Transcript Year 8 English Exam Review 2013

Year 8 English Exam
Review 2013
Spelling Rules…
1. Using I Before E
Use i before e, except after c, or when sounded as "a" as in
"neighbour" and "weigh."
EXAMPLES: believe, chief, piece, and thief; deceive, receive,
weigh, and freight
COMMON EXCEPTIONS: efficient, weird, height, neither, ancient,
caffeine, foreign
Spelling Rules…
2. Dropping the Final E
Drop the final e before a suffix beginning with a vowel (a, e, i, o,
u) but not before a suffix beginning with a consonant.
EXAMPLES:
ride + ing = riding
guide + ance = guidance
hope + ing = hoping
entire + ly = entirely
like + ness = likeness
arrange + ment = arrangement
COMMON EXCEPTIONS: truly, noticeable
Spelling Rules…
Changing a Final Y to I
Change a final y to i before a suffix, unless the suffix begins with
i.
EXAMPLES:
defy + ance = defiance
party + es = parties
pity + ful = pitiful
try + es = tries
try + ing = trying
copy + ing = copying
occupy + ing = occupying
COMMON EXCEPTIONS: journeying, memorize
Spelling Rules…
Doubling a Final Consonant
Double a final single consonant before a suffix beginning with a
vowel when both of these conditions exist:
(a) a single vowel precedes the consonant;
(b) the consonant ends an accented syllable or a one-syllable
word.
EXAMPLES:
stop + ing = stopping
admit + ed = admitted
occur + ence = occurrence
stoop + ing = stooping
benefit + ed = benefited
delight + ful = delightful
26 Most misspelled words
Separate
Definitely
Manoeuvre
Embarrass
Occurrence
Consensus
Unnecessary
Acceptable
Commitment
Referred
Accidentally
Bureaucracy
Supersede
Questionnaire
Connoisseur
A lot
Entrepreneur
Particularly
Liquefy
Conscience
Parallel
Independent
Weird
Harass
Harassment
Tense…past, present, future
• Past tense: Verbs that take place in the past.
• Present tense: Verbs that take place in the present.
• Future tense: Verbs that will take place in the future
Past
Present
Future
Walked
walking
Will walk
Played
playing
Will play
Adjectives…
Describing words that describe a noun…
Can you think of a word to describe your hair?
Can you think of words to describe the sky?
Can you think of words to describe a man?
Can you think of words to describe a table?
Adverbs
Words that describes or modifies the verb…
The seamstress quickly made the mourning clothes.
The midwives waited patiently through a long labour.
Jenny walks carefully to avoid falling.
Bob accidentally broke the vase.
What is an adverb for walked?
What is an adverb for swam?
Homonyms and Homophones
HOMONYM
Words that have same spelling and sound but different
meaning…
E.g. Bark and Bark
Do you know any more?
HOMOPHONE
Words that sound the same but are spelled differently and have
different meaning…
E.g. Sea and See
Do you know any more?
Antonyms and Synonyms
Antonyms – words that mean the opposite
Find antonyms for these words…
cold
happy
funny
night
bright
Synonyms – words that are similar
Find synonyms for these words…
white
sad
pleasant
thin
dirty
Figurative language
Personification – giving an inanimate object or concept human
traits – E.g. The wind playfully lifted the cloth and flipped it over.
Simile – a phrase that compares two things as being alike (as or
like) – E.g. Her hair was like springs.
Metaphor – a figure of speech that speaks of one thing as
though it is the other E.g. The man is a snake.
Alliteration – a phrase of a series of words that start with the
same letter E.g. Big Bold Bandit
Reading Comprehension
Media Texts use persuasive techniques to influence the reader…
Some of the various types of persuasive texts include:
1) News articles
2) Editorials
3) Letter to the Editor
4) Advertisement
5) Magazine article
You will be asked to read and identify the techniques in a Media
text…
Persuasive Techniques
1) Appeals – what is the writer trying to
appeal to?
- Logical (Logos)
- Emotional (Pathos)
- Ethical (Ethos)
Appeals to LOGIC (LOGOS) –
Techniques – usually factual
Expert opinion
Research
Anecdotes
Reputable sources - references and experts
Appeals to common sense and rationality:
Cause and effect statements and logical
conclusions:
Recognition of opposing viewpoints
Appeals to EMOTION
(PATHOS) - Techniques
Selection of words with specific connotations
Sound language – alliteration, colloquial or idioms,
repetition, cliches
Generalisations (Stereotypes)
Hyperbole or exaggeration
Inclusive language
Rhetorical questions
Appeal to values (family, justice or fairness,
modernity, vanity, generosity, hip pocket,
humanitarianism, belonging, patriotism, tradition)
Pathos appeals to emotion…
a) Nostalgia: Nostalgia is the feeling one gets when they look back on the past
fondly. Often, appeals to nostalgia are used to justify a return to older, simpler
times.
b) Guilt: Guilt is a powerful emotion and writers who make their audience feel
guilty about an issue (and, in particular, about not acting upon an issue) can be
very persuasive
c) Sympathy/empathy: Encouraging people to feel sympathy for someone (sorry
for them) or empathy (put themselves in another’s shoes)
d) Fear: Appeals to fear may rely on fear of physical violence or death; of loss of
security, family, stability, money, safety; of change; of a specified negative event.
e) Compassion: A description of the plight of the underprivileged is designed to
appeal to the reader’s sense of compassion it aims to make them feel outraged,
sorry, or upset. Whatever the emotion elicited, the aim is to cause the reader to
feel like they want to take some action in response to the situation
Pathos appeals…
Once you have identified the
emotional appeal, you should be
able to identify its effect, as the
author is trying to position you to
feel a particular way about their
topic.
Appeals to ETHICS…(ETHOS)
Well-informed about the topic
Confident in his or her position
Sincere, honest, respectable and trustworthy
Understanding of the reader's concerns and
possible objections
On the reader’s side
Reasonable and rational
Humane and considerate
THESE ARE DELIBERATE TECHNIQUES USED TO PERSUADE
Visuals can persuade to…
Images, such as pictures or graphics are included in some texts
They should be part of the analysis as they do not have a
contention or support the contention of the author
They may contain symbols that represent something in relation
to the text OR establish a tone or mood for the text
Look at how the visual and caption work together to convey an
idea
Is the caption a ‘loaded statement’?
Things to look for in articles…
Words that indicate TONE
EMOTIVE LANGUAGE (adjectives)
Words that indicate a POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE CONNOTATION
APPEALS what are being used?
LOADED WORDS or PHRASES that position the reader
EXPERT OPINIONS that give credibility to article
ATTACK OR PRAISE depending on contention
INCLUSIVE OR EXCLUSIVE language
EXAGGERATION or HYPERBOLE
ANECDOTAL STORIES or ANALOGIES of other cases or situations used
for comparison
GENERALISATIONS or creating STEREOTYPES from a few examples
SOLUTION offered to help
Persuasive techniques…
•
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Rhetorical question
Repetition
Exaggeration – hyperbole
Similes and metaphors
Appeal to fear, greed, logic, patriotism, fairness, justice, safety
Praise and attack
Inclusive language
Emotive language (adjectives, adverbs)
Statistics
Expert opinions
Eye-witnesses – quotes
Examples or anecdotal stories
Comparisons or contrasts
Biased or Unbiased?
Biased - unfairly prejudiced for or against someone or something
Unbiased - showing no prejudice for or against something; impartial
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Is there any missing information?
How does the writer treat people they have written about?
Are some quotes explained or embellished?
Has a ‘tone’ been created by the writer that may influence?
Have loaded words or statements (buzz words) been used?
Has the writer tried to identify, include or stereotype the reader?
How are people portrayed in the image?
Is the opposite to this story represented?
Are the statistics reliable?
Is the headline suggestive or leading?
Is there another agenda associated to this article (Political)?
Idiom…what is it?
An idiom is a word or phrase which means something different from its literal meaning.
They mean something more than what they appear to mean…
They are usually used in a text to emphasise something…
E.g. All Bark And No Bite:
When someone is threatening and/or aggressive but not willing to engage in a fight.
All Greek to me:
Meaningless and incomprehensible like someone who cannot read, speak, or
understand any of the Greek language would be.
All In The Same Boat:
When everyone is facing the same challenges.
An Arm And A Leg:
Very expensive. A large amount of money.
Essays…
Are a discussion with the reader that should show
your knowledge and understanding of…
1) The studied text
2) The question being asked
They must consider the reader and provide
sufficient detail, signposting and linking across the
essay.
Structure of the essay
•
TEEL structure for
body paragraphs
T – Topic sentence
E – Explain
E – Evidence or
example
L – Link back to topic
Can use Firstly,
secondly and thirdly
but literary essays do
not need these
indicators.
Words for essays…
Character conveys…
The author emphasises…
Suggests…
Character portrays…
Theme is represented…
This can be highlighted…
The character represents…
This symbolises…
The main message communicated is…
The author appears to be questioning…
Promotes…
Indicates…
Advocates…
8AR questions to plan…
Using ‘Tomorrow, When the War Began’…plan and
essay for…
How did the relationships between the characters
change them?
What are the main themes in the book and what is
the author trying to show us?
8AR question to plan…
Using ‘The Hunger Games’, plan an essay for the
question…
What are some key themes in the film, how are
they emphasised and why are they important?
8BR questions to plan…
Using Stevenson’s ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’, plan an
essay for the following topic…
What is the overall moral(s) presented in this book
and how is it (they) presented?
8BR questions to plan…
Using ‘Mockingbird’ plan an essay for the
following question…
What is the Mockingbird representative of? What
social significance does this allegory have?
8BR questions to plan…
Using both novels plan an essay for the following
question…
What themes in both books have social
significance today?