LECTURE NOTES ON ZOONOSIS

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DEFINITION AND TERMINOLOGY CLASSIFICATION EXAMPLE OF ZOONOSIS PARASITIC Departement of Parasitology

DEFINITION OF ZOONOSIS

Zoonosis is a group of diseases commonly found among vertebrate animal capable of infecting human, and vice-versa.

Based on this definition, 2 group of classification are known:

zooanthroponosis

and

anthropozoonosis

.

Zoonotic Parasitology

Copyright 2010. PEER.tamu.edu

In simple term

 A zoonotic disease is any disease which may be passed from animals to people or from people to animals (According to the CDC*) CDC: U.S. Communicable Disease Center

Some Facts about Zoonotic Diseases

 Approximately 60% of all human pathogens are zoonotic  75% of emerging infectious diseases have an animal origin  Growing need for veterinarians and physicians to work together

Parasites and Animals

 Many methods of parasite transmission to people involve animals

Classification of zoonosis by Cause

CLASSIFICATION OF ZOONOSIS BASED ON ITS CAUSE



Viral Zoonosis

–

Bacterial Zoonosis

–

fungal/mycotic Zoonosis

•

Parasitic Zoonosis

Causes of Zoonotic Disease

Bacteria Virus Fungi Parasites

ZOONOSIS CAUSED VIRUS

    

EBOLA JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS CRIMEAN-CONGO HEMORRHAGIC FEVER NIPAH FEVER MARBURG DISEASE

   

KOREAN HEMORRHAGIC FEVER (

SONG-GO

)

RABIES WEST NILE

ENCEPHALITIS

RIFT VALLEY FEVER

BACTERIAL ZOONOSIS

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ANTHRAX

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LYME DISEASE

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Q FEVER

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BRUCELLOSIS

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LEPTOSPIROSIS

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BARTONELLOSIS

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PORCINE ERYSIPELAS

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LISTERIOSIS

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PSITTACOSIS

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SALMONELLOSIS

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STREPTOCOCCOSIS

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MELIOIDOSIS

CLASSIFICATION OF PARASITIC ZOONOSIS

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ZOONOSIS BY PARASITIC PROTOZOA

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ZOONOSIS BY PARASITIC HELMINTHES

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ZOONOSIS BY ECTOPARASITES

ZOONOSIS BY PARASITIC PROTOZOA

 BALANTIDIASIS  CRYPTOSPORIDIASIS  GIARDIASIS  PNEUMOCYSTOSIS  SARCOSPORIDIOSIS  TOXOPLASMOSIS

ZOONOSIS BY HELMINTHES

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ANGYOSTRONGYLIASIS

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ASCARIASIS SUUM

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DIPYLIDIASIS

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DIROFILARIASIS

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FASCIOLIASIS

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HYDATIDOSIS

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HYMENOLEPIASIS

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LARVA MIGRANS

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LINGUATULIASIS

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PHYSALOPTERIASIS

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SCHISTOSOMIASIS

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SPARGANOSIS

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STRONGYLOIDIASIS

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TAENIASIS SAGINATA

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TRICHINOSIS

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TRICHSTRONGYLIDIASIS

ZOONOSIS BY ECTOPARASITES

 ACARIASIS  MYIASIS  SCABIES  INFESTATION BY TICKS DAN MITES

Vector-borne Parasites

 A vector is an agent which transfers a parasite from one host to another  Typical parasite vectors: fleas, ticks, mites, mosquitoes, flies, and other insects  People become infected when a vector picks up the parasite from an infected animal and infects a human

CONTACT BETWEEN EPIZOOTIC CYCLE AMONG PRIMATES AND MAN Epizootic Cycle Zoonotic Cycles

Parasites carried by Vectors

 Many parasites that are carried by vectors are often found in the blood of humans and animals



Trypanosoma Cruzi

Causes Chagas disease.

  Damage to heart, digestive tract, and brain (in children).

Spread by the “Kissing Bug,” native to South America and the southern US  The bug bites the human then defecates next to the wound. Rubbing bite wound spreads parasite into the wound.

 Parasite can cycle from animals like armadillos, raccoons, opossums, and foxes to bugs to humans.

Chagas Disease & The “Kissing Bug”

ME!!!

Trypanosoma cruzi in the blood Kissing Bug found in Texas

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Babesia

Intracellular protozoa found in red blood cells  Spread by infected Ticks If you play around trees, check your head and body for me!!

Leishmania

 Unlike Babesia and Chagas Disease, Leishmania live in tissue and not the blood  Spread through the bite of an infected Sandfly* * common on Caribbean beaches

Human foot

Leishmania

Waterborne Parasites

 Spread when humans come into contact with water that has been contaminated by an infected animal  Common waterborne parasites include – Giardia – Cryptosporidium

Giardia & Cryptosporidium

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Giardia & Cryptosporidium

Get from swallowing water contaminated by another infected human or animal  Giardia is the 2 nd most common parasitic disease in people  Cryptosporidium is the most common cause of diarrhea from swimming  Both can cause severe diarrhea

Gross!!! Don’t drink the water your swimming in!!!

How Do People Get Parasites



Methods of Parasite Transmission

I need to WASH MY HANDS!!!

Insect bites  Animal feces  Handling raw meat and fish  Handling cat litter boxes  Contaminated fruits and vegetables  Infected food handlers  Contaminated water  Contact with an infected person

Broad Categories of Transmission  Vectorborne (insects)  Waterborne  Fecal Oral Transmission  Contaminated Meat

Fecal-Oral Transmission

 Most common way people become infected with zoonotic parasites  Parasites are spread to humans when they ingest the eggs from the feces of an infected I don’t animal feel so  generally live in the intestinal tract

Spread by Fecal Oral Transmission  Hookworms  Roundworms  Hydatid Disease  Toxoplasmosis

Hookworms & Roundworms

They are like monsters!!!!

Hookworms & Roundworms

 Carried by dogs and cats  Kids often get infected from playing in sand boxes which animals have defecated  Or by putting toys in their mouth which have been on the ground

Hookworms

 Can penetrate the skin and gain entry into the human body  Bare feet are a common route of entry Wearing shoes is one of the best ways to prevent parasites from entering your feet!!!

Hydatid Disease

 After Humans consume the eggs passed by dogs the worms can form huge cysts in the body

Toxoplasmosis

 How many have of you have heard that pregnant women shouldn’t clean cat litter boxes?

 That is because of the potential for them to contract Toxoplasmosis which can cause them to lose their unborn child.

Toxoplasmosis

 Even though it is commonly associated with pregnancy and litter boxes, toxoplasmosis is more commonly transmitted through undercooked meat  According to the CDC toxoplasmosis is the 3 rd leading cause of foodborne related deaths in the US Order your food to be cooked all the way!!

Contaminated Meat

 Meat can be contaminated with harmful bacteria and can also contain parasitic cysts which may infect people.

 Common Parasites Found in Meat – Toxoplasmosis – Trichinella – Taenia – Gnathostomosis

Trichinosis & Taenia

 Both caused by eating cysts in undercooked pork or beef  Incidence rate has decreased with better animal management and slaughter protocol  Fully cook your meat!

Cysticercosis

 If a person consumes Taenia eggs they can develop cysts in their brain!

Gnathostomosis

 Similar to Taenia and Trichonosis, but gnathostomosis is found in raw fish  What area do you think this disease is most common? Asia

Cutaneus Larva Migrans (Creeping Eruption) Morphology of Gnathostoma spinigerum

So How Can You Protect Yourself?

Preventing Zoonotic Parasites

 Brainstorm some ways we can prevent them… – – Always wash your hands Keep sand boxes covered – – – – Wear shoes Pick up animal feces when possible Don’t drink untreated water Cook meat thoroughly

Summary

 Zoonotic parasites have many routes of transmission to people – Vectors – Water – Fecal Contamination – Infected Meat

References

 http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/DPDx/default.htm

 http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/dxendopar/ index.html



www.nih.gov

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www.nsf.gov

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www.floridahealthfinder.gov

Thank you

Terimakasih