Transcript 6645_c12

Chapter 12
Personality Assessment
Assessment Procedures for Counselors and Helping Professionals, 7e
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What is Personality?
Personality is the reasonably stable pattern
of thoughts, emotions and behavior that
distinguish one person from another.
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Key Terms of Personality
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Traits - the distinguishing characteristics or qualities
possessed by an individual
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States - the transitory exhibition of some trait
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Types - the clustering of various states. If traits can
be considered specific characteristics of an individual,
types can be regarded as a general description of a
person
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Personality Inventories
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Personality inventories can be used to
measure personality traits/types.
Personality inventories can also be used
to increase self-awareness.
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Personality Test Methods
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Rational Approach
Theory-based Approach
Criterion Group Approach
Factor Analysis
Combined Approaches
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Categories of Personality Inventories
I. Structured personality inventories
II. Projective techniques
III. Instruments that assess positive
aspects of personality
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Structured Personality Inventories
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Structured (also called objective) personality
inventories are usually standardized, self-report
instruments
Structured tests have several benefits:
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Quick administration
Quick and reliable scoring
Use with computers
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Structured Personality Inventories
Measure pathology:
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI- III)
Nonpathological:
 California Personality Inventory (CPI)
 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
 NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI)
 Sixteen Personality Factor (16PF)
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory (MMPI-2)
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Most frequently used and most researched
personality inventory
Developed to make diagnoses
Construction:
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Large pool of items
Administered to psychiatric patients and nonpsychiatric patients
Retained items that differentiated a given diagnostic
group from the non-clinical group
567 T/F items
Administered in multiple languages in paper or
computer forma
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Qualifications
Test Takers
The MMPI-2 can be administered to individuals aged
18 years and older who can read at a minimum 6th
grade level.
Test Administrators
Use of the MMPI-2 is restricted to qualified
professionals who are licensed or credentialed and
have adequate training in assessment, personality
theory, psychopathology, and diagnosis.
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Scoring
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T scores are used to measure outcomes on
the MMPI-2
Scores above 65 on Clinical Scales are
considered high
Scores on individual scales should account
for other elevated scores, as well as the
context of the test taker
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Validity Scales
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CNS- Cannot Say
VRIN – Variable
TRIN – True Response Inconsistency
F – Infrequency
F(B) - Back Infrequency
F(P) - Infrequency Psychopathology
L – Lie
K – Correction
S- Superlative Presentation
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Clinical Scales
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1-Hypochondriasis (Hs)
2-Depression (D)
3-Hysteria (Hy)
4-Psychopathic deviation (Pd)
5-Masculinity-femininity (Mf)
6-Paranoia (Pa)
7-Psychasthenia (Pt)
8-Schizophrenia (Sc)
9-Hypomania (Ma)
10-Social Introversion (Si)
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Million Clinical Multiaxial Inventory
(MCMI-III)
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Self-report instrument
Assess DSM-IV-related personality
disorders and clinical syndromes
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MCMI-III
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Clinical Personality Pattern
Scales (DSM-IV, Axis II)
1 - Schizoid
2A - Avoidant
2B - Depressive
3 - Dependent
4 - Histrionic
5 - Narcissistic
6A - Antisocial
6B - Sadistic (Aggressive)
7 - Compulsive
8A - Negativistic (PassiveAggressive)
8B - Masochistic (Self-Defeating)
Severe Personality Pathology
Scales
S - Schizotypal
C - Borderline
P - Paranoid
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Clinical Syndrome Scales
(DSM-IV, Axis I)
A - Anxiety
H - Somatoform
N - Bipolar: Manic
D - Dysthymia
B - Alcohol Dependence
T - Drug Dependence
R - Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder
Severe Syndrome Scales
SS - Thought Disorder
CC - Major Depression
PP - Delusional Disorder
Modifying Indices
X - Disclosure
Y - Desirability
Z - Debasement
Validity Index
V - Validity
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California Psychological Inventory (CPI)
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Self-administered
Normed for non-pathological clients, ages 12
to 70
Uses 434 true-false statements to assess
personality in 20 scales
One of the most commonly used personality
assessments
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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
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Based on the typology theories of Carl
Jung.
Generates a four letter code
representing one of sixteen different
personality types.
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Measures four scales:
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Extraversion versus Introversion
Sensing versus Intuition
Thinking versus Feeling
Judging versus Perceiving
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The Sixteen Personality Factor
Questionnaire, Fifth Edition (16PF)
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Uses 187 items to assess sixteen
personality factors and five global
factors.
Uses sten scores for outcomes.
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Warmth
Reasoning
Emotional Stability
Dominance
Liveliness
Rule-Consciousness
Social Boldness
Sensitivity
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Vigilance
Abstractedness
Privateness
Apprehension
Openness to Change
Self-Reliance
Perfectionism
Tension
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Extraversion
Anxiety
Tough-Mindedness
Independence
Self-Control
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Projective Instruments and Techniques
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Uses test taker responses to ambiguous test
items to reveal personal characteristics about the
test taker to the test administrator.
Projective tests are tied to psychodynamic
theories emphasizing unconscious processes.
There are some questions as to the validity and
reliability of projective tests.
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The Rorschach
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10 cards
Printed inkblots, symmetrical right to left
5 black/white, 5 colored
Each card presented individually
Record examinees response verbatim
Inquiry—what prompted each response?
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The Thematic Apperception Test
(TAT)
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Uses a series of black-and-white cards with pictures
of situations, objects, and characters
Examinees instructed to tell a story about the picture.
Who are the people? What are they thinking and
feeling? What came before this scene and how will it
turn out?
Not well-researched; difficult to evaluate reliability
and validity
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Verbal Projective Techniques
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Projective Questions
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Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank
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“If you had three wishes, what would you wish for?”
“If you had a magic wand, what would you change
about your life?”
“I like …”;
“What annoys me …”
Story Completion
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Projective Drawings
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Projective drawings typically involve test
takers drawing a picture.
Test givers then explore the meaning of the
drawing with the test taker.
Projective drawings often tie specific
meanings to various dimensions of
drawings.
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Projective Drawing Assessments
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Draw-a-Person
House-Tree-Person Technique
Kinetic Family Drawing
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House-Tree-Person
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Personality Inventories with a
Positive Focus
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Based on positive psychology
Assess positive aspects of personality, such as life
satisfaction, self-efficacy, resiliency, coping skills,
well-being.
Examples:
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Quality of Life Inventory
Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory
Pier-Harris Children’s Self-Concept Scale
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Some test takers may have response styles that
do not represent the test takers actual
personality.
Some personality assessments, such as the
MMPI-2, attempt to detect problems with
response styles.
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Social desirability: choosing the response that bests presents self
in a favorable light.
Acquiescent: tendency of the test taker to accept or agree with
statements regardless of the item content (i.e., answering all items
as “true” or “yes”).
Nonacquiescence: disagreeing with whatever item is presented
(i.e., answering all items as “false” or “no”).
Deviance: making unusual or uncommon responses.
Extreme: choosing extreme, rather than middle, ratings on a rating
scale.
Gambling/cautiousness: guessing, or not guessing, when in
doubt about the answer.
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