Transcript PowerPoint Presentation - Nerve activates contraction

Do Now 2
 List
at least 3 major
functions of the skeletal
system
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
Skeletal System - Do Now 3
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
 What
is the most
dangerous bone to break?
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
 What
is the most
commonly broken bone(s)?
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
Skeletal System - Do Now 4
 What
do you understand by
the expressions:
 Bone
tired?
 Dry as a bone?
 Bag of bones?
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
Skeletal System - Do Now 5
 Where
are the majority of
our bones?
 In our head, hands, feet, or
vertebra?
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing

Over half your bones are found in your hands
and feet. There are 26 bones in each foot and
27 in each hand.
26 x 2 = 52
27 x 2 = 54
_________
106 (total bones: 206 – 106 = 100)
Skeletal System - Do Now 6
 How
well do you know the
major bones?
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
 What
is the best way to
remember them?
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
Skeletal System



Write a quiz for your partner and score a pre
and post grade.
Based on your notes, please write down the 20
major bones labeled on the skeleton handout
Write a pneumonic device to remember the
major bones of the body.
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
Skeletal System - Do Now


How are you memorizing the
bones?
How are bones differentiated from
one another?
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
Skeletal System - Do Now
 Without
looking at your notes
– Please list the 7 main bones
of our legs and the 6 major
bones in our arms!
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
Skeletal System - Do Now 1
 What
is the most painful
injury you have ever had?
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
 Have
you ever broken a
bone?
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
Objectives
Content:
 Identify the subdivisions of the skeleton as
axial or appendicular.
 Name the four kinds of bones.
 Label the major anatomical areas of long
bones.
Language:
 List three functions of the skeletal system
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
You already know a lot!!!
 You
are probably aware of many
functions for the skeletal
system!
 For example:
What does it do?
 What can go wrong?
 Where are our bones?

The Skeletal System

Parts of the skeletal system




Bones (skeleton)
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
The Skeletal System

Divided into two divisions


Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
AXIAL SKELETON

THE AXIAL SKELETON FORMS THE
LONG AXIS OF THE BODY AND
INCLUDES THE BONES OF THE SKULL,
VERTEBRAL COLUMN, AND THE RIB
CAGE.
AXIAL SKELETON

GENERALLY THESE BONES ARE MOST
INVOLVED IN PROTECTING, AND
SUPPORTING.
AXIAL SKELETON
AXIAL SKELETON
APPENDICULAR SKELETON

THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
CONSISTS OF THE BONES OF THE UPPER
AND LOWER LIMBS, AND THE GIRDLES
THAT ATTACH THE LIMBS TO THE AXIAL
SKELETON.
APPENDICULAR SKELETON

THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
CONSISTS OF 126 BONES. IT FUNCTIONS
TO HELP IN MOVEMENT.
APPENDICULAR
SKELETONS
Functions of Bones





1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
SUPPORT
PROTECTION
MOVEMENT
MINERAL STORAGE
BLOOD CELL FORMATION
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
1.
Support



2.
The bones of the legs, pelvic girdle, and
vertebral column support the weight of the
erect body.
The mandible (jawbone) supports the teeth.
Other bones support various organs and
tissues.
Protection



The bones of the skull protect the brain.
Ribs and sternum (breastbone) protect the
lungs and heart.
Vertebrae protect the spinal cord.
3. Movement
4. Reservoir for minerals and
adipose tissue



99% of the body’s calcium is stored in
bone.
85% of the body’s phosphorous is stored
in bone.
Adipose tissue is found in the marrow of
certain bones.
5. Hematopoiesis


A.k.a. blood cell formation.
All blood cells are made in the marrow of
certain bones.
Bones of the Human Body


The adult skeleton has 206 bones
Two basic types of bone tissue

Compact bone


Homogeneous
Spongy bone


Small needle-like
pieces of bone
Many open spaces
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
Figure 5.2b
Scene 3 (1)
1. What is a parry fracture? What does that mean?
2. How could Sheila know that the ulnar fractures are
several years old?
3. What are osteophytic reactions? Could this have
something to do with abuse?
4. What causes bone to become ridged and grooved
5. What is an avulsion fracture?
Parry Fracture

Monteggia's
fracture one in the
proximal half of the shaft
of the ulna, with
dislocation of the head of
the radius.


Osteophytic :A small, abnormal bony
outgrowth.
An avulsion fracture is a bone
fracture which occurs when a fragment
of bone tears away from the main mass
of bone as a result of physical trauma.
Scene 3 (2)
6. What is remodeling?
7. What is a long bone? Why would these be particularly
robust?
8. What are other kinds of bones?
9. What does lumbar mean?
10. Why are the lumbar verts osteophytic?
11. Why is what Theo’s guardians do for a living relevant?
CLASSIFICATION OF
BONE BY SHAPE
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives



THE BONES OF THE HUMAN SKELETON
COME IN MANY SIZES AND SHAPES.
BONES CAN BE CLASSIFIED BY SHAPE
INTO:
LONG; SHORT; FLAT; IRREGULAR.
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
tomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
Classification of Bones on the Basis of
Shape
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
tomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
Figure 5.1
Classification of Bones

Long bones



Typically longer than wide
Have a shaft with heads at both ends
Contain mostly compact bone

Examples: Femur, humerus
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
LONG BONES
Long
bones are longer
than they are wide.
Long bones have 2
epiphyses, and a
diaphysis.
All of the bones of the
limbs, except the patella,
ankle, and wrist, are long
bones.
Classification of Bones

Short bones


Generally cube-shape
Contain mostly spongy bone

Examples: Carpals, tarsals
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
SHORT BONES
Short
bones are cube
shaped, nearly equal in
length and width.
The bones of the wrist
and ankle are examples
of short bones.
Classification of Bones
 Flat
bones
 Thin
and flattened
 Usually curved
 Thin layers of compact bone
around a layer of spongy bone
 Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
FLAT BONES
Flat
bones are thin,
flattened, and a bit
curved.
The sternum,
scapulae, ribs, and most
of the bones of the skull
are flat bones.
Classification of Bones
 Irregular
 Irregular
bones
shape
 Do not fit into other bone
classification categories
 Example: Vertebrae and hip
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
IRREGULAR BONES
Irregular
bones have
complicated shapes
that fit none of the
preceding classes.
The vertebrae, the
bones of the hip, and
some facial bones.
Classification of Bones on the Basis of
Shape
Figure 5.1
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone

Diaphysis



Shaft
Composed of compact
bone
Epiphysis


Ends of the bone
Composed mostly of
spongy bone
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
Figure 5.2a
Structures of a Long Bone



Periosteum
 Outside covering of
the diaphysis
 Fibrous connective
tissue membrane
Sharpey’s fibers
 Secure periosteum to
underlying bone
Arteries
 Supply bone cells with
nutrients
Figure 5.2c
Structures of a Long Bone

Articular cartilage



Covers the external surface
of the epiphyses
Made of hyaline cartilage
Decreases friction at joint
surfaces
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
pes of bones
Anatomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
Figure 5.2a
Structures of a Long Bone

Medullary cavity



Cavity of the shaft
Contains yellow marrow
(mostly fat) in adults
Contains red marrow (for
blood cell formation) in infants
Figure 5.2a
Bone Markings




Surface features of bones
Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and
ligaments
Passages for nerves and blood vessels
Categories of bone markings


Projections and processes – grow out from the
bone surface
Depressions or cavities – indentations
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

Osteon (Haversian System)


Central (Haversian) canal



A unit of bone
Opening in the center of an osteon
Carries blood vessels and nerves
Perforating (Volkman’s) canal


Canal perpendicular to the central canal
Carries blood vessels and nerves
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
Figure 5.3
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone


Lacunae
 Cavities containing bone
cells (osteocytes)
 Arranged in concentric
rings
Lamellae
 Rings around the central
canal
 Sites of lacunae
Detail of Figure 5.3
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

Canaliculi



Tiny canals
Radiate from the central
canal to lacunae
Form a transport
system
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
Detail of Figure 5.3
Skeletal System - Do Now

List at least three problems that can occur in the
skeletal system (from what we have seen as see
what your own experience).
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
Changes in the Human
Skeleton



In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline
cartilage
During development, much of this cartilage is
replaced by bone
Cartilage remains in isolated areas



Bridge of the nose
Parts of ribs
Joints
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
Bone Growth

Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long
bone during childhood


New cartilage is continuously formed
Older cartilage becomes ossified


Cartilage is broken down
Bone replaces cartilage
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
Bone Growth

Bones are remodeled and lengthened until
growth stops


Bones change shape somewhat
Bones grow in width
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
Long Bone Formation and
Growth
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
Figure 5.4a
Long Bone Formation and
Growth
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
Figure 5.4b
With a partner



One person, please list all 7 the major bones
in the leg
The other person, please list the 6 major
bones in the arm
Between the two of you, please describe the
four kinds of bones, and give examples of
each.
Types of Bone Cells




Osteocytes
 Mature bone cells
Osteoblasts
 Bone-forming cells
Osteoclasts
 Bone-destroying cells
 Break down bone matrix for remodeling
and release of calcium
Bone remodeling is a process by both
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
OSSIFICATION




THREE TYPES OF CELLS ARE INVOLVED IN
BOTH MECHANISM OF OSSIFICATION:
1. OSTEOBLASTS
2. OSTEOCLASTS
3. OSTEOCYTES
BONE GROWTH



THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF BONE GROWTH:
1. LONGITUDINAL--LENGTH
2. APPOSITIONAL--DIAMETER
Epiphyseal
plate
LONGITUDINAL BONE GROWTH
Osteoblast
APPOSITIONAL BONE GROWTH
BONE GROWTH
CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS






FACTORS OF CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS:
1. HORMONES
2. VITAMIN D—MILK
3. CALCIUM—MILK
4. VITAMIN A—CARROTS
5. PHOSPHORUS—MEAT
IMBALANCES OF THE
SKELETAL SYSTEM
RICKETS
 1. DISEASE OF CHILDREN DUE TO LACK OF
VITAMIN D.
 2. CALCIUM IS NOT DEPOSITED.
 3. BOWING OF THE BONES.
Rickets
IMBALANCES OF THE
SKELETAL SYSTEM
OSTEOMALACIA





1. RICKETS IN ADULTS
2. DUE TO A LACK OF VITAMIN D
3. CALCIUM IS NOT DEPOSITED IN
BONE.
4. MAIN SYMPTOM IS PAIN WHEN WEIGHT IS
PUT ON THE AFFECTED BONE.
IMBALANCES OF THE
SKELETAL SYSTEM

OSTEOPOROSIS

1. BONE REABSORPTION IS GREATER
THAN BONE DEPOSITION.
2. CAUSES:
A. LACK OF ESTROGEN
B. LACK OF EXERCISE
C. INADEQUATE INTAKE
D. LACK OF VITAMIN D






IMBALANCES OF THE
SKELETAL SYSTEM
OSTEOPOROSIS
 3. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:







A. SPONGY BONE OF THE SPINE IS MOST
VULNERABLE.
B. OCCURS MOST OFTEN IN POSTMENOPAUSAL
WOMEN.
C. BONES BECOME SO FRAGILE THAT SNEEZING OR
STEPPING OFF A CURB CAN CAUSE FRACTURES.
4. TREATMENT
A. CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTS.
B. HORMONE REPLACEMENT TREATMENT
C. INCREAE WEIGHT BEARING EXERCISE.
IMBALANCES OF THE
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Closing/Homework
Can you do this now?
Content:
 Identify the subdivisions of the skeleton as
axial or appendicular.
 Name the four kinds of bones.
 Label the major anatomical areas of long
bones.
Language:
 List three functions of the skeletal system
Agenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long
bones
Changes
Cells
Closing