Transcript APUSH II: Unit 1 Chapter 19 The Incorporation of America

APUSH II: Unit 1
Chapter 19
The Incorporation of America
Essential Question:
•How did the “Second Industrial Revolution”
transform the U.S. during the Gilded Age?
•How effective were politicians in meeting
the needs of Americans during the Gilded
Age?
•How did problems in gov’t (patronage &
coinage), the economy (depression of
1893), & agriculture (Populists) impact the
politics of the Gilded Age?
Second Industrial Revolution
• American Economy is growing at a rate of 4% per
year
• In 1865, 4th largest economy
• By 1900, largest economy in the world
• How?
• Metal ore development, timber, coal, oil
• Growth of Cities
• “Gilded Age”
Growth of Railroads
• 1865 – 1900: mileage
increases five times
• 35,000 to 193,000 miles
of track
• Huntington, Stanford,
Vanderbilt, Gould
• Creation of Time Zones
• Creation of TRUSTS
“Laissez-faire”
•
•
•
•
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations
Invisible hand of market should guide business
No government regulation
Rise of Monopolies
The 2nd Industrial Revolution
THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF
AMERICA
The Business of Invention
• 19th-century inventors led to an “Age of
Invention”:
–
–
–
–
–
Cyrus Field’s telegraph cable
Business typewriters, cash registers, adding
machines
High-speed textile spindles, auto looms, sewing
machines
George Eastman’s Kodak camera
Alexander G. Bell’s telephone
The Business of Invention
• New technologies allowed for increased
industrial production
– New machines were incorporated into the first
assembly lines which allowed for continuous &
faster production of goods
– The railroad linked every region of America &
allowed for a mass consumption of goods
The Second Industrial
Revolution was fueled
by 3 industries:
railroads, steel, & oil
Problems of Growth
• But, the railroad industry faced problems due
to overbuilding in the 1870s & 1880s:
– Mass competition among RRs
– RR lines offered special rates & rebates (secret
discounts) to lure passengers & freight on their
lines
– Pooling & consolidation failed to help overspeculation
Revolutions in Technology and Transportation
• The post-Civil War era saw a tremendous boom in
business and technology. Inventors like Alexander
Graham Bell and Thomas Edison brought new
products to Americans.
– By 1900, Americans had produced over 4,000 cars.
– In 1903, the Wright Brothers pioneered airplane flight.
• Railroads stimulated development, creating a
national market.
• Industry grew at a pace previously unimaginable.
Section 1
THE RISE OF INDUSTRY, THE
TRIUMPH OF BUSINESS
Problems of Growth
• RR bosses asked bank financier J.P. Morgan to
save their industry:
– Morgan created a traffic-sharing plan to end
wasteful competition
– “Morganization” fixed costs, cut debt, stabilized
rates, issued new stock, & ended rebates
– Created a “board of trustees”
• By 1900, 7 giant (centralized & efficient) rail
systems dominated
The Steel Industry
• Steel transformed world industry:
– Allowed for taller buildings, longer bridges,
stronger railroad lines, & heavier machinery
– Andrew Carnegie’s company made more steel
than England
– Carnegie converted his steel plants to the
Bessemer process & was able to out-produce his
competition & offer lower prices
Rockefeller and Oil
• Petroleum also changed industry
– New industrial machines needed kerosene for
lighting & lubricants
– John D. Rockefeller monopolized the oil industry,
lowered oil costs & improved the quality of oil
– By 1879, Standard Oil ruled 90% of all U.S. oil &
sold to Asia, Africa, & South America
Standard Oil:
The Monster
Monopoly?
Gilded Age Industrialization
• During the Gilded Age, American businesses
were transformed:
– Massive corporations replaced small, family
businesses
– New technology, transportation, marketing, labor
relations, & efficient mass-production
– By 1900, the U.S. was the most industrialized
country in the world
The Business of Invention
• Thomas Edison, the “Wizard of Menlo Park,”
created the 1st research lab in New York
– Edison Illuminating Co was the to 1st use electric
light in 1882
– Tesla’s alternating current (AC) allowed electricity
to travel over longer distances & to power
streetcars & factories
Mechanization Takes Command
• The second industrial revolution was based on the
application of new technology to increase labor
productivity and the volume of goods.
• By the early 20th century, the United States
produced one-third of the world’s industrial goods.
• Continuous machine production characterized many
industries.
• Coal provided the energy for this second industrial
revolution.
• Assembly line production, beginning with meatpacking, spread throughout American industry.
Integration, Combination, and Merger
• Business leaders tried to gain control over the
economy and to enlarge the commercial empire.
• Periodic depressions wiped out weaker competitors
and enabled the survivors to grow to unprecedented
heights.
• Businesses employed:
– vertical integration to control every step of production
• you buy the cow, the dairy, the milkers, the pasteurizers, the
homogenizers, the bottlers, and the delivery trucks.
– horizontal combination to control the market for a single
product
• you buy all the delivery trucks
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
• 1890 – allowed the government to investigate
and prosecute trusts
– Trusts – Invented by Standard Oil Company
the year before to avoid state-monopoly laws
• Prevent monopolies and unfair market
manipulation
• Hampered unionization instead, but did not
prevent the continued consolidation of
American business until after 1907
The Gospel of Wealth
• American business leaders saw their success as an
indication of their own personal virtues.
• A “gospel of wealth” seemed to justify ruthless
financial maneuvering by men like Jay Gould.
• More acceptable was the model presented by
Andrew Carnegie, a self-made multimillionaire who
brought efficiency to the steel industry.
• Captains of industry seemed to fulfill the lessons of
Charles Darwin—survival of the fittest.
New Forms of Business Organization
• New types of business organization were used
to increase profits:
– “Trusts” & “holding companies” integrated various
businesses under 1 board of directors
– Vertical & horizontal integration maximized
corporate profits
– Frederick Taylor’s “scientific management”
emphasized time efficiency & mid-level managers
New Forms of Business Organization
• Business leaders used a variety of ideas to
justify their wealth:
– The “Gospel of Wealth” argued that it is God's will
that some men attained great wealth
– Social Darwinism taught that natural competition
weeds out the weak & the strong survive
– Were monopolists “captains of industry” or
“robber barons”?
Section 2
LABOR IN THE AGE OF BIG
BUSINESS
Industrial Workers
• Industrial work was hard:
– Laborers worked long hours & received low wages
but had expensive living costs
– Industrial work was unskilled, dangerous, &
monotonous
– Gender, religious, & racial biases led to different
pay scales
• These conditions led to a small, but significant
union movement
Early American Labor Unions
• The Eight Hour League demanded 8 hours for
work, 8 hours for leisure, and 8 hours for
sleep.
• Crumbled after deaths at the Haymarket Square
“Riot”
• In 1868, Knights of Labor formed to help all
type of workers escape the “wage system”
• Lead by Terence V. Powderly
AFL
• The most successful union, the American
Federation of Labor (1886) led by Samuel
Gompers:
– Made up only of skilled labor & sought practical
objectives (better pay, hours, conditions)
– Included 1/3 of all U.S. laborers
Panic of 1873
• Abandonment of Gold standard
– Labeled the “Crime of ’73” over 20 years later in
1896 Presidential race
• Black Friday (1869) and Flu Epidemic (My
Antonia)
• Jay Cook and Company went bankrupt
virtually overnight
• 1876 – 14% unemployment
• Start of Long Depression
The “Era of Strikes”, 1870-1890
• During the Chicago Haymarket Strike (1886),
unionists demanded an 8-hr day; led to mob
violence & the death of the Knights of Labor
• The Great RR Strike of 1877 shut down
railroads from WV to CA & resulted in
hundreds of deaths
• The Homestead Strike (1892) resulted from a
20% pay cut at one of Carnegie’s steel plants
Section 3
THE NEW SOUTH
An Internal Colony
• Southerners like Henry Grady envisioned a “New South”
that would take advantage of the region’s resources and
become a manufacturing center.
• Northern investors bought up much of the South’s
manufacturing and natural resources, often eliminating
southern competition.
• Southern communities launched cotton mill campaigns
to boost the textile industry.
• By the 1920s northern investors held much of the
South’s wealth, including the major textile mills.
• For the most part, southern industry produced raw
materials for northern consumption and became the
nation’s internal colony.
Southern Labor
• Most southern factories were white-only or else
rigidly segregated.
– African Americans were allowed low-paying jobs with
railroads while African-American women typically worked
as domestics.
• With the exception of the Knights of Labor, white
workers generally protected their racial position.
• Wages were much lower for southerners than
outside of the region, a situation that was worsened
by widespread use of child and convict labor.
The Transformation of Piedmont Communities
• The Piedmont (the area from southern Virginia through
northern Alabama) developed into a textile-producing center
with dozens of small industrial towns.
• As cotton and tobacco prices fell, farmers sent their children
into the mills to pay off debts.
• Gradually they moved into these company-dominated mill
villages.
• Mill superintendents used teachers and clergy to inculcate the
company’s work ethic in the community.
• Mill village residents developed their own cultures, reinforced
by a sense of connection to one another.
Section 4
THE INDUSTRIAL CITY
“Old Immigrants”
• Immigration slowed down after 1850s
– No more Irish Potato famine
– Irish, Germans, Scandinavians – “Old Immigrants”
• Only 2.6 million Old Immigrants fled to US
cities after 1860
• Pattern of staying in cities (Church and social
networks)
New Immigrants
• From 1880-1920, 23 million immigrants came
looking for jobs:
– These “new” immigrants were from eastern &
southern Europe; Catholics & Jews, not Protestant
• Many Jews came to escape the Pogroms in Eastern
Europe
– Kept their language & religion; created ethnic
newspapers, schools, & social associations
– Led to a resurgence in Nativism & attempts to
limit immigration
“New Immigrants”
• “New Immigrants” came from Central and Southern
Europe and settled in primarily urban areas
• Made the US an urban nation
• From 1870 to 1900, American cities grew 700%
due to new job opportunities in factories
• “New Immigrants” were from rural areas: both those
of Europe and America
• Immigrants came because of economic
opportunities.
• Like “Old Immigrants”, “New Immigrant” groups
tended to live near their countrymen and to work in
similar trades
Immigration to the U.S., 1870-1900
TheForeign-born
influx of ethnic nationalities
led1890
to a new
Population,
“melting pot” (“salad bowl”?) national image
The Urban Landscape
• ½ of NYC’s buildings were tenements which housed the poor
working class
– “Dumbbell” tenements were popular but were cramped &
plagued by firetraps
– Slums had poor sanitation, polluted water & air, tuberculosis
– Homicide, suicide, & alcoholism rates all increased in U.S.
cities
• Several cities experienced devastating fires, allowing architects to
transform the urban landscape as part of the City Beautiful
movement.
• The extension of transportation allowed residential suburbs to
emerge on the periphery of the cities
– In the 20th century, suburbs are going to be increasingly
middle class and white, while inner cities will be lower class
and multi-cultural
Jacob Riis’ “How the Other Half Lives” (1890)
exposed the poverty of the urban poor
The Lure of the City
By 1920, for the 1st time in U.S. history,
more than 50% of the American
population lived in cities
Skyscrapers and Suburbs
• By the 1880s, steel allowed cities to build
skyscrapers
• The Chicago fire of 1871 allowed for
rebuilding with new designs:
– John Root & Louis Sullivan were the “fathers of
modern urban architecture”
– New York & other cities used Chicago as their
model
Skyscrapers and Suburbs
• Cities developed distinct zones:
– Central business district with working- & upperclass residents
– Middle-class in the suburbs
• Electric & elevated rapid transit made travel
easy
The City and the Environment
• Despite technological innovations, pollution continued to
be an unsolved problem.
• Overcrowding and inadequate sanitation bred a variety
of diseases.
• Attempts to clean up city water supplies and eliminate
waste often led to:
– polluting rivers
– building sewage treatment plants
– creating garbage dumps on nearby rural lands
• Progressive reformer are going to start tackling
these issues in the 1890s
Urban Political Machines
• Urban “political machines” were loose
networks of party precinct captains led by a
“boss”
– Tammany Hall was the most famous machine;
Boss Tweed led the corrupt “Tweed Ring”
– Political machines were not all corrupt (“honest
graft”); helped the urban poor & built public
works like the Brooklyn Bridge
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But
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by building
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cost $250,000
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Section 5
THE RISE OF CONSUMER SOCIETY
“Conspicuous Consumption”
• The growth of consumer goods and services led to
sweeping changes in American behavior and beliefs.
• The upper classes created a style of “conspicuous
consumption“ in order to display their wealth to the
world around them.
– They patronized the arts by funding the galleries and
symphonies of their cities.
– They built vast mansions and engaged in new elite sports.
– Mansions and wealthy hotels had great open windows so that
people passing by could marvel at the wealth displayed within
the building.
– Women adorned themselves with jewels and furs.
Expanding the Market for Goods
• New techniques for marketing and merchandising
distributed the growing volume of goods.
– Rural free delivery enabled Sears and Montgomery Ward
to thrive and required that these companies set up
sophisticated ways of reaching their customers.
– Chain stores developed in other retail areas, frequently
specializing in specific consumer goods.
– Department stores captured the urban market.
– Advertising firms helped companies reach customers.
AThe
new-and-improved
revolution”:
Midwest Made“market
Meat for
America
More regional specialization made mass
production & mass consumption possible
New Methods of Marketing
• Marketing became a “science”:
– Advertising firms boomed
– Department stores like Macy’s & Marshall Field’s
allowed customers to browse & buy
– Chain stores like A&P Grocery & Woolworth’s
“Five & Ten”
– Mail-order catalogues, like Montgomery Ward
sold to all parts of America
Self-Improvement and the Middle Class
• A new “middle class” developed its own sense of gentility.
– Salaried employees were now part of the middle class.
• Aided by expanding transit systems, they moved into suburbs
providing both space and privacy but a long commute to and
from work.
• Middle-class women devoted their time to housework.
– New technologies simplified household work.
• The new middle class embraced “culture” and physical
exercise for self-improvement and moral uplift.
– Middle-class youth found leisure a special aspect of their
childhood.
Life in the Streets
• Many working-class people felt disenchanted amid
the alien and commercial society. To allay the stress,
they established close-knit ethnic communities.
– Chinese, Mexicans, and African Americans were prevented
from living outside of certain ghettos.
– European ethnic groups chose to live in closely-knit
communities.
• Many immigrants came without families and lived in
boarding houses.
• For many immigrant families, home became a second
workplace where the whole family engaged in
productive labor.
Immigrant Culture
• Despite their meager resources, many immigrant
families:
– attempted to imitate middle-class customs of dress and
consumption
– preserved Old World customs
• Immigrant cultures freely mixed with indigenous
cultures to shape the emerging popular cultures of
urban America.
• Promoters found that young people were attracted
to ragtime and other African-American music.
• Promoters also found that amusement parks could
attract a mass audience looking for wholesome fun.
Section 6
CULTURES – IN CONFLICT,
IN COMMON
Social Changes in the Gilded Age
• Urbanization changed society:
– The U.S. saw an increase in self-sufficient female
workers
– Most states had compulsory education laws &
kindergartens
– 150 new public & private colleges were formed
– Cities set aside land for parks & American workers
found time for vaudeville & baseball
Education
• Stimulated by business and civic leaders and the idea of
universal free schooling, America’s school system grew rapidly
at all levels.
– Only a small minority attended high school or college.
• Supported by federal land grants, state universities and
colleges proliferated and developed their modern form, as did
the elite liberal arts and professional schools.
– Professional education was an important growth area.
– Women benefited greatly by gaining greater access to colleges.
• Vocational education also experienced substantial expansion.
African American Education
• African Americans founded their own colleges and
vocational schools.
• Howard University, established for African Americans,
had its own medical school.
• Educator Booker T. Washington founded the Tuskegee
Institute to press his call for African Americans to
concentrate on vocational training.
– Washington encouraged African Americans to learn practical,
moral, and industrial trades.
– Teachers and domestic servants were trained through these
new schools.
Leisure and Public Space
• In large cities, varied needs led to the creation of
park systems.
• The working class and middle class had different
ideas on using public spaces.
– Park planners accommodated these needs by providing
the middle-class areas with cultural activities and the
working class with space for athletic contests.
– Regulations such as no walking on the grass, picnicking, or
playing ball without permission were enforced in many
parks.
Frederick Law Olmstead
• Frederick Law Olmstead’s design for Central
Park was completed in 1873, though he
always considered Prospect Park in Brooklyn
his greatest accomplishment
National Pastimes
• Middle and working classes found common ground
in a growing number of pastimes.
– Ragtime, vaudeville, and especially sports brought the two
classes together in shared activities that helped to provide
a national identity.
• After the Civil War, baseball emerged as the
“national pastime” as professional teams and league
play stimulated fan interest.
– Baseball initially reflected its working-class fans both in
style of play and in organization but soon became tied to
the business economy.
• By the 1880s, baseball had become segregated,
leading to the creation of the Negro Leagues in the
1920s.
Conclusions:
Industrialization’s
Benefits & Costs
American Industrialization
• Benefits of rapid industrialization:
– The U.S. became the world’s #1 industrial power
– Per capita wealth doubled
– Improving standard of living
• Human cost of industrialization:
– Exploitation of workers; growing gap between rich
& poor
– Rise of giant monopolies