Chapter 13

The New Deal 1933 - 1938

Bell Ringer How would you want government leaders to respond if all the members of your family were out of work, with no hope of finding a job?

Forging a New Deal

 Section 1

Objectives  Identify the programs FDR created to restore the nation’s hope and explain the role of Eleanor Roosevelt.

 Identify key New Deal personnel and explain why the New Deal faltered.

 Describe the Second New Deal and how the voters responded to it in the 1936 election.

 Define: New Deal, hundred days, public works program, Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), Second New Deal, Wagner Act, Social Security System

Main Idea

President Roosevelt

the Depression through the programs of the sought to end

New Deal

.

During FDR’s first “hundred days” in office, he created many “alphabet agencies”—some set up by Congress, others by executive order—to help Americans during this difficult period.

*** FDR told the American people at his inauguration: “This nation asks for action and action now!”

The New Deal is the name given to programs launched by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during 1933-1937 with the goal of

relief

,

reform

and

recovery

to the national economy.

“The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”

Franklin D. Roosevelt Inaugural Address

March 4, 1933

The First Hundred Days  FDR’s inauguration in March through June 1933  FDR pushed programs through Congress to provide relief, create jobs and stimulate economic recovery

Closing the

Banks

   FDR’s first step to restore confidence in the nation’s banks March 5, 1933 — ordered all banks to close for 4 days “ bank holiday ” Congress passed the Emergency Banking Act   Authorized the government to inspect the financial health of all banks .

2/3 reopened by March 15 th

FDIC  Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation  Insured (protected) bank deposits $5000 up to

Providing

Relief

Creating

Jobs

and

•

FERA – agencies Federal Emergency Relief Administration created to send funds to local relief –Harry Hopkins , director

“Give a man a (handout) and you save his body and destroy his spirit. Give him a job and pay him an assured wage and you save both the body and the spirit.” Harry Hopkins FERA Director

Public Works Programs

Government funded projects to build facilities

Civil Works Administration (CWA)  Gave jobs building or improving facilities roads to the unemployed , parks, airports and other  4 million employees

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)  Gave jobs restoring

forests

,

beaches

and

parks

 Over 2.5 million young, unmarried men

 CCC workers earned $1 per day  Workers lived in camps free of charge  They received food, medical care and job training

What long-term benefits did workers get from working in the CCC?

Helped Native Americans •John Collier -FDR’s commissioner of Indian Affairs --Built schools, hospitals and irrigation systems •Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 --Ended the sale of tribal lands (Dawes Act of 1887) and restored ownership of some lands to Indian groups.

       The Great Depression was the worst economic calamity in American history Several flawed economic and political policies contributed to the stock market crash The Depression affected Americans of all economic and social classes The New Deal demanded significant spending on the federal level to combat the Depression The New Deal sought to solve the problems of the Depression by providing public works projects, as well as by promoting the arts The New Deal changed the role of government in American life The reach and impact of the New Deal affected American life from the 1930s into the 21st century

A Helping Hand to Business

 NIRA – National Industrial Recovery Act wanted to raise prices to help industries 

NRA (National Recovery Administration) was established to balance the unstable economy

  

New codes to regulate wages , working conditions, production and prices .

Set a minimum wage Gave organized labor collective bargaining rights

Higher wages = Higher prices

Consumers stopped buying

Public Works Administration (PWA)  Directed by Harold Ickes  Was the best part of the NRA because the codes they enacted had failed, but the work of the PWA was successful  Grand Coulee Dam on Columbia River (WA)  Causeway connecting Key West to FL  Tribourough Bridge (NYC)

Grand Coulee Dam

Causeway connecting Key West to mainland Florida

Tribourough Bridge in New York City (1935)

Federal Securities Act

 Required companies to provide information about their finances if they offered stock Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)  Set up to regulate the stock market

Saving

Homes

and

Farms

•

HOLC – Home Owners’ Loan Corporation –Refinanced mortgages to make payments more manageable

Saving Homes and Farms

•

AAA – Agricultural Adjustment Administration –Tried to raise farm prices through government financial assistance ( subsidies )

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)    Created in May 1933 Helped farmers and created jobs Provided cheap electric power , flood control and recreational opportunities to the Tennessee River Valley

To how many states did the TVA provide service? (p. 407)

Eleanor Roosevelt

  Supported New Deal programs and FDR Traveled for FDR (who was disabled )  FDR was her distant cousin; together they had six children

Read the biography on p. 407

FDR was the first president with a significant physical disability. FDR was diagnosed with infantile paralysis, better known as polio, in 1921, at the age of 39. Although dealing with this crippling disease was difficult, many believe that his personal struggles helped shape FDR, both as a man and as a president.

The New Deal Falters (Fails)

  Programs failed to bring significant economic improvement People worried about the increased power that New Deal agencies gave the federal government.

A Second New Deal

The period in 1935 where FDR launched a new burst of legislative activity

Second New Deal, cont.

 More social welfare  Stricter controls benefits over business  Stronger support for unions  Higher taxes on rich

WPA (Works Progress Administration)     set up in 1935 provided 8 million jobs constructed or improved playgrounds, schools , hospitals and airfields supported work of artists writers and

Resettlement Agency

(replaced later by Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) in 1937 • loaned over $1 billion to farmers and set up camps for migrant workers

New Labor Legislation • Workers wanted their rights protected – National Labor Relations Act ( Wagner Act ) – named after leading advocate, Robert Wagner » legalized collective bargaining » outlawed spying on union activities and blacklisting

NLRB ( National Labor Relations Board Act ) – set up to enforce Wagner

Fair Labor Standards Act

(

1938

) 

banned child labor



established minimum wage

Social Security Act (1935)

 established a Social Security System  provide regular payments to people who could not support themselves  old-age pensions and survivor’s benefits   unemployment insurance aid for dependent children , blind and physically disabled



1936 Election



FDR won in a landslide victory Showed that most Americans supported New Deal the

CCC WPA PWA NRA NLRB FDIC SEC AAA SSA AGENCY PURPOSE

What was the general mood when FDR was sworn into office on March 4, 1933?

1.How is FDR portrayed?

2.What challenges does FDR face as he embarks on his new job as president?

3.What objects are included in the cartoon and what do they symbolize?

4.

What does “man of the hour” mean?

The New Deal’s Critics

 Section 2

What are some of the agencies set up by FDR with the New Deal?

Objectives • Identify which Americans received only limited benefits from the New Deal.

• Describe how politicians and demagogues criticized the New Deal.

• Define: –

American Liberty League

–

Demagogue

–

Nationalization

“I pledge to you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people”

Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic National Convention

1932

Main Idea

A variety of critics pointed out the shortcomings New Deal as well as its potential for of the restricting individual freedom

.

Limits of the New Deal



Women

put at a disadvantage a. NRA codes allowed lower wages for women’s work b. Men and boys received preference in relief and job programs 

African Americans

a. Racial segregation reinforced by relief programs in the South b. Kept out of skilled jobs and received lower pay c. “

last hired, first fired

” i. Highest unemployment rate of any group during the Great Depression

Political Critics

I. New Deal

Does Too Much

a. Many Republicans opposed Roosevelt i. Felt the New Deal went too far b.

Wealthy people

i. Higher taxes on the rich c. American Liberty League i. Founded in 1934 ii. Led much of the opposition to the New Deal iii.

Alfred E. Smith

, leader iv. John J. Raskob and DuPont Family v. Argued that the New Deal limited individual freedom and was “

un-American

”

American Liberty League

 Founded in 1934 and led much of the opposition to the New Deal

II. New Deal

Does Not Do Enough

a. Progressives and Socialists attacked programs for not providing enough help b. 1934 –

Upton Sinclair

governor of California (muckraker) ran for i. EPIC –END POVERTY IN CALIFORNIA ii. Opponents used shady tactics to discredit him c. New Deal did not eliminate

poverty

i. Led to a revival in

progressivism

in Minnesota and Wisconsin 1. Robert La Follette, Jr. (WI) 2. Philip La Follette

III. Other Critics

a. Demagogues –manipulate people with half-truths, deceptive promises and scare tactics i. Father Charles E.

Coughlin

1. used his radio broadcast in

Detroit

the New Deal to criticize 2. attacks grew beyond FDR and also toward Jews ii.

Huey Long

1. worked to help underprivileged, improving education and medical care 2. wanted to “

share the wealth

” with limits on income and higher taxes

Demagogue

 Leaders who manipulate people with half-truths, deceptive promises and scare tactics Father Charles E. Coughlin “Radio Priest” in Detroit

Nationalization



Conversion to government ownership

 Charles E. Coughlin advocated for government ownership of banks and the redistribution of their wealth

IV. Court-Packing Scheme

a. FDR’s attempt to “

pack

” the Supreme Court i. Put more judges in place that

favored

the New Deal

Last Days of the New Deal  Section 3

Bell Ringer * What are the three “R’s” that FDR’s programs and the New Deal were aimed to do?

*Name one demagogue who criticized FDR and the New Deal.

Objectives • Explain what caused the recession of 1937.

• Identify labor union triumphs resulting from the New Deal.

• Describe the effects of the New Deal in terms of culture and lasting achievements.

• Define: –

National debt

–

Revenue

–

Coalition

–

Sit-down strike

national debt

 The total amount of money the federal government has borrowed and not yet paid back

revenue

 income

coalition

 alliance of groups with similar goals

sit-down strike

 where laborers stop working but refuse to leave the workplace

Main Idea

The New Deal had a lasting effect on many aspects of American life .

The Recession of 1937

I. The New Deal

did not

end the Depression a. Massive government spending led to economic improvement b. Economy collapsed in 1937 i. Industrial production fell, employment levels dropped II.

Social Security tax

partly to blame a. Tax came out of worker’s paychecks b. Less money in paychecks; workers bought fewer goods III. Concern about

national debt

caused a reduction in government spending

National Debt

Year

1933 1940 2014

Amount

$21,000,000,000 $43,000,000,000 $18,000,000,000,000 Running National Debt Clock (click)

Unions Triumph

 The

Wagner Act

provided federal protection for the activities of labor unions, making unions more

attractive

to workers.

 Union membership rose from 3 million to

10.5 million

by 1941.

I. A New

Labor

Organization A.

Congress of Industrial Organizations

1. formerly CIO 2. sought to organize

workers

3. a

coalition

(alliance of groups with similar interests) 4.

John J. Lewis

; first president 5. aim was to challenge industry conditions

II. An Era of

Strikes

A.

Sit-Down Strikes

1. laborers stopped working but refused to leave the workplace 2. UAW (

United Auto Workers

) occupied GM’s plants in Flint, MI a. Most famous strike b. GM executives turned off the heat and blocked entry of food, called police c.

Violence

erupted d. Eventually GM gave in 3.

Henry Ford resisted unions

a. UAW officials were beaten near Detroit

 Flint Sit-Down Strike (5m)  Strike Riots-1937 (1:30m)  Henry Ford 1941 Strike (3m)

New Deal’s Effects on Culture

I. Literature A.

The Good Earth

by Pearl S. Buck (1931) B.

The Grapes of Wrath

Steinbeck

(1939) by

John

C. Their Eyes are Watching God by

Zora Neale Hurston

(1937)

ENTERTAINMENT A. Radio was a major source of

entertainment

B. Soap operas C.

Technicolor

movies (1933) D.

Drive-in

movie theaters (1933) E. The Wizard of Oz (1939) F. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)

III. The

WPA

and the

Arts

A. Federal

Writer’s Project

1. established in 1935 2. assisted over 6000 writers B. Federal

Music

Project 1. started community symphonies and free music lessons C. Federal

Art

Project 1. 1935; directed by Hallie

Flanagan

a. Used drama to create

awareness

social problems b. Controversial of

Lasting New Deal Achievements

I. Public Works and Federal Agencies A. Many bridges, dams, tunnels, public buildings and hospitals still stand today B.

TVA

planning is a model for government C.

FDIC still guarantees bank deposits

D. SEC still monitors stock market E. Farmers still plant according to government guidelines in rural areas

I.

Social Security

A. Still many critics II.

A Legacy of Hope

A. The New Deal restored a sense of hope

Questions

1. In what sense did labor triumph in the 1930s?

2. Look at the chart on p. 417. In which year was the deficit the greatest? The lowest?

3. How did sit-down strikes differ from other strikes?

4. In what ways can art be considered a necessity and not a luxury?

5. How did the Wagner Act affect labor unions in the United States?

Why did President Roosevelt and the New Deal spark criticism?

Ch. 13 Sect. 1-2 Quiz Name/Date/Hour 1. Name the three “R’s” that FDR’s New Deal programs were aimed to do.

2. What was FDR’s wife’s first name?

3. Name one demagogue who criticized FDR’s New Deal.

1.Who are the three people depicted in this cartoon? 2. How is Roosevelt depicted by the illustrator?

3. Do you think this cartoon is optimistic or pessimistic of the “New Deal” Programs?

New Deal Parody

•

What is a parody?

•

How is FDR portrayed?

•

What is the message here about the New Deal?

FDR Playing with Alphabet Cards, 1933

Supporters v. Critics

What was everyone saying?

    In each stack provided, you have 16 statements.

Sort the statements between supporters critics of the New Deal and What would supporters have said to defend FDR and the New Deal?

What did critics (other politicians and demagogues think about the New Deal?

Don’t forget your hashtag!

*Take on the perspective of either a supporter or critic of the New Deal.

*Send a tweet of fact-based information regarding your position.

*You may send it to anyone from the time period.