Transcript Almen sproglig viden og metode (General linguistics)

Almen sproglig viden og metode
(General Linguistics)
Pieter Bruegel, Tower of Babel (1563)
Introduction to the Study of Grammar 1: Morphology
CLM, Engelsk
tt
The components of language study
Grammar
Phonetics
Phonology
Meaning
Morphology
Semantics
Syntax
Lexicon
Sound
Pragmatics
The components of language
Meaning
A language is a system of cognitive procedures for
- Assigning a Meaning to a sequence of Sounds
- Producing a sequence of Sounds to express a Meaning
Sound
A Model of the Language Faculty
Sound
Structure
a perceptual
interface
Grammar
an articulatory
interface
- a computational
system
for associating
sound with
meaning
Lexicon
Meaning
an interpretive
interface
a cognitive
interface
Grammar
• Morphology: the structure of words
• Syntax:
the structure of sentences
Rules
Morphology describes the rules
by which morphemes combine
into words
Syntax describes the rules by
which words combine into
sentences
Morphemes
– the smallest units of meaning
To Tom, I’m
unexciting,
uninteresting,
and
unattractive
What kind
of a
relationship
is that?
An unrelationship!
Morphology, terms
Word: Lexeme, word-form, grammatical word
- The shooter’s shots shot out like shooting stars
Morpheme: Bound and free
Affix: prefix, suffix
- The upshot of the shooting was upsetting
Root, stem, base
Lexemes
Word-forms
shoot
SHOOT (V)
shoots
shot
shooting
shot
SHOT (N)
shots
shooter
SHOOTER (N)
shooters
Grammatical words
shoot (pres)
shoots (pres)
shot (past)
shot (prf.ptc)
shooting (pres. ptc.)
shooting (gerund)
shot (sg)
shots (pl)
shot’s (gen. sg.)
shots’ (gen. pl)
shooter (sg)
shooters (pl)
shooter’s (gen. sg)
shooters’ (gen. pl)
Free and Bound Morphemes
Mommy
said to
behave
So I’m
hayving
as much
as I can
Affixes: prefix and suffix
Root
un
touch
able
s
Root, base, stem
Stem
Base
Root
un
touch
able
s
Root = irreducible kernel of a word-form
Base = reducible kernel of a word-form to which any affix may be added
Stem = base when added affixes are inflectional
Morphology, types
Inflectional: turns a lexeme into a grammatical word
Ex.: BOY + {Plural}  boys || GO + {PAST}  went
Derivational: turns a lexeme into another lexeme
Class-maintaining: -dom: king (N) + dom = kingdom (N)
Class-changing: -ly: king (N) + -ly = kingly (A)
Conversion: love (N) - love (V)
Derivational Morphology
That’s strange.
If a vegetarian
is someone who
eats
vegetables-
- what does
that make a
humanitarian?
Hierarchical structure of words
Adverb
stem
Adjective
stem
Adjective
stem
Prefix
Adverb
suffix
Adjective
suffix
Adjective
stem
Noun
root
Adjective
suffix
He went about the job very unsystematically
Making new words out of old
Arachis hypogeae (peanut) + butyr(o) (butter) + phobia (fear)
Inflectional Categories and Morphology (1)
Nouns
Personal
pronouns
Category
Members
Forms
Number
{Singular | Plural}
{-Ø | -s}
Case
{Nominative | Genitive}
{-Ø | -s}
Person
{First | Second | Third}
{I | you | he, she, it}
Case
{Nominative | Accusative |
Genitive}
{he, she | him, her |
his, her(s), its}
Inflectional Categories and Morphology (2)
Verbs Category
Tense
Mood*
Members
{Present | Past}
Forms
{{-Ø | -s} | -ed}
{Indicative| Subjunctive} { -s | -Ø}
{- | Perfect}
{-Ø | have + -en}
{- | Progressive}
{-Ø | be + -ing}
{Active| Passive}
{-Ø | be + -en}
Aspect
Voice
* Modality is a category with free forms as members:
{can, may, must, shall, will, ought (to)}
(Agreeing categories)
Number
Person
{Singular | Plural}
{-Ø | -s}
{First | Second | Third}
{-Ø | -Ø | -s}
Inflectional Categories and Morphology (3)
Adjectives
Category
Members
Forms
Comparison
(Grading)
{Positive | Comparative | Superlative}
{-Ø | -er | -est}
Typology of English Morphemes
Morpheme
Bound
Affix
Derivational
Free
Root
Open Class
Closed Class
-ceive
-mit
-fer
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Conjunctions
Prepositions
Articles
Pronouns
Auxiliaries
Inflectional
Prefix
Suffix
Suffix
preunconetc.
-ly
-ist
-ment
etc.
-ing, -er, -s
-s, -est, -’s
-en
-ed
Compounds
Antelope?
- or
- an eloping ant!
Compounds
- A lexeme that contains more than one root
Three main types, depending on meaning:
Endocentric: beehive (a kind of hive), armchair (a kind of chair)
Appositional: maidservant (both a maid and a servant)
Exocentric: redskin (not a kind of skin), highbrow (not a kind
of brow)
It is always the last root that determines classmembership:
- red (A) + skin (N)  N
That’s all for now!