Transcript Document
16
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
16.4
Double Integrals
in Polar Coordinates
In this section, we will learn:
How to express double integrals
in polar coordinates.
2
DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR
COORDINATES
Suppose that we want to evaluate a double
integral
, where R is one of
f
(
x
,
y
)
d
A
the regions
R shown here.
3
Fig. 16.4.1, p. 1010
DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR
COORDINATES
In either case, the description of R in terms of
rectangular coordinates is rather complicated but R
is easily described by polar coordinates.
4
Fig. 16.4.1, p. 1010
DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR COORDINATES
Recall from this figure that the polar
coordinates (r, θ) of a point are related
to the rectangular coordinates (x, y) by
the equations
r2 = x 2 + y 2
x = r cos θ
y = r sin θ
5
Fig. 16.4.2, p. 1010
POLAR RECTANGLE
The regions in the first figure are special
cases of a polar rectangle
R = {(r, θ) | a ≤ r ≤ b, α ≤ θ ≤ β}
shown here.
6
Fig. 16.4.3, p. 1010
POLAR RECTANGLE
To compute the double integral
f ( x, y ) dA
R
where R is a polar rectangle, we divide:
The interval [a, b] into m subintervals [ri–1, ri]
of equal width ∆r = (b – a)/m.
The interval [α ,β] into n subintervals [θj–1, θi]
of equal width ∆θ = (β – α)/n.
7
POLAR RECTANGLES
Then, the circles r = ri and the rays θ = θi
divide the polar rectangle R into the small
polar rectangles shown here.
8
Fig. 16.4.4, p. 1010
POLAR SUBRECTANGLE
The “center” of the polar subrectangle
Rij = {(r, θ) | ri–1 ≤ r ≤ ri, θj–1 ≤ θ ≤ θi}
has polar coordinates
ri* = ½ (ri–1 + ri)
θj* = ½ (θj–1 + θj)
9
Fig. 16.4.4, p. 1010
POLAR SUBRECTANGLE
We compute the area of Rij using the fact
that the area of a sector of a circle with
radius r and central angle θ is ½r2θ.
10
POLAR SUBRECTANGLE
Subtracting the areas of two such sectors,
each of which has central angle ∆θ = θj – θj–1,
we find that the area of Rij is:
ri
Ai
1
2
1
2
( ri r )
1
2
( ri ri 1 )( ri ri 1 )
2
2
1
2
2
i 1
r
2
i 1
ri r
*
11
POLAR RECTANGLES
We have defined the double integral
in terms of ordinary rectangles.
f ( x, y ) dA
R
However, it can be shown that, for
continuous functions f, we always obtain
the same answer using polar rectangles.
12
POLAR RECTANGLES
Equation 1
The rectangular coordinates of the center
of Rij are (ri* cos θj*, ri* sin θj*).
So, a typical Riemann sum is:
m
n
i 1
*
*
*
*
j 1
m
f ( ri cos j , ri sin j ) Ai
n
i 1
f ( ri cos , ri sin ) ri r
*
*
j
*
*
j
*
j 1
13
POLAR RECTANGLES
If we write g(r, θ) = r f(r cos θ, r sin θ),
the Riemann sum in Equation 1 can be
written as:
m
n
g (r
i
i 1
*
, ) r
*
j
j 1
This is a Riemann sum for the double integral
b
g ( r , ) dr d
a
14
POLAR RECTANGLES
Thus, we have:
m
f ( x , y ) dA lim
m ,n
R
lim
m ,n
b
a
b
n
i 1
j 1
m
n
i 1
f ( ri cos j , ri sin j ) Ai
*
*
*
*
g ( ri , j ) r
*
*
j 1
g ( r , ) dr d
f ( r cos , r sin ) r dr d
a
15
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS.
Formula 2
If f is continuous on a polar rectangle R
given by
0 ≤ a ≤ r ≤ b, α ≤ θ ≤ β
where 0 ≤ β – α ≤ 2π, then
f ( x , y ) dA
b
f ( r cos , r sin ) r dr d
a
R
16
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS.
Formula 2 says that we convert
from rectangular to polar coordinates
in a double integral by:
Writing x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ
Using the appropriate limits of integration
for r and θ
Replacing dA by dr dθ
17
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS.
Be careful not to forget
the additional factor r on
the right side of Formula 2.
18
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS.
A classical method for remembering
the formula is shown here.
The “infinitesimal” polar rectangle can be thought of
as an ordinary rectangle
with dimensions
r dθ and dr.
So, it has “area”
dA = r dr dθ.
19
Fig. 16.4.5, p. 1012
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS.
Evaluate
(3 x 4 y
2
Example 1
) dA
R
where R is the region in
the upper half-plane bounded by
the circles x2 + y2 = 1 and x2 + y2 = 4.
20
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS.
Example 1
The region R can be described as:
R = {(x, y) | y ≥ 0, 1 ≤ x2 + y2 ≤ 4}
21
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS.
Example 1
It is the half-ring shown here.
In polar coordinates,
it is given by:
1 ≤ r ≤ 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π
22
Fig. 16.4.1b, p. 1010
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS.
Example 1
Hence, by Formula 2,
(3 x 4 y ) dA
2
R
2
2
0
1
0
0
(3 r cos 4 r sin ) r dr d
2
2
(3 r cos 4 r sin ) dr d
3
2
2
1
r2
[ r cos r sin ] r 1 d
3
4
2
23
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS.
Example 1
(7 cos 15 sin ] d
2
0
[7 cos
0
15
2
15
(1 cos 2 )] d
7 sin
sin 2
2
4
0
15
1 5
2
24
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS.
Example 2
Find the volume of the solid bounded
by:
The plane z = 0
The paraboloid z = 1 – x2 – y2
25
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS.
Example 2
If we put z = 0 in the equation of
the paraboloid, we get x2 + y2 = 1.
This means that the plane intersects
the paraboloid in the circle x2 + y2 = 1.
26
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS.
Example 2
So, the solid lies under the paraboloid
and above the circular disk D given by
x2 + y2 ≤ 1.
27
Fig. 16.4.1a, p. 1010
Fig. 16.4.6, p. 1012
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS.
Example 2
In polar coordinates, D is given by
0 ≤ r ≤ 1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.
As 1 – x2 – y2 = 1 – r2, the volume is:
V
(1 x
2
y ) dA
2
2
0
1
(1 r ) r dr d
2
0
D
2
d
0
1
( r r ) dr
3
0
1
r
r
2
4 0
2
2
2
4
28
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS.
Example 2
Had we used rectangular coordinates instead,
we would have obtained:
V
(1 x
2
y ) dA
2
D
1
1
1 x
2
1 x
(1 x y ) dy dx
2
2
2
This is not easy to evaluate because
it involves finding ∫ (1 – x2)3/2 dx
29
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS.
What we have done so far can be extended
to the more complicated type of region
shown here.
It’s similar to
the type II
rectangular regions
considered in
Section 15.3
30
Fig. 16.4.7, p. 1013
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS.
In fact, by combining Formula 2 in this
section with Formula 5 in Section 16.3,
we obtain the following formula.
31
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS.
Formula 3
If f is continuous on a polar region
of the form
D = {(r, θ) | α ≤ θ ≤ β, h1(θ) ≤ r ≤ h2(θ)}
then
D
f ( x , y ) dA
h2 ( )
h1 ( )
f ( r cos , r sin ) r dr d
32
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS.
In particular, taking f(x, y) = 1, h1(θ) = 0,
and h2(θ) = h(θ) in the formula, we see that
the area of the region D bounded by θ = α,
θ = β, and r = h(θ) is:
A( D )
1 dA
h ( )
r dr d
0
D
This agrees with Formula 3
in Section 10.4
h ( )
r
2 0
2
1
2
d
[ h ( )] d
2
33
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS.
Example 3
Use a double integral to find the area
enclosed by one loop of the four-leaved
rose r = cos 2θ.
34
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS.
Example 3
From this sketch of the curve, we see that
a loop is given by the region
D = {(r, θ) | –π/4 ≤ θ ≤ π/4, 0 ≤ r ≤ cos 2θ}
35
Fig. 16.4.8, p. 1013
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS.
Example 3
So, the area is:
A( D )
cos 2
/4
dA
/4
r dr d
0
D
/4
1
2
1
2
2 cos 2
0
[ r ]
/4
/4
1
4
cos 2 d
2
/4
/4
1
4
d
(1 cos 4 ) d
/4
1
4
/4
sin 4 / 4
8
36
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS.
Example 4
Find the volume of the solid that
lies:
Under the paraboloid z = x2 + y2
Above the xy-plane
Inside the cylinder x2 + y2 = 2x
37
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS.
Example 4
The solid lies above the disk D whose
boundary circle has equation x2 + y2 = 2x.
After completing the square, that is: (x – 1)2 + y2 = 1
38
Fig. 16.4.9, p. 1014
Fig. 16.4.10, p. 1014
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS.
Example 4
In polar coordinates, we have:
x2 + y2 = r2 and x = r cos θ
So, the boundary circle becomes:
r2 = 2r cos θ
or
r = 2 cos θ
39
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS.
Example 4
Thus, the disk D is given by:
D=
{(r, θ) | –π/2 ≤ θ ≤ π/2 , 0 ≤ r ≤ 2 cos θ}
40
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS.
Example 4
So, by Formula 3, we have:
V
( x
2
y ) dA
2
D
/2
/2
2 co s
r r dr d
2
0
2 co s
r
/ 2
4 0
/2
4
/2
/ 2
4
d
cos d
4
41
CHANGE TO POLAR COORDS.
8
8
/2
Example 4
cos d
4
0
/2
0
2
/2
2
1 cos 2
d
2
[1 2 cos 2
0
1
2
(1 cos 4 )] d
/2
2[ 32 sin 2 81 sin 4 ] 0
3 3
2
2
2 2
42