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Principles of Drilling Fluids 钻井液工艺原理
Chapter 10
NEW DRILLING FLUID TECHNOLOGY
钻井液体系新进展
Prof. Dr. Xiuhua Zheng E-mail: [email protected]
Exploration Dept. School of Engineering and Technology, China University of Geosciences(Beijing)
中国地质大学 ( 北京 ) 工程技术学院勘查教研室
Test for
§
9
1.
Silica-Oxygen tetrahedron
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
octahedral sheet 2:1-Type unit layer hydrogen bonding c-spacing
2.
3.
4.
6.
7.
Isomorphous substitutions Adsorption of a cation 8.
9.
exchangeable cations Montmorillonite 10. Kaolinite
Drilling Fluids §
10
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
New Drilling Fluid Technology
硅氧四面体 八面体晶片方钻杆 单元晶层 氢键 晶层间距 晶格取代 吸附阳离子 可交换阳离子 蒙脱石 高岭石
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Glossary of §10
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Silicate-based Mixed Metal Hydroxide Polyol Micro-bubble Formate Non-invasive Polymeric Amine Cloud point"
（浊点）
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
硅酸盐 正电胶 聚合醇 微泡 甲酸盐钻井液 无侵害钻井液 聚胺钻井液
Drilling Fluids §
10 New Drilling Fluid Technology
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Contents
Silicate-based Drilling Fluid
（硅酸盐钻井液 ）
Mixed Metal Hydroxide Drilling fluid
正电胶钻井 液）
3 Polyol Technology System
（聚合醇钻井液）
4 Micro-bubble Drilling Fluid
（微泡钻井液）
5 Formate Drilling Fluid
（甲酸盐钻井液）
6 Non-invasive Drilling Fluid
（无侵害钻井液）
7 Polymeric Amine Drill Fluid
（聚胺钻井液）
New Drilling Fluid Technology
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1.Silicate-based Drilling Fluid
Introduction silicate-based drilling fluids using
sodium and potassium silicate
（硅酸钠或硅酸钾）
is a lower cost and effective drilling fluid with very good shale inhibitive capacity, reduced formation damage and environmental safety
.
silicate-based drilling fluids offers the flexibility and versatility to design a mud system for almost any drilling environment and provides.
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Characteristics • Molar of silicate is the
weight ratio of SiO 2 :Na 2 O (
重量比） , being the key parameter that determines the properties of drilling fluid.
• liquid silicates with higher ratios will contain proportionately greater levels of condensed, complex species with higher molecular weights. the low and mid ratio liquids will contain significant levels of low molecular weight
chain
s and
cyclics
as well as free
mono silicate.
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Mechanism • In-gauge holes are achieved through a unique combination of versatile chemical reactions; most notably
gelation(
胶凝
)
and/or
precipitation
（沉淀）
shale surfaces.
on • These reactions also lead to the sealing of fracture, cracks and rubble micro giving a silicate drilling fluid a decided advantage over any oil mud, significantly reducing potential mud losses and costs .
• silicate drilling fluids provide a thin, tough, ultra low permeable filter cake reducing drilling problems such as differential sticking or torque & drag, while providing improved cementing.
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Advantages
A. Superior
Well Bore Stability
B. Excellent
Shale Inhibitive Capacity
C. Excellent
ROP D. Runnability E. Safety F. Cost G. Environment
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2.Mixed Metal Hydroxide Drilling Fluid (MMH)
正电胶钻井液
Characteristics • Mixed metal layered hydroxide compounds are
inorganic materials
which are made up of discreet layers, consisting of two or more metal ions surrounded by hydroxide ions.
Drilling Fluids §
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Characteristics • When added to pre hydrated bentonite, the positively charged MMH particles interact with the negatively charged clays forming a strong complex that behaves like an elastic solid when at rest.
Drilling Fluids §
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Mechanism •
the sheets
are electron deficient and a crystallographic positive charge is generated, The surface interacts with these anions through an
ion exchange
mechanism, similar to that of anion exchange resin or clay mineral.
Drilling Fluids §
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Advantages A. MMH has
unusual rheology:
excellent hole-cleaning properties B. MMH has great
gel strength
easily
broken
.
at rest, the structure is C. MMH also provides
chemical shale inhibition
. D. MMH is
a special fluid sensitive
to many traditional mud additives and some drilling contaminants.
Drilling Fluids §
10 New Drilling Fluid Technology
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Application
A. horizontal and short-radius wells B. unconsolidated or depleted sandstone C. high-temperature, unstable shale D. wells with severe lost circulation
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3.Polymerized-Alcohols Drilling Fluids
聚合醇钻井液
Characteristics A. Polyol is the generic name for a wide class of chemicals including
glycerol (
丙三醇
),
polyglycerol
(
聚丙三醇
)
,
glycols
（乙二醇） and
propylene glycol
（丙二醇
).
B. The water solubility of glycol decreases as temperature increases. The temperature at which glycol and water separate is known as the
"cloud point"
（浊点） C. Polyol drilling fluid has the capability of excellent borehole stability , upgraded lubrication on the mud itself and the borehole wall, reduced formation damage and lowered dilution rate .
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Mechanism Drilling Fluids §
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· the entire solution temperature has risen above the
cloud point
, two distinct phases become visible. When the solution cools , the glycol and water recombine to form a clear, single phase . The glycol drops out of solution and attaches to the “hot” shale. This protective layer prevents the shale from interacting with the water, minimizing swelling.
New Drilling Fluid Technology
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Advantages The high performances of the glycol system are: A. superior lubricity B. improved fluid hydraulics C. ease-of-conversion D. excellent borehole stability E. enhanced shale inhibition.
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4. Micro-bubble (Aphron) Drilling Fluid
可循环微泡沫钻井液 Features
• The Structure of a gas aphron at the molecular level: The aphron is composed of a gas core and a more complex soapy shell, which has an inner as well as an outer surface with a sheath of viscous water between them.
Structure of a gas aphron
Drilling Fluids §
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·
Energized Micro-Environment of Aphron Structure and Bubble Flow An aphron, which has a diameter of 96 microns at the 0.1 MPa surface pressures, is compressed into a smaller one with 16 micron diameter at 21.89 MPa.
Features
Drilling Fluids §
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Features
Bridging Mechanism in a Loss Zone
pressure resists intrusion of hydrophobic micro-bubbles into capillary restrictions in the formation.
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Aphron drilling fluid possesses unique viscosity structure and viscosity size , forms a temporary blocking zone that deters or delays the drilling fluid to enter reservoir, and enjoys better leakage-proof and reservoir-protection.
Mechanism
Drilling Fluids §
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Characteristics
5. Formate Drilling Fluid
甲酸盐钻井液
A.
B.
C.
Formate is safe for the environment and crew .
Recycling cuts fluid costs by reclaiming formate and using them in multiple wells.
No weighting agent the elimination means no sag , and no sag means of a whole pile of problems, from additional hours circulating and conditioning muds to serious well control incidents
.
Drilling Fluids §
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characteristics
D.
Naturally weighted.
Formate brine drilling fluids are naturally weighted, monovalent fluids with a maximum density of 2.30g/cm 3 (19.10 ppg) for cesium formate, 1.57 g/cm 3 (13.05 ppg) for potassium formate and 1.30 g/cm 3 (10.85 ppg) for sodium formate. Drilling Fluids §
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characteristics E.
An adequate amount of viscosifier , FL control agent , lubricant and defoamer are concurrently used in the fluid for obtaining a system with satisfactory properties. F.
This system is characterized by its excellent stabilizing capacity and evidently reduced formation damage . High cost and enormous quantity of formate required limit the application range of this system.
Drilling Fluids §
10 New Drilling Fluid Technology
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Advantages A.
B.
C.
D.
No weighting materials means no sag , improved ECD (Equivalent Circulating Densities) and better overall circulation rates High compatibility with reservoir fluids and minerals maximizes reservoir protection and improves well productivity Extremely versatile fluids used in all phases of drilling and completion eliminate the costs of fluid change Optimized hydraulic flow maximizes power transmission, facilitates hole cleaning and increases ROP (Rate of Penetration)
New Drilling Fluid Technology
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Advantages E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
Alkaline properties give outstanding corrosion protection Stabilizes shale and enhances borehole stability Improves well control and allows faster tripping Excellent compatibility with elaptomers and polymers Facilitates faster and more accurate logging – even with extended reach drilling Best environmental and safety profile of all drilling and completion fluids Drilling Fluids §
10 New Drilling Fluid Technology
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Introduction
6. Non-invasive Drilling Fluid
（无侵害钻井液） • Conventional drilling is conducted with an over-balanced pressure on the reservoir formation, which causes the drilling fluid to invade and damage the rock. In order to overcome the problem of formation while drilling, a method was developed to drill with a bottom-hole pressure below the pore pressure, called Under balanced Drilling-UBD . The development and recent increase in UBD activity is due to the understanding that there will be no formation damage if a reservoir is drilled under-balanced. UBD is, most probably, still the best way to achieve no-damage drilling SM . However, the big problem associated with UBD is how to guarantee that no overbalance periods will happen while drilling or completing the well . Also, there are many situations in which technically it is not possible to have an under-balanced pressure kept at all times . Just a small period of overbalance may cause damaging filtrate invasion.
New Drilling Fluid Technology
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• • characteristics The NIF SM is a new class of drilling fluid, with ultra-low solids content, less than 10 ppb. The characteristics of this fluid are its capacity to build up a sealing membrane of certain strength into certain thickness of the formations around the borehole by addition of special polymer type additives into a water base or oil base drilling fluid. Drilling Fluids §
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C.
D.
E.
F.
A.
B.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
Advantages Totally
friendly
to the environment Effective sealing of hetergenneous permeable formation with the same fluid composition Allows increase of the leak-off pressure Widens a narrow mud weight window Seals permeable formation and micro-crack in shale Can drill the overburden and the reservoir with the same fluid, including completion Reduced transport and storage costs
Reduction
of differential stuck pipe risk
Reduction
of fluid losses, virtually eliminating them
Reduction
of well-bore instability problems
Reduction
formation damage
New Drilling Fluid Technology
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– – – Formulation DWC2000 , a viscosifier; (max dosage 30 kg/m 3 ) FLC2000 , a dynamic fluid loss reducer (routine dosage 6~12 kg/m 3 ); KFA2000 (dosage range 20~300 kg/m 3 ), a lubricant The three additives are of one-sack type and can be used individually or in combination and the formulation must be determined by pilot tests. Drilling Fluids §
10 New Drilling Fluid Technology
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Mechanism • When added to a water based fluid, some of the polymers in the blend dissolve to provide fluid loss control similar to many conventional additives. However, other species only partially solvate because of their oil-loving characteristics; these polymers organize into
deformable aggregates or micelles.
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• these micelles have the ability to form rapidly a low permeability seal over pore throats and micro fracture, thereby greatly limiting fluid invasion.
Mechanism Drilling Fluids §
10 New Drilling Fluid Technology
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• In some respects,
the micelles
act like the water droplets in invert emulsion oil mud; these water droplets are known to concentrate in the filter cake where they make a major contribution to the invasion control seen with oil mud. Mechanism Drilling Fluids §
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• By functioning as a very low permeability barrier, the additive has the ability to protect weak formations against pressure transmission and fracturing . This effective increase in fracture gradient widens the safe drilling window and has great potential for improving drilling performance, not only in micro-fractured formations but also in depleted zones , unconsolidated sands , etc.
Mechanism Drilling Fluids §
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Mechanism •
Particle size analysis suggests that the micelles range from a few microns to close to 1000 microns in diameter (the d50 is around 60 microns, the d10 is 9 microns and the d90 340 microns ).
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10 New Drilling Fluid Technology
2010中国地质大学(北京)
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Comparison with traditional drilling fluids
A. Particles are calcium carbonate and salt , an acidification job or dissolution with water would eventually remove the damage created. B. Bridging approach requires the particles to penetrate into the rock, and find a suitable pore size, according to the particle size distribution.
C. Maintenance of the NIF SM is extremely easy. Addition of the fluid loss controller additive , FLC2000, is enough to maintain the sealing effectively. And the amount required is dictated by a test conducted against a sand bed. If the sealing is not effective, addition of more FLC2000, is needed. Drilling Fluids §
10 New Drilling Fluid Technology
2010中国地质大学(北京)
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Application A. Reservoir inter-bedded with shale B. Reservoir with different pressure exposed in the same open hole section C. Severe well-bore instability problems due to mechanical causes ( high tectonic stresses, for example) D. Narrow mud weight window Drilling Fluids §
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Introduction
7. Polymeric Amine Drill Fluid
(
聚胺钻井液
)
A high performance water-based mud (HPWMB-also called amine base drilling fluid) containing clay and shale stabilizers, a ROP enhancer, and sealing agents was developed to drill the well and is taken as the substitution for oil base mud.
The high performance drilling fluids use a new cationic polymer —ether/glycol polyamine as shale inhibitor 。 This amine salt has a high inhibitive and bit balling prevention capacity, and is environmentally friendly. Drilling Fluids §
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Evolution of nitrogen-based shale inhibitor Ammonium Chloride → Ammonium Salt mud Systems → Organic Cationic Materials → Quaternary Cationic Polymers → (PHPA-Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide) → Quaternary Alkyl-Amine →Quaternary Hydroxyl Amines) → Amphoteric Poly amine Acids →Alkyl-Diamines→ Polyamine Glycols → Ether/Glycol Polyamines .
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characterictis HPWBM drilling fluid system significantly reduces clay dispersion, hydration, and accretion outperforming previously developed inhibitive WBM systems and reaching into the performance territory of OBM. Drilling Fluids §
10 New Drilling Fluid Technology
2010中国地质大学(北京)
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China University of Geosciences (Beijing)
characterictis HPWBM drilling fluid system significantly reduces clay dispersion, hydration, and accretion outperforming previously developed inhibitive WBM systems and reaching into the performance territory of OBM. Drilling Fluids §
10 New Drilling Fluid Technology
2010中国地质大学(北京)
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mechanism The CHS functions in mechanism similar to potassium chloiride suppressing clay in hydration, without being constrained by the performance and environmental issues associated with KCl. Drilling Fluids §
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2010中国地质大学(北京)
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mechanism The data presented demonstrate how the CHS effectively reduces the hydration and dispersion of reconstituted shale wafers in laboratory tests
.
Drilling Fluids §
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2010中国地质大学(北京)
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China University of Geosciences (Beijing)
advantage A. shale stability through reduced or reversed pressure transmission effects B. suppression of reactive swelling clays C. improved cuttings encapsulation and solid removal efficiency D. minimizing differential sticking tendencies E. maximizing rate of penetration(ROP) F. minimizing torque and drag G. environmental compliance Drilling Fluids §
10 New Drilling Fluid Technology
2010中国地质大学(北京)
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Future development A. Extension of amine and oligomer performance to higher temperatures B. Economically tailor oligomer to optimum and consistent molecular weight and configuration for improved filtration control and membrane development. C. Source less expensive amines which meet performance expectations.
D. Investigate of a broad range of organic and inorganic osmotic drivers which complement membrane development.
Drilling Fluids §
10 New Drilling Fluid Technology
2010中国地质大学(北京)
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Discussion
•
Why and how are the new drilling fluids developed, and their applications.
Drilling Fluids §
10 New Drilling Fluid Technology
2010中国地质大学(北京)
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