Transcript Variation - Linguist Sticks
L
ANGUAGE
V
ARIATION
L I 2 0 2 3 N A T H A L I E F . M A R T I N
Outline of Today’s Class
Today’s :
Linguistic Community Linguistic Variation Geography Through time Social variation Situational Variation
Linguistic Variation
A language, within a same community, is never quite
_____________
.
We speak of determine the differences between individual speech.
_______________
when we
Linguistic Variation
In spite of all the variation found between speakers, there are which
______________ _______________
in the way that speakers of a certain community speak, them from other linguistic communities (e.g. Canadian English, British English, Newfoundland English, etc.)
Linguistic Variation
Variability Invariability (Core)
Linguistic Variation
To say that there is in fact a “linguistic community”, the language must present a certain
_________
.
Vocabulary, phonetic, syntax and grammar should be
__________
the same within the community.
Let’s mention, though, that certain differences pertaining to vocabulary and accent, for example, are tolerated.
Linguistic Community
A
Linguistic Community
: is a fuzzy concept since it can be very large (e.g. _______________ , _____________ ) or considerably small (for example, a ____ or ______ , or even a
_______________
).
Linguistic Community
Definition of a linguistic community according to
Joshua Fishman
: “A linguistic community exists as soon as all members have at least one linguistic variety in common, as well as rules governing the proper use of this variety.”
_______________
NOTE: Communities, as well as individuals, have more than one Variety of language.
Classification of Linguistic Variation
We generally speak of four types of language variation factors.
1.
Geolinguistic variation 2.
Temporal (or historic) variation 3.
Social variation 4.
Situational variation
Linguistic Variation Factors
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
G E O L I N G U I S T I C V A R I A T I O N T E M P O R A L S O C I A L ( O R H I S T O R I C ) V A R I A T I O N V A R I A T I O N S I T U A T I O N A L V A R I A T I O N
Video : Learning not to Tawk Like a New Yorker http://video.nytimes.com/video/2010/11/19/nyregi on/1248069311927/you-talkin-to-me.html
Let’s Share
L ET ’ S SHARE DIFFERENT WORDS OR EXPRESSIONS USED IN OUR OWN REGION :
Linguistic Variation Factors
•
Geolinguistic Variation
• Geolinguistique Variation “ Massachusetts Hold Em’ ”
Atlas of North American English
Phonetics, Phonology and Sound Change Website:
Examples of Different Language Varieties
Video and Internet Sources:
American Tongues video http://www.cnam.com/non_flash/language/america n.html
Do You Speak American – website and video http://www.pbs.org/speak/ * International Dialects of English Archive http://web.ku.edu/~idea/ Watch clips of video in class – the website here: http://www.pbs.org/speak/
Linguistic Variation and it’s Factors
•
Temporal (or Historic) Variation
• Temporal (or Historic) Variation
Temporal Variation
Temporal variation is
__________
and manifests itself through
_______________
differences.
The case of North American French: In North America, a good number of archaic words that are no longer used in France (though they are sometimes used in certain areas) have been conserved.
Linguistic Variation and it’s Factors
•
Social Variation
• Social Variation
Social Variation
Languages are to be seen through the eyes of
_____
.
A language changes socially. It needs to come to a certain consensus; that is why it is often heterogeneous, conflictual and dynamic. Social linguistics variation corresponds to different social classes.
For example: the variation of /r/ in New York. Linguists often use the more neutral term _______ rather than dialect .
Social Variation
Social variation : Allows speakers to be a part of a language community (feeling of
_______________
); Sets and maintains
_________
between social classes; Can emphasize different contexts (if we choose to speak a certain way in a certain context, this can be seen as a political choice).
Linguistic Variation and it’s Factors
•
Situational Variation
• Situational Variation
Situational Variation
We do not speak the same way to everyone – we adapt our speech according to the “
__________
” Speakers adopt a certain way of speaking according to the
_______________
.
What kind of variation is this?
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