Transcript Eubacteria and archaebacteria differ in

Eubacteria and archaebacteria
differ in
1. the presence of a
nucleus.
2. the makeup of
their cell walls.
3. size.
4. the presence of a
cell wall.
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Unlike eubacteria,
archaebacteria
1. have cell walls.
2. are prokaryotes.
3. have two cell
membranes.
4. are thought to be
the ancestors of
eukaryotes.
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Which of the following is NOT a way in
which archaebacteria and eubacteria differ?
1.
Archaebacteria lack an important
carbohydrate found in the cell walls
of eubacteria.
The two groups have very different
membrane lipids.
Archaebacteria have gene
sequences that are similar to those
of eukaryotes.
Archaebacteria follow the lytic
cycle, while eubacteria follow the
lysogenic cycle.
2.
3.
4.
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Which of the following are members of
the kingdom Archaebacteria?
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
methanogens
eubacteria
eukaryotes
E. coli
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Figure 19–1
The structure in Figure 19–1
represents a(an)
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
virus.
archaebacterium.
methanogen.
eubacterium.
2
3
4
5
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3
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4
Which structure or structures shown in
Figure 19–1 have key differences in
eubacteria and archaebacteria?
25% 25%
25%
25%
A, B, C
A, B, E
D only
A only
1.
2.
3.
4.
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4
Figure 19–2 shows how
prokaryotes can be identified by
1.
2.
3.
4.
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25%
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the composition of their cell walls.
their reaction to the Gram stain.
their cell shapes.
their methods for obtaining energy.
5
Which cell shape in Figure 19–2
is called a coccus?
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
A
B
C
none of the above
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3
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When treated with Gram stain,
Gram-positive eubacteria appear
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
violet.
pink.
yellow.
orange.
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3
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3
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4
Bacilli, cocci, and spirilla are
1.
2.
3.
Gram stains.
shapes of prokaryotes.
methods of prokaryotic
movement.
ways that prokaryotes
obtain energy.
4.
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Which of the following is(are)
used to identify prokaryotes?
1. cell shape
2. the way
prokaryotes move
3. the way
prokaryotes
obtain energy
4. all of the above
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Where are you likely to find a
photoautotroph?
1. in your refrigerator
2. in the darkness of
the ocean
3. in your digestive
system
4. near the surfaces of
lakes, streams, and
oceans
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Unlike photoautotrophs,
chemoautotrophs obtain energy
1. directly from the sun.
2. directly from
inorganic molecules.
3. indirectly from
organic molecules.
4. indirectly from other
organisms.
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Most prokaryotes are
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
heterotrophs.
photoautotrophs.
chemoautotrophs.
photoheterotrophs
.
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3
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5
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2
3
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4
A method called Gram staining
is used to tell
1.
what shape a
prokaryote has.
how a prokaryote
obtains energy.
what kind of cell wall a
prokaryote has.
whether a prokaryote
has flagella.
2.
3.
4.
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3
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4
Which of the following describes a
role of bacteria in the environment?
1. carrying out
photosynthesis
2. recycling nutrients
3. fixing nitrogen
4. all of the above
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Bacteria are sometimes called
nature’s recyclers because they
1.
2.
undergo conjugation.
break down nutrients in
dead matter.
can switch between
respiration and
fermentation.
carry out
photosynthesis.
3.
4.
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Bacteria that break down the nutrients in
dead matter into simpler substances that are
taken up by plant roots are called
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1. endospores.
2. flagella.
3. photoautotrophs.
4. decomposers.
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Nitrogen fixation involves each
of the following EXCEPT
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
soybeans.
Rhizobium.
fertilizer.
nodules on roots.
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3
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Which of the following is produced when
bacteria break down complex compounds in
sewage?
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25%
25%
1. carbon dioxide
gas
2. purified water
3. nitrogen
4. all of the above
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3
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5
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2
3
4
Humans use bacteria to
1. clean up small oil
spills.
2. mine minerals
from the ground.
3. synthesize drugs.
4. all of the above
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4
Bacteria living in extreme environments
may be a good source of
1. antibiotics.
2. heat-stable
enzymes.
3. nitrogen-fixing
bacteria.
4. Gram stains.
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The outer protein coat of a virus
is called a
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
DNA core.
capsid.
bacteriophage.
tail sheath.
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3
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3
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All viruses are made of proteins
and
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
nucleic acids.
prophages.
bacteriophages.
endospores.
2
3
4
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A viral capsid functions to
1.
bind the virus to the
surface of a host cell.
transcribe viral genes.
force a host cell to make
copies of the virus.
destroy a host cell.
2.
3.
4.
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The instructions for making new
copies of a virus are
a part of a virus’s
capsid.
coded in surface
proteins attached to the
protein coat.
coded in either RNA or
DNA.
found only in
bacteriophages.
1.
2.
3.
4.
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What is the basic structure of a
virus?
1.
DNA or RNA
surrounded by a protein
coat
a capsid surrounded by
a protein coat
a tail sheath surrounded
by tail fibers
a tiny cell surrounded by
a cell wall
2.
3.
4.
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Viruses
1.
are all about the same
size.
vary greatly in size and
structure.
rarely contain DNA or
RNA.
can be seen with a
basic compound light
microscope.
2.
3.
4.
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A lytic infection concludes with
the
1.
embedding of viral DNA
into the host cell’s DNA.
production of a
prophage.
bursting of the host cell.
production of
messenger RNA.
2.
3.
4.
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A prophage is made of
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
bacteriophages.
carbohydrates.
capsid proteins.
viral DNA.
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Bacteriophages infect
1. other viruses.
2. bacteria only.
3. any available host
cell.
4. cells undergoing
the lytic cycle.
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Unlike lytic viruses, lysogenic
viruses do NOT
1. inject their genetic
material into the host
cell.
2. enter the lytic cycle.
3. lyse the host cell
right away.
4. infect host cells.
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4
During a lytic infection, the host
cell is
1. destroyed.
2. prepared for the
lysogenic cycle.
3. copied many
times over.
4. all of the above
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Which of the following is a way
that bacteria cause disease?
1. by capsids
2. by nitrogen
fixation
3. by conjugation
4. by releasing
toxins
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Bacteria that cause disease are
called
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
viruses.
pathogens.
endospores.
antibiotics.
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3
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A bacterial infection results
when bacteria
break down the body’s
tissues.
lyse following the lytic
cycle.
live as obligate aerobes
in the absence of
oxygen.
undergo conjugation
inside the body.
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Which of the following diseases
is NOT caused by a bacterium?
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
tooth decay
tuberculosis
AIDS
Lyme disease
2
3
4
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25%
2
3
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4
Food stored in a refrigerator will keep longer
because the bacteria that spoil food
1. die at low
temperatures.
2. take longer to
multiply at low
temperatures.
3. require light to live.
4. grow more slowly in
the dark.
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3
4
5
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25%
25%
2
3
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4
Which of the following is a characteristic of
bacteria that is key to keeping them under
control?
1.
Most bacteria cannot survive high
temperatures for long periods.
Most bacteria are resistant to harmful
chemicals.
Most bacteria form endospores when
subjected to harsh conditions.
Most bacteria do not cause food to
spoil.
2.
3.
4.
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1
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2
3
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4
Which of the following will NOT
kill bacteria?
1. refrigeration
2. boiling
3. chemical
disinfection
4. frying
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Which of the following is a
proper use of disinfectants?
1. as an antibiotic
2. to start
conjugation
3. to sterilize a
hospital
4. to preserve foods
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Which of the following is NOT a
viral disease?
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
botulism
AIDS
measles
polio
2
3
4
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25%
25%
2
3
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Viral diseases can be
1.
treated with antibiotics and prevented
with vaccines.
treated with vaccines and prevented
with antibiotics.
prevented with antibiotics but not
treated with vaccines.
prevented with vaccines but not treated
with antibiotics.
2.
3.
4.
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3
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25%
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4
Plant viruses have a difficult time entering
the cells they infect partly because
1.
plant viruses are weaker
than animal viruses.
plant cells have tough
cell walls.
many plant viruses are
spread by insects.
plant viruses do not
have a protein coat.
2.
3.
4.
1
2
3
4
5
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1
25%
25%
2
3
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4
Viruses cause disease by
1.
producing toxins that
harm the body.
reproducing
independently inside the
body.
forming endospores in
the body.
disrupting the body’s
normal equilibrium.
2.
3.
4.
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Scientists reason that archaebacteria may be the ancestors
of eukaryotes. If this is true, then archaebacteria and
eukaryotes share a common ancestor that is more recent
than the common ancestor of archaebacteria and
eubacteria. _________________________
50%
50%
1. True
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
Many archaebacteria live in extreme
environments, such as in Utah’s Great Salt
Lake. _________________________
1. True
50%
50%
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
Figure 19–2 shows the three shapes of
viruses. _________________________
50%
50%
1. True
2. False
1
1
2
3
4
5
2
The spiral-shaped organism labeled B in
Figure 19–2 is an example of a spirillum.
_________________________
1. True
50%
50%
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
The Gram-staining method applies only to
archaebacteria.
_________________________
1. True
50%
50%
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
Plants and animals benefit from nitrogenfixing bacteria.
_________________________
1. True
50%
50%
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
Bacteria can be used to synthesize drugs
through genetic-engineering techniques.
_________________________
1. True
50%
50%
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
Bacteria are used in the production of a
variety of foods and beverages.
_________________________
1. True
50%
50%
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
T4 is the name of a bacteriophage.
_________________________
1. True
2. False
1
2
3
4
50%
5
1
50%
2
The structure labeled D in Figure 19–3 is
called a tail fiber.
_________________________
50%
50%
1. True
2. False
1
1
2
3
4
5
2
Another name for the structure labeled A in
Figure 19–3 is head.
_________________________
1. True
50%
50%
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
The structure labeled A in Figure 19–3 helps
attach this virus to a host cell during a lytic
infection. _________________________
1. True
50%
50%
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
Bacteria can cause disease by releasing
toxins into the body.
_________________________
1. True
50%
50%
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
A disinfectant is a chemical solution that kills
bacteria. _________________________
1. True
2. False
1
2
3
4
50%
5
1
50%
2
An antibiotic is a preparation of weakened or
killed virus or viral proteins.
_________________________
1. True
50%
50%
2. False
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
Participant Scores
0
0
Participant 1
Participant 2
0
0
0
Participant 3
Participant 4
Participant 5
Based on DNA sequences of key archaebacterial genes,
archaebacteria and ____________________ seem to
share a more recent common ancestor than do
archaebacteria and ____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Some bacteria carry out photosynthesis in a
manner similar to that of plants and are
called ____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Figure 19–1
According to Figure 19–1, the structure labeled
____________________ determines whether a
eubacterium is Gram positive or Gram negative.
1
2
3
4
5
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Figure 19–2
The organism labeled A in Figure 19–2 is an
example of a(an) ____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
The process of converting nitrogen to a form
plants can use is called
_________________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
In human intestines, bacteria help the
body make ____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
The knoblike root nodules of soybean plants
are the sites of ____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Figure 19–3
In Figure 19–3, the structure labeled D
is a(an) ____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
The structure labeled B in Figure 19–3
is the ____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
In a lysogenic infection, the viral DNA that is
embedded in a host cell’s DNA is called
a(an) ____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
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The pathogenic bacterium Borrelia
burgdorferi causes
____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
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Destroying bacteria by subjecting them to
great heat or to chemical action is called
____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
A chemical solution that is used in hospitals
to kill bacteria is called a(an)
____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Scrapie, an infectious disease in sheep, is
caused by a(an) ____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Certain viruses called
____________________ viruses cause
cancer in animals.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Figure 19–1
Identify structures A through F in
Figure 19–1.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Name the two kingdoms of bacteria. List one
way that these two groups differ from each
other.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
List four factors that are used to
identify prokaryotes.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Describe two roles that bacteria
have in the environment.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
What would happen to other organisms
if bacteria did not recycle nutrients?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
A container of yogurt from your local supermarket has the
following information on its package: “Contains active
cultures of Lactobacillus bulgaricus.” What does this
information mean?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Describe three ways in which
humans use bacteria.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
What are three foods that have
been made using bacteria?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
What is a virus? Describe the
basic structure of a virus
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
List two ways in which bacteria
cause disease.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
What is a pathogen?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
How does the use of an antibiotic differ
from the use of a disinfectant?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Following a flood, people are often advised
to boil their drinking water. Explain why this
is necessary.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Describe two methods of killing
bacteria.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Describe three ways in which
bacteria can be controlled.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Explain how the two groups of prokaryotes
differ. How are these two groups classified?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Compare and contrast the following kinds of bacteria:
photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, heterotrophs,
photoheterotrophs. Which method of obtaining energy is
most like the way humans obtain energy?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
What is Gram staining? Describe how the
results of Gram staining can help identify
eubacteria
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
A student heated 400 mL of milk to 81°C for 15 minutes. Then, he
added a teaspoon of yogurt to the milk and incubated the mixture at
39°C for 24 hours. At the end of 24 hours, the milk had become thicker
in consistency, and its pH had decreased. What do you think happened
to the milk? Why was the milk heated before the yogurt was added?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Compare and contrast a virus
with a cell.
1
2
3
4
5
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How do viruses cause infection?
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Contrast a bacterial infection
with a viral infection.
1
2
3
4
5
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Explain how bacteria cause disease.
Give an example of each method.
1
2
3
4
5
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Design an experiment that would test the
effectiveness of a disinfectant on bacteria.
1
2
3
4
5
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Shingles and chickenpox are both viral diseases caused by
the varicella-zoster herpes virus. Shingles usually occurs
years after a person has had the chickenpox. Based on this
information, what kind of infection cycle do you think the
varicella-zoster virus has? Link the infection cycle to the
appearance of shingles years after initial infection with the
virus
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5