Transcript Chemistry in Biology
Chemistry in Biology
Mr. Wagner Biology
Chapter 6.1 Vocabulary
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Atom Compound Electron Element Nucleus Neutron Proton
Chapter 6 Notes
Atoms, Elements & Compounds Chemical Reactions Water & Solutions The Building Blocks of Life
Chapter 6 Section 1 Notes
Atoms, Elements & Compounds
What is Chemistry?
Chemistry is the study of matter.
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
All organisms in Biology are made up of matter.
Atoms are the building blocks of matter.
Atoms, Elements & Compounds
Hierarchy of Chemistry: Atoms
Matter
Organisms
The Structure of Atoms
Electrons constantly move around an atom’s nucleus in energy levels.
The basic structure of an atom is the result of the attraction between protons and electrons.
Atoms contain an equal number of protons and electrons, so the overall charge of an atom is zero.
Basic Structure of Atoms
ELECTRON
e -
PROTON NEUTRON NUCLEUS
e -
P +
e -
N 0
e -
Electrons are negatively charged particles that are located outside the nucleus.
Protons are positively charged particles Neutrons are particles that have no charge The nucleus is the center of the atom consisting of protons and neutrons
Atoms, Elements & Compounds
There are over 100 known elements, 92 which occur naturally.
Each element has: Atomic mass Unique name Unique symbol All elements make up the periodic table.
An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by physical or chemical means.
Periodic Table
Horizontal rows
Vertical columns Periods
Groups
Categorized by similar chemical & physical properties.
Atoms, Elements & Compounds
Compounds
Pure substances formed when 2 or more different elements combine.
Two rules about compounds:
1. Combine in a fixed ration
2. Chemically/physically different than what they combine with.
Cannot tear or crush compounds back into their previous element unless the compound undergoes a chemical reaction.
Checkpoint
What compound forms when combining H + (hydrogen) and O 2 (oxygen)?
H 2 O, water What compound forms when combining Na (Sodium) and Cl (chlorine)?
NaCl, sodium chloride, table salt What compound forms when combining C (carbon) and 4 H + (hydrogen) molecules?
CH 4 , methane
Page 155 Question 2
After the textbook questions are done, write your summary. 3-5 sentences in length.
Chapter 6 Section 2 Notes
Chemical Reactions
Chapter 6.2 Vocabulary
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Catalyst Chemical Reaction Enzyme
Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reactions are processes by which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are re-organized into different substances.
This occurs by way of chemical reactions.
Examples– photosynthesis, cellular respiration
Structure of chemical reactions:
Reactants
Products
A + B
AB
Balancing Chemical Reactions
Due to the fact that matter cannot be created nor destroyed: The number of atoms each element on the reactant side must equal the number of atoms of the same element on the product side.
The number of atoms of each element in a molecule is found on the subscript # to the right of each element. O 2
Checkpoint
Balance the following equation: C 6 H 12 O 6 + __ O 2 __ CO 2 + __ H 2 O Rules: count how many molecules you have each side of the equation.
Reactants
C- 6 H-12 O-8
Products
C H O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O
Chemical Reactions
Some chemical reactions require activation
energy.
This is the minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction.
Enzymes
Enzymes are catalysts, which are substances that lowers the activation energy needed to start a reaction.
Enzymes speed up the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed.
Substrates and enzymes bind together allowing the reaction to take place. W/out an enzyme W/an enzyme
Activation Energy
Chapter 6.2 Assessment ?’s
PUT WITH YOUR NOTES!!!
On page 160 answer questions 1-4. Please write out the question. NOW make sure you have 4 ?’s on the left side excluding your checkpoint ?’s and assessment ?’s. FINALLY you can write your summary, it must be 5 sentences in length.
Chapter 6 Section 3 Notes
Water & Solutions
Chapter 6.3 Vocabulary
WORD DEFINITION PICTURE—COLORED
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Hydrogen Bond Solution Acid Base pH
Mixtures
A mixture is a combination of 2 or more substances that retain their individual characteristics & properties.
Solute (solid substance) Solute + Solvent
Solution Solvent (liquid substance)
Types of Mixtures
Homogeneous Heterogeneous (Solutions) (Suspensions)
Forms 1 uniform solution.
Forms a colloid— doesn’t settle together.
Checkpoint
Give an example of a homogeneous solution.
Salt Water Give an example of a heterogeneous solution.
Chocolate chip cookie, salad with all the fixings, blood etc. Kool-Aid is made by mixing the contents from the package, sugar and water. Identify the solutes and the solvent.
Solutes: Kool-Aid mix and sugar Solvent: Water
Acids & Bases
Acids release H + dissolved in H 2 O ions when Bases release OH dissolved in H 2 O ions when Measure of the concentration of H+ in a solution is called pH .
Chapter 6 Section 4 Notes
The Building Blocks of Life
Chapter 6.4 Vocabulary
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Macromolecule Polymer Carbohydrate Lipid Protein Amino Acid Nucleic Acid Nucleotide
Atoms!
The Structure of Atoms
Electrons constantly move around an atom’s nucleus in energy levels.
Atoms have several layers of electrons called “shells”. Different numbers of electrons can fit into each shell.
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1 st 2 nd 3 rd level is smallest, can only hold 2 e level can hold 8 e level can hold 18 e Atoms fill up the first levels with electrons and then go into next
Can I get your (atomic) number baby?
Elements are arranged on the periodic table by their atomic number , which is the number of protons in the nucleus.
Checkpoint
In pairs, tell me the atomic number of hydrogen, helium, and carbon. Look to your left for clues. Write your answer of your whiteboards.
How many electrons do hydrogen, helium, and carbon have? Write your answer on your whiteboards.
Carbon
Carbon is a component of almost all biological molecules.
For this reason, life on earth is often considered carbon-based!
The half-filled outer shell allows for the formation of straight chains, branches and rings. The different shapes make it able to form lots of different things.
Macromolecules
Large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules (monomers) into chains. Polymers are large molecules made up of repeating identical segments of monomers
Checkpoint (COPY TO NOTES!)
Macro molecule Protein Building Block Function Example Carbohydrate Nucleic Acid Lipid
Carbohydrate
Compounds made of C, H, and O, usually seen as (CH 2 O) n .
N indicates the number of compounds that are connected. The building blocks of carbohydrates are monosaccharides (simple sugars) that contain 3 to 7 compounds and: Polysaccharides that contain 8 or more compounds.
Examples include glycogen which can be broken down into glucose. (Found in liver & skeletal muscles) Other examples include: Chitin which plays a structural role in crustaceans.
Pair Checkpoint (COPY TO WB!)
Macro molecule Protein Building Block Function Example FILL IN FILL IN Carbohydrate FILL IN Nucleic Acid Lipid
Pair Checkpoint (COPY TO NOTES!)
Macro molecule Protein Building Block Function Example Carbohydrate Monosacc harides Store energy/ used for structural support in cells Glucose Nucleic Acid Lipid
Lipids
Lipids are biological molecules made mostly of C and H; fats, oils, and waxes are all lipids Lipids are composed of fatty acids, glycerol and other components. Most are insoluble (do not dissolve in water – think of oil and water).
Organisms needs lipids in order to function properly.
Phospholipids
Responsible for the function and structure of the cell membrane.
Hydrophobic—do not dissolve in water.
Steroids
Cholesterol and hormones
Saturated & Unsaturated
Pair Checkpoint (COPY TO WB!)
Macro molecule Protein Building Block Function Example Carbohydrate Nucleic Acid Lipid FILL IN FILL IN FILL IN
Pair Checkpoint (COPY TO NOTES!)
Macro molecule Protein Building Block Function Example Carbohydrate Nucleic Acid Lipid Fatty acids Store energy Provide barriers Fats, Oils and Waxes
Proteins
A protein is a compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids.
Amino acids are small compounds that are made of C, N, O, H and sometimes S.
Amino Acids There are 22 different types of amino acids.
3-D protein structure
The # of amino acids in a chain and the order in which the amino acids are joined define the protein’s primary structure.
Connected by peptide bonds.
Protein Function
Make up 15% of your total body mass and are involved in nearly every function of your body.
Examples: muscles, skin and hair and enzymes.
Checkpoint (COPY TO WB!)
Macro molecule Protein Building Block FILL IN Function FILL IN Example FILL IN Carbohydrate Nucleic Acid Lipid
Pair Checkpoint (COPY TO NOTES!)
Macro molecule Building Block Function Example Protein Amino acids Transport substances Speed up reactions Structural support Enzymes Carbohydrate Nucleic Acid Lipid
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids are complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information.
Nucleotides are small repeating units that make up nucleic acids.
Nucleotides are composed of C, N, O, P and H.
There are 6 major nucleotides all contain a phosphate, nitrogenous base and a ribose sugar.
Two major types of nucleic acids that store genetic information:
DNA—deoxyribonucleic acid RNA—ribonucleic acid
Another major nucleotide is ATP, which is a storehouse of chemical energy that can be used by cells to carry out chemical reactions.
Checkpoint (COPY TO WB!)
Macro molecule Protein Building Block Function Example Carbohydrate Nucleic Acid Lipid FILL IN FILL IN FILL IN
Pair Checkpoint (COPY TO NOTES!)
Macro molecule Building Block Function Example Protein Carbohydrate Nucleic Acid Nucleotide Store & communicate genetic information DNA RNA Lipid
Practice!
In pairs, answer #’s 38-41 on page 177. I will call on pairs to give their answers.
Macro molecule Protein Building Block Amino Acids Carbohydrate Monosacc harides Nucleic Acid Lipid Nucleotide Fatty acids Function Example Transport substances Speed up reactions Structural support Store energy/ used for structural support in cells Enzymes Glucose Store & communicate genetic information Store energy Provide barriers DNA RNA Fats, Oils and Waxes