Transcript Curriculum and Instruction in Early Childhood

Exceptional Children
An Introduction to Special Education
Tenth Edition
William L. Heward
© 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 14
Early Childhood Special Education
Focus Questions
Why
is it so difficult to measure the impact of early
intervention?
How
can we provide early intervention for a child whose
disability is not yet present?
How
are the four different purposes of assessment and
evaluation in early childhood special education related to one
another?
Which
do you think are the most important goals of early
childhood special education?
How
can a play activity or an everyday routine become a
specially designed learning opportunity for a preschooler with
disabilities?
Heward
Exceptional Children, 10e
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The Importance of Early
Intervention
The
earlier intervention begins the better
What
•
is early intervention?
A comprehensive system of therapies, educational,
nutritional, child care, and family supports, all designed to
reduce the effects of disabilities or prevent the occurrence
of learning and developmental problems
Does
early intervention work?
•Research
evidence shows that comprehensive, experientally
based early intervention enhances the development of young
children who exhibit delays and helps children at risk
• Skeels and Dye
• The Milwaukee Project
• The Abecedarian Project
• The Infant Health and Development Program
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Exceptional Children, 10e
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The Importance of Early
Intervention
Outcomes for Early Intervention in IDEIA of 2004
•
Enhance the development of infants and toddlers with
disabilities
•
Reduce educational costs to society by minimizing the need
for special education and related services after infants and
toddlers with disabilities reach school age
•
Maximize the potential for individuals with disabilities to live
independently in society
•
Enhance the capacity of families to meet the needs of their
preschooler with disabilities
•
Enhance the capacity of state and local agencies to identify,
evaluate, and meet the needs of all children
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Exceptional Children, 10e
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IDEA and Early Intervention/Early
Childhood Special Education
P.L.
99-457: Mandated preschool services for children with
disabilities ages 3 to 5 and provided a voluntary incentive
grant program for early intervention services to infants and
toddlers
IDEA:
Mandates early intervention services for any child
under 3 years of age who has developmental delays or has a
high probability of developmental delay
Mandates
preschool for children with disabilities ages 3–5
States
that receive IDEA funds for early intervention must
serve all infants and toddlers with developmental delays or
established risk conditions
States
may also serve infants and toddlers who are identified
as at biological or environmental risk
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Exceptional Children, 10e
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14-5
Individualized Family Services Plan
An IFSP is a plan that addresses the needs of the
child and family and is developed by a
multidisciplinary team
• An
IFSP defines the family as being the recipient of
early intervention services
• The
IFSP must be evaluated once a year and
reviewed at six-month intervals
Special education for preschoolers
• Preschool
children do not have to be identified
under existing categories to receive services
• Local
education agencies may elect to use a variety
of service options
Heward
Exceptional Children, 10e
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
14-6
Screening, Identification, and
Assessment
Assessment in early childhood special
education is conducted for at least four
different purposes:
o Screening
o Diagnosis
o Program
planning
o Evaluation
Screening Tools
o The
Apgar Scale
o Newborn Blood Test Screening
o Developmental Screening Tests
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Screening, Identification, and
Assessment
Diagnostic Tests measure performance in 5 major
areas:
Motor development
○ Cognitive development
○ Communication and language development
○ Social and emotional development
○ Adaptive development
○
Program Planning and Evaluation Tools
o Curriculum-based
•
•
•
•
assessment-Used to
Identify current levels of functioning
Select IEP/IFSP goals and objectives
Determine appropriate interventions
Evaluate progress
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Curriculum and Instruction in
Early Childhood Special Education
Curriculum and program goals
•
Support families in achieving their own goals
•
Promote child engagement, independence, and mastery
•
Promote development in all important domains
•
Build and support social competence
•
Facilitate the generalized use of learned skills
•
Prepare and assist children for typical life experiences with
their families, in school, and in their communities
•
Help children and their families make smooth transitions
•
Prevent or minimize the development of future problems or
disabilities
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Curriculum and Instruction in
Early Childhood Special Education
Developmentally Appropriate Practice
o A framework of principles and guidelines that outline
practice that promotes young children’s optimal learning
and development
Core Principles
o Knowledge must inform decision making
o Goals must be challenging and achievable
o Teaching must be intentional to be effective
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Exceptional Children, 10e
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Curriculum and Instruction in
Early Childhood Special Education
Selecting IFSP/IEP Goals and Objectives
Goals and objectives should be evaluated
according to the following five quality indicators:
• Functionality
• Generality
• Instructional
context
• Measurability
• Hierarchical
relationship between long-range goals and
short-term objectives
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Instructional Adaptations and
Modifications
Modifications and adaptations to the physical environment,
materials, and activities are often sufficient to support
successful participation and learning by a child with disabilities
Embedded
learning opportunities focus on IEP objectives in
the context of naturally occurring classroom activities
Preschool
activity schedules include a balance of childinitiated and planned activities, large- and small-group
activities, active and quiet times, indoor and outdoor activities,
and allow easy transition from activity to activity
A
supportive physical environment is needed for planned
learning activities-play areas and needed materials are
accessible and safe, boundaries minimize distractions, the
environment is enticing for exploring and playing
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Exceptional Children, 10e
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Service Delivery Alternatives
for Early Intervention
IDEA requires that early intervention services be
provided in natural environments to the greatest
extent possible
Service delivery options for early childhood special
education include:
– Hospital-based
programs-for those who require specialized
health care
– Home-based programs-built around family involvement and
support
– Center-based programs-provides early intervention in a
special education setting outside the home
– Combined home-center programs-includes center-based
activities and home visitations
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Exceptional Children, 10e
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Service Delivery Alternatives
for Early Intervention
Rationale for Parent Involvement
o Parents
and families are most important in
making early intervention work
o Parents are the most frequent and constant
observers of their children’s behavior
o Parents know better than anyone else what their
children need and can help educators set realistic
goals
o Parents can monitor and report on their children’s
progress at home
o Parents can contribute to their children’s progress
at every stage
Heward
Exceptional Children, 10e
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
14-14