Transcript The Effects of Leader Prototypicality on Organizational

The Role of Affect in
Workgroups and Teams
Jacqueline Tanghe
14-01-2009
Overview
The Formation of Group Affect and Team
Effectiveness: The Role of Identification (in
press; BJM)
Emotional Convergence: The Role of
Prototypicality and Identification
Group Affective Tone and Cooperation: The
Role of Prototypicality and Identification
The role of Group Member Affect in the
Relationship between Trust and Cooperation (in
press; BJM)
Affect on the Group Level
Group affect or group affective tone: A shared
pattern of homogeneous affective states
among group members (George, 1990)
Through process called emotional
convergence
Group affect has a profound influence on
group member behavior
Questions
When will group affect be formed?
When will the link between group affective tone
and team effectiveness manifest itself?
To what or whom do group members affectively
converge to?
Insights derived from social identity perspective
may offer a framework to answer these
questions
Study 1: Identification and Group Affect
Q: When is group affect formed and when does it
have subsequent influences on team
effectiveness?
Identification: The perception of oneness with or
belongingness to an organization, where the
individual defines him or herself in terms of the
organization(s) in which he or she is a member
(Ashforth & Mael, 1989)
Study 1: Methods
Study 1a: Survey (71 teams).
Measures: PA / NA, identification,
OCB, team performance
Study 1b: Scenario-experiment.
Design (identification [high/low] x affect
group members [bored/relaxed]).
DV: own affect, OCB
Study 1: Main Results Study 1a &1b
Both studies show that there is more
convergence when identification is higher
5,8
5,6
5,4
5,2
High Identification
Low Identification
5
4,8
4,6
4,4
High PA
Low PA
Positive group Affect
Perceived Team Performance
Willingness to engage in OCB
5,8
5,7
5,6
5,5
High Identification
5,4
Low Identification
5,3
5,2
5,1
5
High PA
Low PA
Positive group Affect
Study 2: Prototypicality, Identification
and Emotional Convergence
Q: To what or whom do group members
affectively convergence to?
Prototypical group member: most
representative of group membership
Most influential in group processes
 Especially when group identification is high
Study 2: Methods
Study 2a: Scenario-experiment.
Design (prototypicality [high/low] x
group member affect [bored/relaxed]).
DV: own affect
Study 2b:Survey (118 teams).
Measures: PA / NA, prototypicality,
identification
Study 2: Main Results Study 2a &2b
Scenario showed people’s affective states had
converged more to the affective state of a more
prototypical group member than to that of a
less prototypical group member
1.4
1.2
1.2
1
1
0.8
PA
higher prototypicality
lower prototypicality
0.6
NA
1.4
0.8
higher prototypicality
lower prototypicality
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
0
idH
idL
Identification
idH
idL
identification
Study 3: Prototypicality, Identification
and Group Affective Tone
Q: When will the link between group affective tone
and team functioning manifest itself?
Group affective tone is considered a group
characteristic
Group members who are more prototypical
embody the group characteristics more; they will
thus behave more according to group defining
characteristics
 especially when group identification is high
Study 3: Method
Survey (117 teams).
Measures: PA / NA, prototypicality
identification, cooperation and OCB
6,8
6,6
6,4
6,2
Low Identification
6
High Identification
5,8
5,6
5,4
5,2
Low
High
willingness to cooperate
willingness to cooperate
Study 3: Main Results (1)
7
6,8
6,6
6,4
Low Identification
6,2
High Identification
6
5,8
5,6
Low
High
Positive Affect
Positive Affect
Low Prototypicality
High Prototypicality
6
5,8
5,6
Low Identification
5,4
High Identification
5,2
5
4,8
Low
High
willingness to engage in OCB
willingness to engage in OCB
Study 3: Main Results (2)
6,4
6,2
6
5,8
Low Identification
5,6
High Identification
5,4
5,2
5
Low
High
Positive Affect
Positive Affect
Low Prototypicality
High Prototypicality
Beyond Valence
From this and other research it becomes
apparent that positive and negative affect may
shape people’s behaviors profoundly
Yet, with this focus on valence the potential
importance of the activation level of affect is
ignored
Study 4: Trust, Affect en Cooperation
Cooperation is defining for group functioning
Trust key determinant for cooperation
Q: How may we get a distruster to cooperate?
What is the role of affective states of group
members?
 High activation informs about action
readiness
Study 4: Methods
Study 4a: Scenario-experiment.
Activation: high vs. Low
Trust continuous variable
DV: cooperation and OCB
Study 4b: Computer mediated experiment.
Activation (high vs. Low) x Valence (positive vs.
negative)
Trust continuous variable
Social dilemma: DV: contribution and expected
contribution
Study 4: Main Results Study 4a &4b
140
120
Contribution
100
Activation
80
High
Low
60
40
20
0
-2
-1
0
1
Trust
2
3
Study 4: Why
140
Expected Contribution
120
100
80
Activation
60
high
40
Low
20
0
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Trust
Same pattern for expected cooperation
 mediates own cooperation
Future
Leaves many questions open:
 Does activation converge?
 Little light shed on heterogeneity of
identification and prototypicality
 Other behaviors
 Better understanding about influence of
negative group affect
Links with Research done at the HRM/OB Dept
Team research
Social identity
framework
Interpersonal
differences
Research
methods
Information
sharing
Emotion
Diversity
My research
Team
composition
Leadership
Team functioning
and cooperation
Questions?
Contact Information:
[email protected]