Transcript Renaissance study PowerPoint

The Italian Renaissance
In Italy the growth of wealthy trading cities
and new ways of thinking helped lead to a
rebirth of the arts and learning. This era
became known as the Renaissance.
Renaissance Ideas
As the economy and society changed, new ideas began to
appear. This period of interest and developments in art,
literature, science and learning is known as the Renaissance,
French
for “rebirth.”
Inspiration
from New World of Ideas
Different
the Ancients
• Venetian ships
carried goods for
trade and Greek
scholars seeking
refuge
• Scholars brought
ancient works
thought to be lost
• Italians who
could read looked
for more
information
• Read Arabic
translations of
original texts
• Searched
libraries, found
lost texts
Viewpoints
• As they read,
began to think
about philosophy,
art, science in
different ways
• Began to believe
in human capacity
to create, achieve
The revival of trade in Europe helped bring an end
to the Middle Ages & gave rise to the Renaissance
The rise of cities
brought artists
together which led
to new techniques
& styles of art
Increased trade gave rise
Wealthy bankers &
to Italian city-states &
merchants wanted to
a wealthy middle class show off their new status
of bankers & merchants
by commissioning art
How did the Crusades contribute
to the Renaissance?
Crusades (1095 – 1291) = Religiously sanctioned
military campaigns waged by Roman Catholics
against Muslims who had occupied the near east
since the Rashidun Caliphate (founded after
Muhammad’s death in 632, the Rashidun Caliphate
was one of the largest empires of the time period)
Increased demand for Middle Eastern products
Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle
Eastern markets
Encouraged the use of credit and banking
The Renaissance
●Johannes Gutenberg
●In 1455, produced the
1st printed book, a
bible
● Gutenberg Bible
●Used moveable metal
type
Literature flourished during the Renaissance and spread
Renaissance ideas, which can be greatly attributed to
Johannes Gutenberg.
In 1455 Gutenberg printed the first book produced by
using moveable type, The Bible, and started a printing
revolution that would transform Europe.
Literacy rates
increased
Styles and Techniques
Artists Methods
• Studied perspective,
represented threedimensional objects
• Experimented with using
colour to portray shapes,
textures
• Subject matter changed;
artists began to paint, sculpt
scenes from Greek, Roman
myths
Classical Influence
• Religious paintings focused
on personality
• Humanist interest in classical
learning, human nature
• Building design reflected
humanist reverence for
Greek, Roman culture
• Classical architecture
favoured
The Renaissance produced new ideas that were
reflected in the arts, philosophy, and literature.
Patrons, wealthy from newly expanded trade,
sponsored works which glorified city-states in
northern Italy. Education became increasingly
secular.
Classical art showed the importance of people
and leaders, as well as gods and goddesses
Medieval art and literature focused on the
Church and salvation
Renaissance art and literature focused on the
importance of people and nature, along with
religion
Classical Art
History Alive! Pg. 316 ‘Discobolus’
• Figures were lifelike but often idealized (more
perfect than in real life)
• Figures were nude or draped in togas (robes)
• Bodies looked active, and motion was believable
• Faces were calm and without emotion
• Scenes showed either heroic figures or real people
doing tasks from daily life
Medieval Art
History Alive! Pg. 317 ‘Narthex Tympanum'
• Most art was religious, showing Jesus, saints,
people from the Bible, and so on
• Important figures in paintings were shown as
larger than others around them
• Figures looked stiff, with little sense of movement
• Figures were fully dressed in stiff-looking clothing
• Faces were serious and showed little feeling
• Paint colors were bright
Renaissance Art
History Alive! Pg. 317 ‘The School of Athens’
• Artists showed religious and nonreligious scenes
• Art reflected a great interest in nature
• Figures were lifelike and three-dimensional, reflecting an
increasing knowledge of anatomy
• Bodies looked active and were shown moving
• Figures were either nude or clothed
• Scenes showed real people doing everyday tasks
• Faces expressed what people were thinking
• Paintings were often symmetrical (balanced, with the right
and left sides having similar or identical elements)
Renaissance artists embraced some of the ideals of ancient
Greece and Rome in their art.
The purpose of art would no longer be to glorify God, as it
had been in Medieval Europe. Artists wanted their
subjects to be realistic and focused on humanity and
emotion.
New Techniques also emerged.
Art and Patronage
Italians patrons (financial supporters) were willing to spend a
lot of money on art
– Art communicated social, political, and spiritual values
and therefore being able to buy art was used as a form
of competition for social and political status.
What was different in the Renaissance?
Realism
Perspective
Emphasis on individualism
Geometrical arrangement of figures
Light and shadowing
Softening of edges
Artist able to live from commissions
Characteristics of Renaissance Art
1. Realism &
Expression
Expulsion from the Garden
Masaccio
1427
First nudes since classical times.
2. Perspective
The Trinity
Perspective!
Perspective!
Perspective!
Perspective!
Perspective!
Masaccio
1427
Perspective!
Perspective!
First use
of linear
perspective!
What you are, I
once was; what I
am, you will
become.
4. Emphasis on Individualism
Batista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre:
The Duke & Dutchess of Urbino
Piero della Francesca, 1465-1466.
5. Geometrical Arrangement of Figures
Leonardo da Vinci
1469
The figure as
architecture!
The Dreyfus Madonna
with the
Pomegranate
6. Light & Shadowing/Softening Edges
Sfumato:
Chiaroscuro:
use of light
and shade
Ginevra de' Benci, a
young Florentine
noblewoman who, at
the age of sixteen,
married Luigi Niccolini
in 1474.
gradual
blending of
one area of
color into
another
without a sharp
outline
1452-1519
Painter, Sculptor,
Architect,
Mathematician,
Engineer
Mona Lisa
(1503-1506)
The Last Supper
(1495-1498)
Jesus and his apostles on the
night before the crucifixion
Notebooks
Leonardo da Vinci dissected
corpses to learn how bones and
muscles work
Born in 1475 in a small town near Florence, is
considered to be one of the most inspired men who ever
lived; he was a sculptor, painter, engineer, architect, and
poet.
David
Michelangelo
created his
masterpiece
David in
1504.
The Biblical
shepherd,
David (who
killed Goliath)
recalls the
harmony and
grace of ancient
Greek tradition
 15c
What
a
difference
a
century
makes!
16c 
Sistine Chapel
About a year after creating
David, Pope Julius II summoned
Michelangelo to Rome to work
on his most famous project, the
ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
Depicts the biblical history
of the world from the
Creation to the Flood
Creation of Eve
Separation of Light and Darkness
Creation of Adam
The Last Judgment
Pieta 1499
Marble Sculpture
Captures the sorrow of the
Virgin Mary as she cradles
her dead son, Jesus on her
knees
Moses
Northern Renaissance
The Renaissance in northern Europe (outside Italy)
• There was increased cultural exchange between
European countries
• Printed materials helped to spread ideas
• Centralization of political power made the
northern Renaissance distinct from the Italian
Renaissance (e.g., nation-states instead of Italian
city-states)
• Growing wealth in Northern Europe supported Renaissance ideas.
• Northern Renaissance thinkers merged humanist ideas with Christianity.
• The movable type printing press and the production and sale of books
(Gutenberg Bible) helped disseminate ideas and allowed more people to
become educated.
•Cultural and educational reform
•The study of classical culture (ancient Greece and Rome), in
contrast with the study of things related to the church and religion
• Celebrated the individual
•Was supported by wealthy patrons (financial supporters)
Virtual Tour of the Sistine Chapel
http://www.vatican.va/various/cappelle/sistina_vr/i
ndex.html