a. Mecanical Era

A mechanical computer is a computer whose components are gearwheel, shaft, crank, and plat made from iron/steel To move it, powerful energy is needed Mechanical computer has several weaknesses: • Counting speed is limited by mechanical movements.

• Information transformation (through gear wheel, lever, crank) is difficult and

Table Mechanical Computer Development Year Inventor: Machine 1642 Blaise Pascal 1617 Gottfried Leibniz 1827 Charles Babbage: Difference Engine 1834 Charles Babbage: Analytical Engine 1941 Zuse: Z3 1944 Aiken: Harvard Mark 1 Capability Addition, subtraction Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division Polinominal Evaluation with finite difference method Multi-purpose computation Multi-purpose computation Multi-purpose computation

b.

First Generation (Vacuum Tubes)

information is sent by electric current (electron movement) whose speed is close to light velocity (300,000 km/second) • • • The first multipurpose electronic computer is ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) invented in 1943 by John W. Mauchly & J Presper Eckert. ENIAC has the following characteristics: Consists of 18,000 vacum tubes Weighs 30 tons Spends 140 kilowatts of electric power Was programmed with 6000 multiposition electric switches programs and data were stored in separate memories, so that data entry and alteration were not

• • • • EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was the first stored program computer In 1946 John von Neuman began to create the new stored program computer, i.e. IAS Machine. This system has been used as the basic concept of electronic computer development up to now.

Von Neuman Machine has five parts: Memory Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) Program control unit Input/output (I/O) device

c. Second Generation Computer (Transistor): 1955-1965

• The transistor era was marked by the innovation on hardware and some program design methodology (software technology).

• It used transistor as vacum tubes substitute.

• “High level” programming language did not depend on independent machine such as ALGOL, COBOL, FORTRAN.

• Some of the computers were PDP, IBM, and CDC.

Third Generation Computer (Integrated Circuit): 1965-1980

In this era some of the development were: • • IC was used as transistor substitute, so the size was smaller.

• Semiconductor memory was used as main memory.

Microprogramming

technique, makes CPU design simpler and more flexible.

• • Parallel processing was used, so counting was faster.

Operating system

was used.

Some types of third generation computer from IBM (Mainframe) were: • IBM System/360 IBM System/370

Fourth Generation Computer (VLSI): 1980 to now

In 1980, technology of VLSI (

very large scale integration

) has enabled the use of hundreds and finally millions of transistors in one

chip

. This technology enables the creation of CPU, memory and other components in a single chip which can be produced massively in a cheap price. At last, it can produce smaller, faster, and cheaper computers, that everyone can afford. This technology starts the era of Personal Computer (PC).

Fifth Generation Computer

The term fifth generation computer is created by a Japanese to describe a “smart” computer which was built in the mid 1990s. The development involves artificial intelligence, expert system, and natural programming language. The focus of the fifth generation is connectivity, by connecting a computer to other computers, to form parallel computation.

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The History of Telephone

 Who first invented a telephone? He is Alexander Graham Bell. He asked his friend Thomas Watson to help him provide the equipments  On 14 February 1876, Bell patented his invention, but according to US Patent Office Bell, it was legally patented on March 7 under the term “electric speaking telephone”.

 Bell kept on developing his invention and for the first time he succeded to send a message saying ”Watson, come here, I want you” on 10 March 1876.

 On 30 Januari 1877, Bell's U.S. patented electromagnetic telephone using a permanent magnet, iron diaphragm, and call bell. The patent number is 186,787.

The History of Wireless

In 1896 Marconi showed his invention in England and obtained his first patent for this invention

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