Transcript lec10

社会语言学 第十讲
社会方言：阶层与职业
西方社会分层的两大理论传统
Karl Marx
Max Weber
主导
观点
阶级斗争
阶级调和
理论
模型
历史唯物主义
生产力与生产关系
经济、声誉、权力
三位一体的分层模式
职业与阶层紧密关联
中国
 美国
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William Labov生平
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Professor, Departments of Linguistics,
University of Pennsylvania,
Born: Dec 4, 1927, Rutherford, NJ
Columbia University, M.A., 1963; Ph.D.
1964
Industrial chemist, Union Ink Co.,
Ridgefield, NJ, 1949-1960
Assistant Professor, Columbia
University, 1964-1970
Associate Professor, Professor,
University of Pennsylvania, 1971Director, Linguistics Laboratory,
University of Pennsylvania, 1976-
William Labov主要著作
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The social motivation of a sound change, 1963
The Social Stratification of English in New York
City.,1966
Sociolinguistic Patterns, 1972
Language in the Inner City, 1972
Principles of Linguistic Change. Volume 1: Internal
Factors , 1994.
Principles of Linguistic Change. Volume 2: Social
Factors. 2001.
Principles of Linguistic Change, Volume 3:Cognitive
and Cultural Factors, 2010
with U. Weinreich & M. Herzog, Empirical
foundations for a theory of language change, 1968.
Casestudy 1: Martha’s Vineyard (1963)
The island was chosen as a laboratory for an initial
investigation of social patterns in linguistic change.
（1） has the advantage of being a self-contained
unit, separated from the mainland by a good three
miles of the Atlantic Ocean.
（2） has enough social and geographic
complexity to provide ample room for
differentiation of linguistic behavior.
（3） We are also fortunate in having the records
of the Linguistic Atlas of New England 1931-1972
(henceforth abbreviated LANE) as a background
for the investigation.
The social motivation of a sound change
The social motivation of a sound change
（1）词汇调查
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A lexical questionnaire, using the regional
markers shown as most significant in the maps of
the LANE, supplemented with recent observations,
and concentrating on the following words
containing (ay) and (aw):
spider
dying out
Sliding
swipe
flattening out
white
outhouse
egg pie frying pan crouch
The social motivation of a sound change
（2）诱导提问
"When we speak of the right to life,
liberty and the pursuit of happiness, what
does right mean? ... Is it in writing? ... If
a man is successful at a job he doesn't
like, would you still say he was a
successful man?“
 These questions were generally
successful in eliciting the informant's
versions of the italicized words.
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The social motivation of a sound change
（3）请高中生读课文
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"After the high winds last Thursday, we
went down to the mooring to see how the
boat was making out. ... My father started
to pump out the bottom, and he told me
to find out if the outboard would start. I
found out all right. I gave her a couple of
real hard pulls but it was no dice. 'Let me
try her,' my father said. 'Not on your life,'
I told him. 'I've got my pride.'"
The social motivation of a sound change
（4）公共场所录音
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In addition to the formal interview,
observations were made in a great many
casual situations: on the streets of
Vineyard Haven and Edgartown, in diners,
restaurants, bars, stores, docks, and
many places where the general sound of
public conversation could be noted, if not
effectively recorded.
The social motivation of a sound change
样本情况
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69人约占总人口的百分之一，可以作为全岛居民的代表性取样。
样品的结构与全岛总人口的结构接近。40 are up-islanders,
and only 29 are from downisland, though over 70 percent of the
people live down-island.
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职业结构The most important occupational groups are
represented: 14 in fishing, 8 in farming, 6 in construction, 19 in
service trades, 3 professionals, 5 housewives, 14 students.
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民族结构The three main ethnic groups are represented: 42 of
English descent, 16 Portuguese, and 9 Indian.
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总数据As a result of these 69 interviews, we have
about 3,500 instances of (ay) and 1,500 instances of
(aw) as the basic data for this study.
The social motivation of a sound change
实验语音学概要
The social motivation of a sound change
The social motivation of a sound change
The Social Meaning of Centralization
The social motivation of a sound change
The social motivation of a sound change
Casestudy 2: NYC Department store (1966)
 Highest ranking: Saks Fifth Avenue
at 50th St. and Fifth Ave., near the center of the high fashion
shopping district, along with other high prestige stores such as
Bonwit Teller, Henri Bendel, Lord and Taylor.
 Middle ranking: Macy’s Herald Square
34th St. and Sixth Ave., near the garment district,
along with Gimbels and Saks-34th St., other middle range
stores in price and prestige.
 Lowest ranking: S. Klein Union Square
14th St. and Broadway, not far from the Lower
East Side; the other large store in the area, Ohrbachs, recently
raised its price and advertising level and moved uptown.
The social stratification of English in New York City
调查方法
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The interviewer approached the informant in the
role of a customer asking for directions to a
particular department. The department was one
which was located on the fourth floor.
When the interviewer asked, “Excuse me, where
are the women’s shoes?” the answer would
normally be, “Fourth floor.”
The interviewer then leaned forward and said,
“Excuse me?” He would usually then obtain another
utterance, “Fourth floor,” spoken in careful style
under emphatic stress.
The interviewer would then move along the aisle of
the store to a point immediately beyond the
informant’s view, and make a written note of the
data.
The social stratification of English in New York City
调查方法
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This method of interviewing was applied in each
aisle on the floor as many times as possible
before the spacing of the informants became so
close that it was noticed that the same question
was asked before.
Each floor of the store was investigated in the
same way. On the fourth floor, the form of the
question was necessarily different: “Excuse me,
what floor is this?”
Following this method, 68 interviews were
obtained in Saks, 125 in Macy’s, and 71 in
Klein. Total interviewing time for the 264
subjects was about six and one-half hours.
The social stratification of English in New York City
Use of [r]
调查结果
100
%
80
never
60
sometimes
40
always
20
0
Saks
Macy's
S Klein
store
%
first and second utterances
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
fourth I
fourth 2
floor I
floor 2
Saks
Macy's
store
The social stratification of English in New York City
S Klein
扩大调查
The social stratification of English in New York City
Labov 突破了什么？
Synchronic structural systems and
diachronic [historical] developments must
be studied in isolation.
 Sound change cannot be directly observed.
 Feelings about language are inaccessible.
 The linguist should not use non-linguistic
data to explain linguistic change.
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The social stratification of English in New York City