primary schools (1000 pupils in 1993-94).
In State nursery and primary education (age
3-11), there is an introductory class in
Catalan language and culture (one and a half
hours per week) which is currently attended
by 28% of pupils
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Education in Catalan through immersion
technique
From primary to secondary school
Aims to have completely bilingual students in
school and social life
1993 – Catalan schools recognised within
France as private schools
In 2003 – secondary school started, across
the board had 500 pupils
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12% of pupils (11-15) attend a weekly one
hour class of Catalan
Catalan language and culture is also taught
(three hours per week) in general secondary
education – however these are only attended
by 4% of students
There are also vocational centers offering
classes – which the local council half fund
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Institut Franco-catalá at University of
Perpignan
Université de Perpignan – Catalan degree
since 1982
Masters since 1984
Post-Grad diploma since 1984
ERASMUS with Catalan speaking Universities
since 1987
Some other French Universities offer Catalan
courses, e.g. Aix-en-Provence, Marsailles,
Paris
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CEDACC - Catalan and language consultation
service and organising Catalan classes for
municipal employees and adult education
classes
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Granted the status of Nationality
within Spain in the Spanish
Constitution of 1978.
Spanish and Basque are coofficial but only Spanish is
compulsory.
Guipuzkoa is the most Basquespeaking territory and Alava the
less.
Basque Legislation (Ley
10/1992)
European Charter for regional or
minority languages (Basque,
June 1992).
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Process of linguistic normalisation initiated 20
years ago.
After the death of Franco, entirely education in
Basque became available.
Importance of Ikastolak (primary and secondary
schools)
Teaching Models:
◦ A : education is entirely in Spanish, with Basque as a compulsory
subject.
◦ B: education is partly in Basque and partly in Spanish
◦ D: education is entirely in Basque, with Spanish as a compulsory
subject.
◦ X: education is entirely in Spanish (foreigners).
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“La Constitución y el Estatuto de Autonomía confían a
los poderes públicos de la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca
la adopción de las medidas encaminada a asegurar el
desarrollo y la normalización del uso del euskera
considerando su doble dimensión de parte fundamental
del Patrimonio Cultural del Pueblo Vasco y, junto con el
castellano, idioma de uso oficial en el Territorio de la
Comunidad Autónoma”.
“Se reconoce el derecho de todo alumno a recibir la
enseñanza en euskera, regulándose la obligatoriedad de
la enseñanza de la lengua oficial no elegida.”
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“Se atribuye al Gobierno la regulación de modelos
lingüísticos a impartir, la adopción de medidas
encaminadas a la adquisición de un conocimiento
suficiente de ambas lenguas oficiales y la
adecuación de los planes de estudio.”
“En cuanto a formación del profesorado se prevé la
adaptación de sus planes de estudio para
conseguir su total capacitación en euskera y
castellano”
(Ley 10/1982, de 24 de Noviembre, básica de normalización del uso del Euskera:
http://www.parlamento.euskadi.net/pdfdocs/leyes/ley19820010_f_cas.html )
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Signed by “Comite de Ministros del Consejo de Europa” in
June 1992.
Objective of the Charter: “Ofrecer un estatus juridico a las
lenguas regionales y minoritarias que permita su uso publico
y privado al objeto de lograr su preservacion”.
Education (Article 8)
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Nursery education
Primary School
Secondary School
Professional and technical teaching
University
Education for adults
Culture and History teaching
Qualification of the teachers
Formation of control entities.
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Private education (51%)
In the Basque Autonomous Region (BAR), out of 1,851,000
inhabitants, 558,000 (30%) speak Basque well, 340,000 (18%)
a little and 953,000 (52%) not at all.
Process of linguistic normalisation initiated 20 years ago:
6/10 young people know the Basque language nowadays.
During the last 25 years Euskera has gained 300.000
speakers in BAR.
IV Mapa Sociolinguistico:
http://www.euskara.euskadi.net/r59-738/es/contenidos/informacion/argitalpenak/es_6092/adjuntos/MAPAcast.pdf
IV Sociolinguistic Map: http://www.euskara.euskadi.net/r59738/es/contenidos/informacion/argitalpenak/es_6092/adjuntos/MAPAcast.pdf
IV Sociolinguistic Map: http://www.euskara.euskadi.net/r59738/es/contenidos/informacion/argitalpenak/es_6092/adjuntos/MAPA
cast.pdf
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Es el País Vasco Continental,
también llamado País Vasco Norte
o País Vasco-Francés.
Tiene 264.000 habitantes y está
integrado por tres regiones:
Lapurdi, Behe Nafarroa y Zuberoa.
Ya en el siglo XVIII, la Revolución
Francesa acabó con los
instituciones forales de las
regiones vascas continentales y
hoy es el día, que no poseen una
entidad política propia.
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La Carta Europea de las Lenguas
Minoritarias o Regionales es un
documento ratificado en
Estrasburgo el 5 de noviembre de
1992 para la defensa y promoción
de las lenguas de Europa que, o
bien carecen de oficialidad, o que
aun siendo oficiales, están en
manifiesta debilidad. Alrededor de
40 millones de ciudadanos de la
Unión utiliza una lengua
históricamente minoritaria. Según
la UNESCO, 30 de ellas están
amenazadas en toda Europa.
-France is one of the most centralized of European states.
-Education, law and public administration are all conducted in
standard french.
-Minority languages are taught in school, but mostly as an
optional extra subject
Was introduced in the 1990s in Alsace and Lorraine, in Brittany and
Corsica, initiated by private associations, taken up by regional
governments and then supported by central government.
The 1951 Deixonne
1975 Haby
1994 Toublon
1995 regulations on regional languages
and the 2002 regulations on bilingual education provide the basis for
the teaching of regional languages. The 2001 law creating a Conseil
académique des langues régionales was put into effect through the
establishment of 19 Academies of regional languages at universities in
the regions concerned, one each for Basque, Catalan, Corsu, Alsatian
and Platt; two for Breton; four for Creole; and eight for Occitan. In
December 2006, the French National Assembly rejected an amendment
for the constitutional recognition of regional language
But the results were very
According to an inquiry of different in the three zones; in
the inner land (Basse Navarre
2006
and Soule) 66.2% speak or
understand Basque
-22.5% were bilinguals
in the coast (Labourd) the figure
(French-Basque)
stands at 36.9%
and in the B.A.B. urban zone
-8.6% were French(Bayonne-Anglet-Biarritz) only
speakers who understand 14.2% speak or understand
Basque (according to another
Basque
inquiry, 20% of the B.A.B. people
can speak or understand the
-and 68.9% were not
Gascon language). The
Basque-speakers.
proportion of French-Basque
bilingual speakers fell from
26.4% in 1996 to 22.5% in 2006.
•-En
el País Vasco Francés, los alumnos matriculados en
enseñanza vasca para el año 2006 son el 15,9% del total.
Recientemente se está detectando un aumento significativo
en las matriculaciones en los modelos bilingües y ya más
del 30% de los alumnos de Primaria estudian en euskera.
•-Hay que tener en cuenta que el euskera carece de
oficialidad en el estado francés y la enseñanza en euskera
solamente se imparte en ikastolas (escuela que tiene por
misión la promoción de una escuela vascófona), centros
educativos que no reciben subvención alguna por parte de
las instituciones galas, así como en colegios públicos de
enseñanza bilingüe y en escuelas católicas
An
ikastola is a type of primary and secondary school in the
Basque Autonomous Community, Navarre and (to a much
lesser extent) the French Basque Country in which pupils
are taught either entirely or predominantly in the Basque
language. Ikastolak can be nowadays either private or
public, divided into different networks.
The Basque language public network relies on state funding
and management, allocated in Spain by the education
institutions of the Basque Autonomous Comunity and
Navarre in their corresponding territories, while in France
the association Ikas-Bi in the public network advocates for
bilingual education.
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More measures have been taken to promote the use of Catalan in
education in Spain than in France.
The measures have come into practice relatively recently.
Generally speaking, the use of Catalan in Spain is rising whereas it is
decreasing in France.
The local authorities hope that with ‘La Bressola’, the use of Catalan
will increase at all levels if education in Northern Catalonia.
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The teaching of Basque is more varied in Spain due to the use of the
linguist policy of models (A, B, D and X)
In France, Basque is only an optional subject across the board.
Ikastola exist in both the French and Spanish parts of the Basque
Country but is only funded by the government in Spain.
Due to this, France has a lower number of Basque speakers than
Spain.
People consider it more important to learn Basque in Spain than in
France – no official status in France.
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Catalan and Basque are both flourishing in Spain
whereas they are experiencing difficulties in France
50-75% of Spanish Països Catalans speak Catalan
25-53% of Spanish Euskaleria speak Basque
6% of Northern Catalonia speak Catalan
22.5% of French Basques speak Basque
This has been directly affected by education: there
is no model system for Basque in France
There are no autonomous governments to support
the use of the minority languages in France.
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http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/europe/france-3politik_minorites.htm
http://www.collectifprovence.com/spip.php?article260
http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/default_fr.asp
http://www.cg66.fr/
http://www.cg66.fr/202-charte-en-faveur-du-catalan.htm
http://www.parlamento.euskadi.net/pdfdocs/leyes/ley19820010_f_cas.html
http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/textcharter/Charter/Charter_baq.pdf
http://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/document/catala/an/i2/i2.html#3.1
http://www20.gencat.cat
http://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/homect/index2.html
http://www.euskara.euskadi.net/r59738/es/contenidos/informacion/argitalpenak/es_6092/adjuntos/MAPAcast.pdf
Hoffman, Charlotte: ‘Balancing Language Planning and Language Rights: Catalonia’s
Uneasy Juggling Act’ in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 21:5,
2000, pp.425-441
Mar-Molinero, Clare: The Spanish-Speaking World, A Practical Introduction to
Sociolinguistics, Routledge 1997