Transcript Polish Higher Education System

Polish Higher
Education System
University of Warsaw
Changes in Polish HE after 1989
Rapid growth of HE sector
 social and economic changes
recognition of the impact of education on well-being
and position in the society
Act on Higher Education (1990)
Act of 27 July 2005, Law on Higher Education
 development of private HEIs
 extension of educational offer by public HEIs
• paid studies to counteract budget cuts
• higher admission limits to non-paid studies
new rules for financing HEIs: allocation of public funds
strongly dependent on the number of students
Primary and secondary education
in Poland
HIGHER
Post-secondary school
EDUCATION
1-2.5 years
Maturity examination – maturity certificate
Complementary
lyceum
Complementary
technical school
General lyceum
Specializ. lyceum
Technical school
Vocational school
3 years
3 years
4 years
2-3 years
Gymnasium 3 years
Primary school
6 years
Higher education in Poland
PhD studies
3-5 years
Post-diploma studies
1-2 years
Uniform Master
level courses
5-6 years
Second cycle
(MA-level courses)
2 years
First cycle
(BA-level courses)
3-4 years
Polish HEIs & number of students
1937
HEIs
public
448
661
(34.1%)
private
students
[in thousands]
318
(71%)
112
106
404
1276
(65.9%)
130
(29%)
1990/91 2007/08
1990/91 2007/08
source: Central Statistical Office, 2009
Autonomy of HEIs
guaranteed by the Polish Constitution
“Higher education institutions are provided with autonomy ...”
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election of authorities (rectors, deans, ...)
employment - policy & individual decisions
enrolment limits & admission procedures
curricula (must comply with „standards” set by ministry)
allocation of funds received from ministry
tuition fees for paid study programmes
statutes
organisational structure
for „small” HEIs,
study programmes*
to be approved by ministry
academic regulations
*list of programme names (fields of study) is defined by ministry
2005 - Law on Higher Education (1)
Bologna process in Poland
basic form of studies: 2-cycle system (from 2007)
long Master programmes – only in a few selected fields

PhD-level education – 3rd cycle

fewer restrictions in introducing interdisciplinary
degree programmes and programmes in new fields

more flexibility in defining curricula
more „output-oriented” and less restrictive „standards”
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credit transfer and accumulation – obligatory part
of academic regulations at HEIs
obligatory ECTS & Diploma Supplement
2005 - Law on Higher Education (2)
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
 degree programmes or individual courses can
„normally” be taught in foreign languages
 degree programmes can be offered jointly by
two or more HEIs, including international HEIs
joint diplomas – left for regulation by Minister

Polish HEIs can establish their units abroad &
foreign HEIs can establish their units in Poland
subject to approval by ministry

simplified procedures for hiring academic staff
from abroad
Participation of students
in decision-making process
State level: Students Parliament
• opinion on any state-level decision (incl. proposed legal acts)
concerning students
• representatives in Council for Higher Education
• representative in Presidium of State Accreditation Committee
HEI (faculty) level: students self-government
•  20% of members of senate (faculty council) & rector (dean)
election committees
• opinion on any senate/rector (faculty council/dean) decision
concerning students
• should approve academic regulations adopted by senate
• must approve a candidate for vice-rector (vice-dean)
responsible for student affairs
• allocation of financial aid: rules & individual decisions
• participation in periodic evaluation of academic staff
Need for Lifelong Learning (LLL)

wrong distribution of graduates with regard
to their field of study

„saturation” of HE system with traditional
students
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demographic changes
focus on lifelong learning (non-traditional
students)
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various age (mostly adult)
different educational needs and capabilities
Participation of adults in LLL
Percentage of population aged 25-64 participating in education and training
in the four weeks prior to the survey, 2000-2006
Source: Delivering lifelong learning for knowledge, creativity and innovation,
European Commission, COM(2007) 703, Nov. 2007
Status of non-formal / informal learning

dominant position of formal education

no legislative basis for recognition of non-formal /
informal learning

pessimistic perspectives

need for legal changes that would allow for
recognition of non-formal / informal learning

Survey by Conference of Rectors and Academic
Schools in Poland (CRASP), November 2007:
desirable,
possible
by 2010
31%
desirable,
unlikely in
near future
31%
undesirable
no
or
opinion
unrealistic
24%
14%
Conclusions
Poland – doing quite well in many areas of the
Bologna Process – needs to focus on LLL
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raising awareness of LLL importance and
opportunities it offers among education
professionals, politicians and society in general
development of a comprehensive vision and
strategy of LLL, covering all levels of education
and training, in dialogue with all stakeholders
breaking barriers hampering the recognition of
non-formal / informal learning
securing appropriate financial resources
Financing education in Poland
Budget of HEIs in 2007/08
- HEIs (PUBLIC & PRIVATE):
research
12.3%
economic
activity
education
87.1%
0.6%
- PUBLIC
85.1%
14.3%
- PRIVATE
98.1%
source: Central Statistical Office, 2009
1.5%
0,7%
Financing education
state budget
58.4%
tuition
35.3%
others
6.3%
PUBLIC
71.2%
others
6.9%
21.8%
PRIVATE
97.0%
0.1%

2.9%
State spending on HE: 2.5 bn euros = 1.00% GDP
 59% students pay tuition fee
• > 95% at private HEIs
• > 40% at public HEIs
Student population in Poland
Italy
Korea
France
Finland
Turkey
Belgium
Iceland
Austria
Germany
Mexico
Canada
Switzerland
Netherlands
Spain
Greece
Japan
Portugal
Czech Republic
Poland
Hungary
Slovak republic
Ireland
Russian Federation
Source: OECD, Education at a Glance 2006.
Luxembourg
Denmark
Australia
United Kingdom
United States
Norway
Sweden
New Zealand
Chile
Demography
Expected demographic changes within the population aged 20-29
Figure 2.8 Expected demographic
within
the population aged 20-29, over the
over thechanges
period
2005-2015
period 2005-2015
2005 = 100
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
Structure of graduates
small proportion of graduates in some areas
 science – 3.9%
 engineering, manufacturing – 7.5%
high proportion of graduates in other areas
 social sciences, business, law – 41.4%
 education – 11.9%
source: OECD Reviews of Tertiary Education – Poland, Sept. 2007
growing unemployment among
HEI graduates
Student population
2.3 Change in the number of students in tertiary education between 1995 and
Change inFigure
the number
of students in tertiary education between 1995 & 2007 (%)
2004
Index of change (1995 = 100)
250
230
210
190
170
150
130
110
Source: OECD, Education at a Glance 2007.
The growth has reached its limits!
In 2006/07, for the first time since 1990, the number of students
has decreased
Spain
Austria
Germany
Turkey 2, 3
Denmark1
Italy 2,3
Norway 2
Netherlands
Finland
United States
Japan1
United Kingdom
Australia
Switzerland 2, 3
Ireland
Sweden
Portugal 3
Korea
Mexico
Slovak Republic 1
Chile 4
Greece 1,2
Czech Republic
Hungary 3
Poland 2, 3
90
Mobility
Erasmus student exchange (PL)
1998-2007
12000
11219
Outgoing
Incoming
10000
11879
9974
8388
8000
6278
6000
5419
4000
3691
4528
4321
3220
2813
2000 1426
220
0
466
3730
2332
614
750
966
1459
98/99 99/00 00/01 01/02 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 07/08
Erasmus mobility, Europe 2006/07
30000
Students
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
AT BE BG CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GR HU IE IS
IT LI LT LU LV MT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK TR UK
Poland 11,219
Erasmus outgoing students
(Polish HEIs, including University of Warsaw)
12000
10000
Poland
UW
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
98/99 99/00 00/01 01/02 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 07/08
Erasmus incoming students
(Polish HEIs, including University of Warsaw)
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Poland
UW
98/99 99/00 00/01 01/02 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 07/08
Means to enhance mobility
 providing adequate financial support for outgoing
students
1998/99: 375 euro/month
2007/08: 347 euro/month (from Erasmus) + support from HEIs
source: Erasmus National Agency
 programmes & courses taught in foreign
languages at Polish HEIs
 overcoming legal obstacles in the development
of joint degree programmes
 promotion of the Polish system of HE and Polish
HEIs
Doctoral degree studies
Two paths to doctoral degree
Doctoral degrees awarded by eligible:
 HEIs - individual faculties
 research institutes of Polish Academy of Sciences
and ‘branch’ R&D institutes
 Until early 1990’s: unstructured training
teaching or research assistant
at a university or research institute
• routine teaching and administrative duties
• supervised research work
 structured training
PhD programme offered by a university
(faculty) or research institute
• coursework
• supervised research work
• limited teaching duties
Doctoral studies
Rapid growth after 1990
32,725
31,814
2005/06
2006/07
source:
Central Statistical Office 2009
25,622
no. PhD students
10,482
2,695
1990/91
1995/96
2000/01
PhD students
31,814
other institutions
(Academy of Sciences, …)
private
7.7%
8.5%
25,622
parttime
30.3%
92.3%
91.5%
10,482
69.7%
2,695
HEIs
1990/91
1995/96
2000/01
2007/08
public
fulltime
source:
Central Statistical Office 2009
Age of PhD recipients
source:
Central Statistical Office 2009
38.6% 37.3%
34.2%
12.8%
7.0%
4.0%
3.4%
46-50
51+
1.3%
up to 26 27-30
31-35
36-40
41-45
age of PhD
recipients
Problems and challenges (1)
Traditional separation of MSc and PhD programmes
until 2005: Doctoral studies regulated by the Act on Scientific Title and
Degrees (not by the Act on Higher Education)
Doctoral studies supervised by vice-rector/vice-dean
responsible for research (not for education)
 special course offer for PhD
low number of courses – for economic reasons
low flexibility and attractiveness of the curriculum
 PhD research frequently unrelated to work done
at Master’s level
long time to degree
Law on Higher Education (2005):
doctoral studies (third-cycle studies) – part of higher education system
Problems and challenges (2)
Unattractive financial status of students
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only 40% of doctoral students receive scholarships (from university
or faculty budget)
scholarships are low (300-450 euro/months)
new forms of financial aid (from university or faculty budget)
available since 2006 – insufficient
limited opportunities for extra support from research grants
 little attractiveness of PhD studies for
potentially best candidates
 part-time or full-time employment outside
university
large number of dismissals
slow progress in research (long time to degree)
Problems and challenges (3)
Mismatch of training goals with needs of labour
market
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•
ca. 5500 PhD degrees awarded each year
limited opportunities for hiring at HEIs (saturation or decrease in
the number of students predicted)
professional careers outside of academia
At most HEIs, no serious attempts to adapt
doctoral training still, in principle, oriented towards
future university employees
Expenditures on science in 2008
Structure of expenditures on R&D
activity in Poland by fields of science
Natural
24,0%
in 2006 9,1%
Technical
9,0%
Medical
Agricultural
11,1%
Social and
humanities
46,9%
Total: 1 512 532 000 EUR =
5 892 826 000 PLN
Average exchange rate PLN/EUR for 2006 according to the National Bank of Poland,
1 EUR = 3,8960 PLN
Structure of R&D activity personnel
by fields of science in 2006
19,5
Natural
21,6
Technical
Medical
Agricultural
9,0
35,3
14,7
Social and
humanities
Researchers in selected type
of unit of R&D activity in 2006
70 331
74%
Scientific units of the
Polish Academy of
Science
Branch research development
Business enterprises
7 490
8%
12 723
13%
5 046
5%
Higher education
institutions
Expenditures on research
within competence of the ministry
as planned for 2008
Research projects in the field of natural sciences
128 520 311 €
Research projects in the field of technical sciences
160 555 951 €
Research projects in the field of social sciences,
humanities and exact sciences
Statutory, investment activities and particular research
37 764 525 €
650 703 692 €
Research-supporting activities
18 875 004 €
Scientific and scientific-technological international
cooperation
46 642 660 €
124 592 217 €
Other activities
TOTAL:
1 167 654 360 €
* Budgetary Act for 2008 as of 23 January 2008 r.
Average exchange rate PLN/EUR for 2008 according to the National Bank of Poland,
1 EUR = 3,5129 PLN
Expenditures on UW research by
type of activity
3 416 431 €
7%
1 945 401 €
4%
3 800 535 €
8%
6 754 788 €
14%
7 481 697 €
16%
23 710 265 €
51%
TOTAL: € 47 109 118 = 165 489 619 PLN
Statutory activities
EU research programmes
Peer-reviewed research grants
Investments in R&D infrastructure
(buildings and equipment)
Particular research
(intended mainly for young scientists)
Other funds
Publications of the teaching staff
of the University of Warsaw
4 394
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1 564
1500
723
1000
366
500
0
Books
Articles
Book chapters
Other publications
Number of participants in FP6
projects by country (EU-25)
10000
9000 8632
8000
7000
7169
6353
6000
5428
5000
4066
4000
3259
3000
2338
2000
2172
1862 1600
1536
1000
1284 1224 968 966 853
745 496
370 295 282 194
175
98
79
0
DE UK FR
IT
ES NL
BE SE GR PL
AT DK
FI
Data source: National Contact Point for EU Research Programmes
(http://www.6pr.pl/statystyki/listopad2006ke.html#tab1)
PT HU
CZ
IE
SI
SK
EE LT
CY LV MT LU
FP6 projects by research discipline
Economic Sciences
11
Regional Policy
1
Science Management
1
Science Dissemination
3
Sociology
5
Political Science
1
Psychology
3
Mathematics
3
Physics
11
Geophysics
2
Nuclear Physics
2
Chemistry
5
Informatics
8
Innovative Technologies
1
Biology
4
Medical Biology
3
Geography
3
0
2
4
6
Number of projects (67 in total)
8
10
12
Number of participants in FP7
projects by country (EU-27)
3 000
2 915
2 546
2 500
2 133
1 940
2 000
1 420
1 500
1 213
851
1 000
775
703
584
473
500
408 399 329 319
285 256 230
181 180
110 109 88
68
66
49
37
LV
LT
MT
LU
0
DE UK
FR
IT
ES
NL
BE SE GR AT
FI
PL
DK
PT
Data source: National Contact Point for EU Research Programmes
(http://pako3.ippt.gov.pl/index.php/uczestnicyprojektow/51)
HU
CZ
IE
RO
SI
BG SK
EE
CY
Number of projects being
implemented under FP7 by
research discipline
Psychology
1
Science Dissemination
1
Modern Languages
1
Sociology
1
Mathematics
3
Informatics
1
Physics
4
Chemistry
3
Economic Sciences
3
0
1
2
3
Number of projects (18 in total)
Data source: UW Research Services Office, own statistics.
4
5
Other exemplary sources of research
projects external funding
apart from EU programmes
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COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology)
CULTURE Programme
European Science Foundation (ESF)
European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO)
Trust for Civil Society in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE Trust)
International Visegrad Fund
Norwegian Financial Mechanism and EEA Financial Mechanism
Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Swedish Environmental Protection Agency
Welcome Trust
Volkswagen Stiftung
Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation (Taiwan)
Thank you for your attention!
University of Warsaw
International Relations Office
www.bwz.uw.edu.pl ; www.iro.uw.edu.pl
Presentation prepared by Laura Dryjańska,
based on materials provided by:


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Conference of Rectors of Academic Schools
in Poland (CRASP)
University of Warsaw Research Services
Office
National Statistical Office
Foundation for the Development of the
Education System
OECD