Transcript Chapter 6: Language and Communication

Chapter 6: Language and
Communication
Slide Template
THE PERCEPTION OF PRINT
Stages in Word Perception
• Models of visual word recognition (e.g.
Pandemonium model) are bottom-up driven:
from features to letters, to words.
Stages in Word Perception
• The features as a unit: Visual search
– Importance of features
• The letter as a unit: Automatic processing
– Familiarity and perceptual experience
• The word as a unit: Word shape
– A function of word frequency and familiarity
– consistency
Top-Down Processing:
Context and Redundancy
• Context effects in reading & ‘guessing’ the
letters within the word
• Top-down processing in letter recognition &
interpreting ambiguous features
• Word superiority effect
– the phenomenon that people have better
recognition of letters presented within words as
compared to isolated letters and to letters
presented within nonword (orthographically illegal,
unpronounceable letter array) strings
Top-Down Processing:
Context and Redundancy
• Combination of bottom-up and top-down
processing.
Reading: From Words to Sentences
• Visual scanning
– For difficult text, fixations get longer, saccades get
shorter, and regressions are more common
• Top down influences on reading.
– Preceding and proceeding words
• Cognitive processes involved in understanding
• Working memory constraints
APPLICATIONS OF UNITIZATION
AND TOP-DOWN PROCESSING
Unitization
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Advantages of automatic processing
Role of training and experience
Lower versus upper case text perception
Tall-Man lettering
Acronyms and abbreviations
Context-Data Trade-offs
• Implications for design of text displays and
code systems.
Code Design: Economy versus Security
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Shannon-Fano principle and Zipf’s Law
Guidance for email address design
Security versus efficiency trade-offs.
Redundancy in code design
RECOGNITION OF OBJECTS
Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing
• Theories of object recognition.
Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing
• Proactive brain
– Combination of top-down and bottom-up
processes
• Role of context in object recognition
Pictures and Icons
• Icon concreteness, visual complexity, semantic
distance and familiarity
Sounds and Earcons
• Earcons
• Auditory icons
• Spearcons
COMPREHENSION
Instructions
• Legal jargon and comprehension
Instructions
• Writing instructions
– Readability formulas
– Advantages
– Limitations
Command Versus Status
• Advantages and disadvantages
– When to use
• Redundancy
– Example: TCAS
Linguistic Factors
• Negatives
– Why to avoid use of negative phrases
• Absence of cues
– Presence versus absence of information
• Congruence and order reversals
– Effects on working memory load
Working Memory Load
• Propositions maintained in working memory
• Reinstatement used to refresh working
memory
MULTIMEDIA INSTRUCTIONS
The Optimal Medium
• Text versus pictures
Redundancy and Complementarity
• Picture-text complementarity
• Relationship to theory of Cognitive Load
• Placement of pictures and written text
– Spatial contiguity
• Presentation of pictures and spoken text
– Temporal contiguity
Realism of Pictorial Material
• Realism versus effectiveness
• Realism of animations
PRODUCT WARNINGS
Product Warnings
• Existing standards and guidance for product
warning design
• Four information processing stages
– Notice, read, understand and compliance
• Calibration of seriousness and compliance
with warnings
• Cost of compliance
SPEECH PERCEPTION
Representation of Speech
• Fourier analysis and spectral representation
Units of Speech Perception
• Phonemes
– Analogous to the letter unit in reading. Invariance
problem
• Syllables
– The basic unit of speech perception
• Words & the segmentation problem
Top-Down Processing of Speech
• Mechanisms to mitigate the invariance and
segmentation problems
• Differences in older adults and bilinguals
• Synthetic speech
Applications of
Voice Recognition Research
• Design of speech recognition systems
• Prediction of effects on speech
comprehension of distortion and noise
Applications of
Voice Recognition Research
• Articulation index, speech intelligibility and
speech intelligibility index.
Communications
• Non-verbal communications
– Differences between face-to-face and voice-only
communications
• Video-mediated communications
– Effects of head only, head and shoulders on
communication
– Video-based team work and group decision
making
Communications
• Crew Resource Management and Team
Situation Awareness
– Effectiveness of programs
– Impact of the concept of TSA within CRM
programs