Transcript Intrapersonal Conflict

Intrapersonal Conflict
Introduction
• Psychologists define conflict as;
– “a situation in which a person is motivated to engage in two or
more mutually exclusive activities”.
• According to communication scholars
– when there is incompatibility or inconsistency among an
individual’s cognitive elements [which] implies that a new
cognitive element is at variance with a prior explanation or
expectation.
• An individual is in an intrapersonal conflict,
– if he or she has difficulty making a decision because of
uncertainty,
– if he or she is pushed or pulled in opposite directions;
• conflict is a situation where oppositely directed, simultaneous
forces of about equal strength occur in a person.
TYPES OF INTRAPERSONAL CONFLICT
• There are three types of intrapersonal conflict.
• Approach–Approach Conflict
– choosing between two attractive alternatives.
• Approach–Avoidance Conflict
– when a person feels similar degrees of attraction and
repulsion.
• Avoidance–Avoidance Conflict
– When competing alternatives possesses negative
consequences.
ROLE and ROLE CONFLICT
• an individual behaves with reference to the
expectations that others have about the way he or she
should behave,
• Role represent behaviour and attitudes expected of the
occupant of a given position or status,
• There are at least three uses of the role;
– First, role is used to mean a normative status, that includes
the behaviour, attitudes, and values attributed by society to a
person occupying a given position.
– Second, role is used to mean an individual’s
conceptualization of situation with reference to others’
positions in the society.
– Third, role is used to refer to the behaviour of a person
occupying a social position.
ROLE CONFLICT
• Role conflict is part of intrapersonal conflict,
• “the simultaneous occurrence of two (or more) sets of
pressures such that compliance with one would make
more difficult compliance with the other”
• When there is a significant mismatch between the role
that a person expects to perform and the role that is
demanded of the person by the organization,
• when a role occupant is required to perform two or
more roles that present incongruent, contradictory, or
even mutually exclusive activities.
Types of Role Conflict
Intra-sender Conflict
• when a role sender requires a role receiver to perform
contradictory or inconsistent roles.
Inter-sender Conflict
• A role receiver experiences this type of conflict if the role
behaviour demanded by one role sender is incongruent with
the role behaviour demanded by another role sender(s),
Inter-role Conflict
• This type of conflict occurs when an individual occupies two
or more roles whose expectations are inconsistent.
Intra-role (Person-Role) Conflict
• This type of role conflict occurs when the role requirements
are incongruent with the focal person’s attitudes, values, and
professional behaviour.
Role Overload and Under-load
• This occurs when an organizational member is required to perform
a number of appropriate roles sent by different role senders,
• Role overload can be classified as quantitative and qualitative,
Quantitative Role overload;
– refers to situations in which role occupants are required to perform
more work than they can within a specific time period.
Qualitative Role Overload;
– refers to situations in which role occupants believe they do not possess
the skills or competence necessary to perform an assignment.
Quantitative under-load;
– refers to a situation where employees do not have much work to do.
Qualitative under-load;
– refers to “lack of mental stimulation that accompanies many routine
repetitive jobs”.
MODEL OF ROLE CONFLICT AND
AMBIGUITY
CONSEQUENCES OF ROLE CONFLICT
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low job satisfaction,
low confidence in the organization,
high degree of job-related tension.
Role conflict has been found to be positively related
to
– job dissatisfaction,
– lack of job involvement and organizational commitment,
– tension and anxiety
– intent to leave the job,
MANAGING INTRAPERSONAL
CONFLICT
Diagnosis
• diagnosis can be performed by;
– self-report,
– observation, and
– interview methods.
Measurement
• A comprehensive diagnosis of intrapersonal conflict
involves the measurement as follows:
1. The amount of intrapersonal conflict.
2. The sources of such conflict.
3. Learning and effectiveness of the individual
employees.
Analysis
• An analysis of the preceding diagnostic data should
be performed to derive the following:
1. The amount of intrapersonal conflict existing in
various organizational levels, units, departments, or
divisions and whether they deviated from the
national norms significantly.
2. Relationship between intrapersonal conflict and
its sources.
3. Relationships of intrapersonal conflict to learning
and effectiveness.
Sources
• The sources are mainly structural and are situationally
imposed,
• Misassignment and Goal Incongruence
– If a person does not have the appropriate expertise,
aptitude, and commitment, then the person may experience
qualitative role overload.
– there is an inverse relationship between organizational level
and perception of intrapersonal conflict.
• Inappropriate Demand on Capacity
– If a person cannot properly satisfy position even by working
at the maximum capacity, then this leads to quantitative role
overload.
– Inadequate role demand or qualitative role under-load is a
common problem for young graduates,
Contd.
• Organization Structure
• Organizations generate a high degree of role conflict by
creating conflicting goals, policies, and decisions.
• organizational practices, such as
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formalization,
planning activity,
provision for horizontal coordination,
selection based on ability, and
adherence to chain of command, are all negatively related to role
conflict and ambiguity.
• Supervisory span (i.e., number of subordinates for whom the
supervisor is charged with formal responsibility) and span of
subordination (i.e., number of individuals who typically assign
work to an employee) were positively associated with role
conflict.
Contd.
• Supervisory Style
– Negative relationships of role conflict to formalization, supervisory
supportiveness, and team orientation.
– social support from supervisors is positively associated with lower
qualitative role under-load and higher quantitative role overload.
– Supervisory support was (negatively) associated with role conflict, but it
was not associated with role ambiguity,
• Position
– Role conflict is associated with positions that carry greater supervisory
responsibility
– organization members who were required to engage in boundaryspanning activities (i.e., make frequent outside contacts) experienced
more role conflict.
• Personality
– Individual differences exist between the personality dispositions of
internal and external locus of control.
– Type A behaviour was negatively associated with qualitative role underload and positively associated with quantitative role overload.
Intervention
Process
• Technique of Role Analysis.
• Role analysis is an intervention designed to improve
overall organizational effectiveness by intervening
at individual, group, and intergroup levels.
• this technique involves five distinct steps;
1. Purpose of Role.
2. Role Perception.
3. Expectations of Role Occupant.
4. Expectations from Role Occupant.
5. Role Profile.
Structural
1. Skill variety. This refers to the degree to which a job requires a variety of
activities that involve the use of a number of different skills and talents of
employees.
2. Task identity. This refers to the degree to which the job requires an
employee to perform a complete piece of work, that is, doing a job from
beginning to end with a visible outcome.
3. Task significance. This refers to the degree to which the job has an impact
on the lives or work of other people within or outside the organization.
4. Autonomy. This refers to the degree to which the job provides freedom,
independence, and discretion to the employee in scheduling his or her
work and in determining the procedures to be used in carrying it out.
5. Feedback. This refers to the amount of information that results from the
performance of a job by an employee about how well she or he is
performing.
Structural
Contd.
• Hackman and Oldham (1975) devised the following equation for computing an
overall index, the Motivation Potential Score (MPS):
MPS = (Skill Variety + Task Identity+ Task Significance)/3 X Autonomy X Feedback
• Three factors moderate the relationship between the core job characteristics and
outcomes. These are:
1. Knowledge and skill of the employees to perform the job well.
2. Growth need strength (i.e., need for learning, self-direction, and personal growth
of the employees).
3. “Context” satisfactions (i.e., the level of satisfaction, particularly with job
security, compensation, co-workers, and supervision).
• The employees who report higher on one or more of these moderators should
respond more positively to jobs that score high on the MPS.