Esparza, 1

Sexual Assault on College Campuses:

What DV Providers Can Do.

Overview

• • One in 4 college-aged women report experiences that meet the legal definitions of rape or attempted rape.

• One in 5 college women are raped during their college years.

Most survivors of sexual assaults are full-time students. Approximately one-third of them are first year students between 17-19 years old.

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Overview

• • • 80-90% of sexual assaults are perpetrated by individuals known to the survivor.

85% of rapes are committed by a person the victim knows.

In a recent study by the National Institute of Justice, survivors of rape knew their attackers as: – Fellow classmates (35.5%) – – – Friends (34.2%) Boyfriends or ex-boyfriends (23.7%) Acquaintance (2.6%) Esparza, 3

Overview

• Alcohol-involved sexual assaults more often occur among college students who know each other only casually and who spent time together at a party or bar

(Abbey et al., 1996a; Ullman et al., 1999).

• Approximately 85% of rape victims do not report their victimization to criminal justice authorities.

(Lisak, D. & Miller, P. M. (2002). Repeat rape and multiple offending among undetected rapists. Violence and Victims, 17, 73-84.)

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Violence Against Women on Campus

• • In survey of 412 college students, it was found that 11.7% of gay or bisexual men and 30.6% of the lesbian or bisexual women indicated that they had been forced to have sex against their will at some point in their lives.

81% of women who were stalked by a current or former partner were also physically assaulted by that same partner (US Department of Justice, 1998).

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Violence Against Women on Campus

• • • • 81% of on-campus and 84% of off-campus sexual assaults are not reported to the police.

Fewer than 5% of attempted/completed rapes are reported to law enforcement.

Nearly 60% of rapes occur in the survivor’s residence hall.

One in 12 college men admitted to committing acts that met the legal definition of rape.

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Violence Against Women on Campus

• • In a survey of students at 171 institutions of higher education, alcohol was involved in 74% of all sexual assaults.

48.8% of college women who were victims of attacks that met the study’s definition of rape did not consider what happened to them rape.

Bureau of Justice Statistics . “The Sexual Victimization of College Women” 2000

, US DOJ.

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Campus Program

• What are we seeing?

– Alcohol related assaults (including voluntary and DFSA) – – Self-blame/not reporting based on: • Not wanting anyone to know. It won’t be kept confidential.

• • • • Not wanting to ruin his life I was drinking It can’t be that serious I identify as LGBT, no one will understand or be able to help me Continued impunity for student accused of violating university policy. Esparza, 8

Intersectionality

• • None of these exist independently of each other.

Circular continuum of violence.

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Violent End of the Spectrum

• • Approximately 32% of college students are victims of domestic violence.

(Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice and Statistics, Intimate Partner Violence in the United States, 1993-2004. Dec. 2006.

Between 1993 and 1999, an intimate was responsible for 45% homicides of women age 20-24. (

Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice and Statistics, Intimate Partner Violence in the United States, 1993-2004. Dec. 2006).

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U.Va. Before and After May 4, 2010 Claire Kaplan, Ph.D.

University of Virginia Women’s Center

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• • • • • •

U.Va. Before 5/4/2010

U.Va. Women’s Center established in 1989. Sexual & Domestic Violence Services established in 1991. Kaplan hired.

IPV cases monitored by SDVS since ’91.

Sexual assault policies and adjudication procedures have undergone several revisions over the past 20 years; the most recent was 6 years ago.

Since establishment of the Clery Act, Kaplan has reported IPV cases, even though they are not counted as such by DoE.

Peer educators train in IPV and educate students on healthy/unhealthy relationships since 2000. U.Va. participates in development and use of The Red Flag Campaign.

Gender Violence course taught by Kaplan and Shelter Director since 1998.

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U.Va. Before 5/4/2010

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U.Va. Before 5/4/2010

Number of Survivors Served by SDVS (Advising/Advocacy/Cou nseling Services) in 2009-10:

Sexual Assault/Rape:24 Dating/Domestic Violence 10 Stalking 4

U.Va. Before 5/4/2010

• • Formalized contractual relationship with Sexual Assault Resource Agency (SARA) in 1990 (U.Va. compensates SARA for a certain number of students served annually.

– Limitation: financial compensation hasn’t changed since 1990 Relationship with Shelter for Help in Emergency is informal.

– – Limitation: SHE provides several hundred hours of services to students, staff and faculty annually.

Students perceive SHE as a resource for older woman who are married and have children.

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May 4, 2010

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After May 4, 2010

• • • Traumatic impact – Students: teammates, sorority sisters, friends, students at large – Faculty and staff: those who knew and didn’t know Love and Hugely Decision-making in the midst of crisis – Public face of the University – – Lack of inclusion of stakeholders (Women’s Center, SHE) as advisors Promise to Love family Media response – Intense and invasive

After May 4, 2010

• “Discovery” of Intimate Partner Violence: – U.Va.

• White Ribbon Campaign at commencement.

• • • • • Students establish “Get Grounded: Step Up! a bystander intervention program and launch a grounds wide campaign to train every member of the campus Movement to establish clearer policies re: IPV (heretofore existing definitions in the student handbook were unofficial) Reiteration that IPV is a violation of existing standards of conduct Interest by administration in providing support to SDVS and increasing hours of trauma counselor to full time/permanent position (currently grant-funded).

Administration suddenly agrees to insistence by SDVS to include IPV in joint web page Kaplan, 18

After May 4, 2010

• “Discovery” of Intimate Partner Violence: – U.Va.

• White Ribbon Campaign at commencement.

• • • • • Students establish “Get Grounded: Step Up! a bystander intervention program and launch a grounds wide campaign to train every member of the campus Movement to establish clearer policies re: IPV (heretofore existing definitions in the student handbook were unofficial) Reiteration that IPV is a violation of existing standards of conduct Interest by administration in providing support to SDVS and increasing hours of trauma counselor to full time/permanent position (currently grant-funded).

Administration suddenly agrees to insistence by SDVS to include IPV in joint web page Kaplan, 19

After May 4, 2010

• “Discovery” of Intimate Partner Violence: – U.Va.

• White Ribbon Campaign at commencement.

• • • • • Students establish “Get Grounded: Step Up! a bystander intervention program and launch a grounds wide campaign to train every member of the campus Movement to establish clearer policies re: IPV (heretofore existing definitions in the student handbook were unofficial) Reiteration that IPV is a violation of existing standards of conduct Interest by administration in providing support to SDVS and increasing hours of trauma counselor to full time/permanent position (currently grant-funded).

Administration suddenly agrees to insistence by SDVS to include IPV in joint web page Kaplan, 20

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After May 4, 2010

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After May 4, 2010

After May 4, 2010

• “Discovery” of Intimate Partner Violence: – – Commonwealth of Virginia • Years-long efforts to expand domestic violence laws to including dating partners suddenly gains steam. Virginia Sexual and Domestic Violence Action Alliance worked successfully with members on both sides of the aisle to pass legislation (awaiting governor’s signature).

Nationally • Security on Campus amends its SaVE (Campus Sexual Violence Elimination) Act to include IPV. Bill will be reintroduced this year as either part of VAWA or the Higher Education Reauthorization.

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Contact Information

Questions? Claire Kaplan, Ph.D.

Director, Sexual and Domestic Violence Services List Manager, SAPC listserv University of Virginia Women’s Center [email protected]

434-982-2774 Kaplan, 24

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Sexual Assault on College Campuses: What DV Providers can do.

Carmen Hotvedt, UW-Madison

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College Campuses Today

First-year students were born in 1992/3 Mindset List: www.beloit.edu/mindset Most students do not “date,” they “hook up,” “get together,” and/or “hang out” Language: dating and domestic violence often have little resonance (Rouse story) Diversity: racial, ethnic, religious, and nation of origin--often more dense on college campus than in surrounding communities

What do IHEs Care About

• • • • • • •

Federal Laws and Guidance

Clery: www2.ed.gov/admins/lead/safety/campus.html

Title IX: www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/tix_dis.html

Campus Legal Guidance and State Statutes (WI) Evidence-Informed Practice

not an excuse to exclude victims and community knowledge

What Other Campuses Are Doing Student Retention Threat Assessment Head and Heart Data

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Hotvedt, 28 EVOC initiative e assessment partnerships · voke/ --verb: to summon; to call forth 2010 comprehensive needs Campus and community

Campus and Community Data

• • • • In 2009, UCR data was disaggregated in Dane County. One-half of all homicides were DV related One-third of all arrests in Dane County are DV related. Campuses can do what is they consider to be legally right, and still not serve victims. What is our role?

– University of the Pacific – UW-Madison Most campuses are not required to collect IPV data Hotvedt, 29

Data, Continued

In a voluntary survey of 2,100 students (in response to this campaign) -Can you get consent from a partner if he or she is drunk? 69% disagree; 17% agree -If you have known your partner long enough, you do not need to ask for consent: 58% disagree; 25% agree -What should UW-Madison do to prevent violence? 78% know about available resources to help a friend; 51% required freshman programming Hotvedt, 30

SA/ DV: Overlapping and Distinct

• Federal (and in many State) laws/statutes address SAbut do not as specifically address stalking or IPV – – – – Bill of Rights: www.uhs.wisc.edu/assault/bill-of rights.shtml

Campus Crime Data/Clery (forcible and non forcible) Stalking as pre-SA behavior and post-DV behavior Gender-based harassment • 2010 UW-Madison needs assessment findings:

Academic, Alcohol, Knowledge/Misconceptions, Privacy, Safety, Services Available, Social Norms, Systemic/Institutional Navigation

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Violence Against Women on Campus

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DV Provider

• • • • • Through DOJ grant, paid to consult on campus needs and training efforts No established service on campus to date; feasibility study in works. (local RCC has office on campus) Active participants in CCR (EVOC Coordinating Council) MOU between campus and service provider University staff participate in local CCR Hotvedt, 33

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Contact Information

Carmen Hotvedt Violence Prevention Specialist University Health Services UW-Madison [email protected]

What Can DV Providers Do?

• • • • • • Campuses-where are they in your area?

Understanding how a campus works.

Speak the language.

What laws affect college campuses.

Build relationships. Network, network, network.

Invite key campus staff to your office and meetings. Let them know what you can provide.

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What Can DV Providers Do?

• Keys to success – Confidentiality.

– – 24 hour service.

Outside perspective as well.

– – Expert and able to provide training.

Years of experience with the issues of VAW. – – Utilize students at your center for hotline, shelter, etc.

Recognize and reward campus leaders via your agency.

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What Can DV Providers Do?

• Coordinated Community Response Team – – Build the relationships and be a part of it.

Provide the expertise.

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Endnotes

• • •

Karjane, H.K., Fisher, B.S., and Cullen F.T. (2002) Campus Sexual Assault: How America’s Institutions of Higher Education Respond. Final Report, NIJ Grant #1999-WA-VX-0008. Newton, MA: Education Development Center, Inc.




Ottens, A.J. and Hotelling, K. (2001) Sexual Violence On Campus: Policies, Programs, and Perspectives. New York: Springer Publishing Company, Inc.

Grants to Reduce Violent Crimes Against Women on Campus 2002.

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Contact Information

Dan Esparza, Director Campus Program CALCASA [email protected]

Livia Rojas, Training and Resource Coordinator Campus Program CALCASA [email protected]

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