Introduction to Poetry

Transcript Introduction to Poetry

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Poetry

is the most misunderstood form of writing. It is also arguably the purest form of writing. Poetry is a sense of the beautiful; characterized by a love of beauty and expressing this through words. Poetry is not easily defined. Often it takes the form of verse, but not all poetry has this structure. Poetry is a creative use of words which, like all art, is intended to stir an emotion in the audience. Poetry generally has some structure that separates it from prose.

Robert Frost's

The Road Not Taken

Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth; Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim Because it was grassy and wanted wear, Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same,

And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black.

Oh, I marked the first for another day!

Yet knowing how way leads on to way I doubted if I should ever come back.

I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I, I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference.

Eve Merriam’s metaphor

Morning is a new sheet of paper for you to write on.

Whatever you want to say, all day, until night folds it up and files it away.

The bright words and the dark words are gone until dawn and a new day to write on.

A PRAYER

ALLAH, we thank Thee for the night And for the pleasant morning light For rest and food and loving care, And all that makes the world so fair.

Help us to do the things we should, To be to others kind and good.

In all we do, in all we say, To grow more loving everyday.

ALLAH

Say, Allah is ONE, Like HIM there is none.

No son or daughter has HE, Nor born to any is HE.

All things bright and beautiful, All creatures so, so wonderful.

All things, big and small, Allah alone made them all.

Elements of poetry

Some important elements of poetry are: 1. Figurative language 2. Imagery 3. Rhythm 4. Rhyme and alliteration 5. Forms of poetry 6. tone

Simile

a comparison made between two objects of different kinds which have, however, at least one point in common (Wren & Martin, 1981:480).

The words indicating simile are:

like, as, so, appear, seem

and

more than.

O my love, is like a red, red rose, That’s newly sprung in June.

O my love is like the melody That’s sweetly played in tune.

(Robert Burns)

Emily Dickinson’s There is no frigate like a book

There is no frigate like a book To take us lands away, Nor any coursers like a page Of prancing poetry: Note: frigate=kapal perang gerak cepat, courses=kuda2 pelari cepat, prancing=berjingkrak2 .

Metaphor

is an implied simile. It does not, like the simile, state one thing is like another or acts as another, but takes that for granted and proceeds as if two things were one (Wren & Martin 1981:489).

Robert Herrick’s a meditation for his mistress

(kekasih) .

You are a tulip seen today But, dearest, of so short a stay (tak berumur panjang) That were you grow scarce man can say You are a lovely July-Flower, Yet one rude wind or ruffling shower (hujan gerimis yang mengganggu) Will force you hence, and in an hour.

Personification

is the attribution of personal nature or character to inanimate objects or abstract entities.

1. The old train crept along the narrow path 2. Flames ate the house 3. That leaves look pale, dreading (takut oleh)the winter’s near (Shakespeare)

Apostrophe

figure of speech in which some absent or nonexistent person or thing is addressed in a dialogue or conversation as if present and capable of understanding.

John Donne’s Holy Sonnet

Death, be not proud, though some have called thee (you) Mighty and dreadful, for you art(are) not so.

Hyperbola

Is a statement which is made emphatic by overstatement 1. why, man, if the River were dry, I am able to fill it with tears.

2. For a falling in love couple the attack of tsunami is just like a splash of water.

3. All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten the smell of bloods in this little hand.

Paradox

An apparent contradiction that is nevertheless somehow true (Perrine :1974:649) e.g.: 1.and death shall be no more: death thou shall die 2. The world’s laziest workaholic.

3.Silent scream

Synecdoche

Is a part is used to designate the whole.

1. He has many mouth to feed ”ia memberi makan banyak mulut” 2. A hundred wings(birds) flashed by.

Symbol

Something that means more than what it is (Perrine: 1974:628)

Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening

Whose woods these are I think I know.

His house is in the village though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow.

My little horse must think it queer To stop without a farmhouse near Between the woods and frozen lake The darkest evening of the year.

He gives his harness bells a shake To ask if there is some mistake.

The only other sound's the sweep Of easy wind and downy flake.

The woods are lovely, dark and deep.

But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep.

Note: *harness=pakaian kuda

Basic elements of Rhythm 1. Syllable (suku kata) 2. Foot (pola syllable) 3. Verse (verse) 4. Stanza (bait)

Syllable One syllable: I, go Two syllables: sym-bol, slen-der Three syllables: yes-ter-day, re-vol-ver Elements of syllable recitation: Loudness (keras-lembut suara) Duration (panjang-pendek suara) e.g: I will neeeeeeeever do it again. It soooooo awesome!

It read it whoooooooooole night Timbre (kualitas suara)

a.Monometer

U ----- Good night, U ---- Fair one; U ----- The day U ---- Is done

b. Dimeter U -- U _____ Give me one word ---- U ------ And no more; U ---- U ---- If so be, this ----- U ------ Makes you poor,

c. Trimeter U -- U ---- U --- U When I was one and twen- ty U --- U ---- U ------ I heard a wise man say, U ---- U ----- U ----- U Give crowns and pounds and gui neas U ---- U ---- U ----- But not your heart a- way

d. Tetrameter

U --- U --- U ----- U ----- Some say the world will end in fire U ---- U --------- Some say in ice U ---- U ---- ------ U ------ U ------ From what I ’ve tes ted of de-sire U -- U --- U --- U --- I hold with those who fa vour fire

e. Pentameter

U ---- U --- U --- U ---- U ---- That time of year thou mayst in me behold U --- U --- U ---- U ----- U ----- When ye llow leaves , or none, or few, do hang U -- U -- U --- U -- U --- Upon those boughs which shake againts the cold, U -- Bare ruin U -- U ---- U --- U -- ed choirs where late the sweet birds sang

The basic unit of poetry is the

line

. It serves the same function as the sentence in prose, although most poetry maintains the use of

grammar

within the structure of the poem. Most poems have a structure in which each line contains a set amount of

syllables

; this is called

meter

. Lines are also often grouped into

stanzas

. The

stanza

in poetry is equivalent or equal to the paragraph in prose. Often the

lines

in a stanza will have a specific

rhyme scheme

. Some of the more common stanzas are:

Couplet: a two line stanza Triplet: a three line stanza Quatrain: a four line stanza Cinquain: a five line stanza

Meter is the

measured

arrangement of words in poetry, the rhythmic

pattern of a stanza

, determined by the kind and number of

lines

. Meter is an organized way to arrange stressed/accented

syllables

and unstressed/unaccented

syllables

. Whose woods / these are / I think /I know

Rhyme

is when the

endings

of the words sound the same. Read the poem with me out loud.

Dust of Snow by Robert Frost

The way a

crow

Shook down on

The dust of

snow

From a hemlock

tree

Has given my

heart

A change of

mood

And save some

part

Of a day I had

rued.

Rhyme scheme is the pattern of

rhyming

words at the end of each

line

. Not all poetry has a

rhyme scheme

. They are not hard to identify, but you must look carefully at which words

rhyme

and which do not.

Poems of more than

one

stanza often repeat the

same

rhyme scheme in each

stanza

A B A B C D C D Dust of Snow by Robert Frost

The way a

crow

Shook down on

The dust of

snow

From a hemlock

tree

Has given my

heart

A change of

mood

And save some

part

Of a day I had

rued.

Repetition is the

repeating

of a sound, word, or phrase for

emphasis

☺ ☺ ☺

Inside

Inside the house (I get ready) Inside the car (I go to school) Inside the school (I wait for the bell to ring)

Whenever you describe something by comparing it with something else, you are using

figurative language

. Figurative language is any language that goes beyond the

literal

meaning of words in order to furnish

new effects

fresh insights

into an idea or a subject. The most common figures of speech are

simile

metaphor

, and

alliteration

. Figurative language is used in poetry to compare two things that are usually

not thought

of as

being alike

simile

is a figure of speech in which

two

essentially

unlike

things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by

like

as.

The

clouds

looked like

cotton candy

Grandpa

was as

stubborn

as a

mule

Tom's

head

is as

hard

as a

rock

metaphor

is a figure of speech in which an

implied

comparison is made between two

unlike

things that actually have something

important in common

. Clouds

are

cotton candy.

Grandpa

was

a mule.

Tom

a rock. They are fluffy.

They are stubborn.

They are hard.

Alliteration is the repetition of the

same

the

same

kinds of sounds at the sounds or of

beginning

of words or in stressed syllables, as in

"on scrolls of silver snowy sentences" (Hart Crane).

Modern alliteration is predominantly consonantal. To find an alliteration, you must look the repetitions of the

same consonant sound through out a line

_ _ .

Now you try the one in your packet.

Imagery

is an appeal to the

senses

. The poet describes something to help you to

see

hear

touch

taste

, or

smell

the topic of the poem.

Fog

It sits looking over harbor and city SEE on silent haunches and then moves on. HEAR, SEE, FEEL Carl Sandburg

Now do the poem in your packet.

exaggerated

statement used to heighten effect is a hyperbole. It is not used to mislead the reader, but to

emphasize a point.

I’ve told you a million times not to leave the dirty glass on the table .

The exaggeration in the number of times.

In your packets, write two more hyperbole. Have your partner check them.

idiom

is a phrase where the words together have a meaning that is

different

from the dictionary

definitions

of the

individual words.

This can make idioms hard for students to understand.

A day late and a dollar short.

This idiom means

it is too little, too late.

Write two more examples of idioms to share with the class.

The formation or use of words such as

buzz

murmur

that

imitate

the

sounds

associated with the objects or actions they refer to is called an

alliteration

. It is a word or a grouping of words that

imitates the sound

it is

describing

, such as animal noises like "oink" or "meow", or suggesting its source object (these are the more important ones), such as "boom", "click", "bunk", "clang", "buzz", or "bang".

SOUND OF NATURE

by Marie Josephine Smith Ticking, tucking.

Head is rocking.

Tippy toeing.

Quietly.

Snap, crack.

Crushing branch.

Helter, shelter.

Run for shelter.

Pitter, patter.

Rain starts to fall.

Gathering momentum.

Becomes a roar.

Thunder booms.

A figure of speech, which gives the

qualities

of a

person

to an animal, an object, or an idea is called

personification

. It is a

comparison

, which the author uses to show something in an entirely

new light

, to communicate a certain

feeling or attitude

towards it and to control the way a

reader perceives

it. A brave handsome tree fell with a creaking rending cry. The author is giving a tree the human quality of

bravery

and the ability

ot cry.

Free verse

is just what it says it is - poetry that is written

without

proper rules about form, rhyme, rhythm, and meter. In free verse the writer makes his/her own

rules

. The writer decides how the poem should

look

feel

, and

sound

Winter Poem

By Nikki Giovanni once a snowflake fell on my brow and i loved it so much and i kissed it and it was happy and called its cousins and brothers and a web of snow engulfed me then i reached to love them all and i squeezed them and they became a spring rain and i stood perfectly still and was a flower

The simplicity of the

limerick

quite possibly accounts for its extreme longevity. It consists of

five

lines with the rhyme scheme

a a b b a

. The

first

second

, and

fifth

lines are trimeter, a verse with three measures, while the

third

and

fourth

lines are dimeter, a verse with two measures. Often the third and fourth lines are printed as a single line with internal rhyme.

Old Man with a Beard

Edward Lear

There was an Old Man with a beard, Who said, 'It is just as I feared!

Two Owls and a Hen, Four Larks and a Wren, Have all built their nests in my beard!'

A A B B A

narrative

poem, often of folk origin and intended to be

sung

, consisting of simple

stanzas

and usually having a

refrain

The Ballade Of The Mistletoe Bough

by Ellis Parker Butler I am standing under the mistletoe, And I smile, but no answering smile replies For her haughty glance bids me plainly know That not for me is the thing I prize; Instead, from her coldly scornful eyes, Indifference looks on my barefaced guile; She knows, of course, what my act implies — But look at those lips! Do they hint a smile?

I stand here, eager, and beam and glow, And she only looks a refined surprise As clear and crisp and as cold as snow, And as —Stop! I will never criticize!

I know what her cold glance signifies; But I’ll stand just here as I am awhile Till a smile to my pleading look replies — But look at those lips! Do they hint a smile?

Just look at those lips, now! I claim they show A spirit unmeet under Christmas skies; I claim that such lips on such maidens owe A —something—the custom justifies; I claim that the mistletoe rule applies To her as well as the rank and file; We should meet these things in a cheerful guise — But look at those lips! Do they hint a smile?

Some might consider the study of poetry old fashioned, yet even in our hurried lives we are surrounded by it: children's rhymes, verses from songs, trite commercial jingles, well written texts. Any time we recognize words as interesting for sound, meaning or construct, we note poetics.