Transcript Chapter 17
Chap 17: Injuries as a Community Health Problem
Instructor’s Name Semester, 200_
Chap 17: Injuries
Chapter Objectives
• Describe the importance of injuries
as a community health problem.
• Explain why the terms accidents and
safety have been replaced by the currently more acceptable terms unintentional injuries, injury prevention, and injury control when dealing with such occurrences.
• Briefly explain the difference
between intentional injuries and provide examples of each.
Chap 17: Injuries
Chapter Objectives
• List the four elements usually
included in the definition of the term unintentional injury.
• Summarize the epidemiology of
unintentional injuries.
• List strategies for the prevention and
control of unintentional injuries.
• Explain how education, regulation,
automatic protection, and litigation can reduce the number and seriousness of unintentional injuries
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Chapter Objectives
• Define the term intentional injuries
and provide examples of behavior that results in intentional injuries.
• Describe the scope of intentional
injuries as a community health problem in the United States.
• List some contributing factors to
domestic violence and some strategies for reducing it.
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Chapter Objectives
• List some of the contributing factors
to the increase in violence related to youth gangs and explain what communities can do to reduce this level of violence.
• Discuss intervention approaches in
preventing or controlling intentional injuries.
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Definitions
• Injury – acute exposure to physical agents interacting
with the body in amounts or at rates that exceed the threshold of human tolerance.
• Unintentional injuries – are those judged to have occurred without
anyone intending harm to be done
• Intentional injuries – have been purposely inflicted whether by
oneself or another
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Characteristics of Unintentional Injuries
1. Unplanned events 2. Preceded by an unsafe act or condition 3. Accompanied by economic loss 4. Interrupt the efficient completion of tasks.
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Cost of Injuries to Society
• 5.8 million death per year worldwide • 150,000 deaths per year in the US – 94331 unintentional – 30,575 suicides – 17,893 homicides • 54 million injuries • 21 million disabling injuries • $469 billion /year
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Injury Deaths
U.S. (1998) Homicide 12% Undetermined 3% Suicide 21% Unintentional 64%
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Causes of Years of Potential Life Lost
(per 100,000 pop.) 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Injury Cancer Heart Disease HIV/AIDS
300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Chap 17: Injuries
Cost Estimate
($billions 1996 dollars) Injury Cancer Heart Disease
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Number of Deaths
(1996) 800000 700000 600000 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 0 Injury Cancer Heart Disease HIV/AIDS
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Unintentional Injuries
• Motor vehicle crashes – #1 cause of unintentional injury deaths – 41,611 fatalities in 1999 – 3.3 million non-fatal injuries in 1999 • Other types
- falls 17,100 deaths - poisonings 10,500 deaths - drowning 4,000 firearms - suffocation - fires & burns - discharge of
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Epidemiology of Unintentional Injuries
• Person • Age – leading cause of death in the 1-44 year age
group
• Gender – males are twice as likely as females • Race – leading cause of death for all racial & ethnic
groups excepts Blacks
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Epidemiology of Unintentional Injuries
• Place • Home – more unintentional injuries occur in the home
than in any other place
• Highway – ranks 2nd for non-fatal injuries; ranks 1st for
unintentional injury deaths
• Recreation/Sports Area – Third mostly likely place to sustain injury • Workplace – 4th highest rate of unintentional injuries
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Unintentional Deaths Location
(US 1999) Public Work work/ motor vehicle Motor vehicle Home
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Epidemiology of Unintentional Injuries
• Time • Motor Vehicle Crashes – highest rate in January and December – alcohol involved in half of fatal crashes • Drowning – more occur in the summer months – alcohol is involved in nearly half • Fires – more occur in the winter months
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Prevention through Epidemiology
• Injury Prevention & Control
Contributors
– Hugh De Haven – John E. Gordon – William Haddon, Jr. • Public Health Model – similar to communicable disease model -
except agent is “energy” in this model
Chap 17: Injuries Energy Host Environment Public Health Model for Unintentional Injuries
Chap 17: Injuries Energy
Control tactics based upon interrupting transmission of damaging energy to host.
Host Environment Public Health Model for Unintentional Injuries
A. Prevent accumulation of energy energy Chap 17: Injuries C. Place a barrier between host & agent D. Completely separate the host from the source of energy Control tactics
based upon interrupting transmission of damaging energy to host.
Energy Host Environment
Public Health Model for Unintentional Injuries
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Community Approach to Prevention of Unintentional Injuries
• Education • Regulations • Emergency Response System • Automatic Protection • Litigation
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Injuries
• Intentional – approximately 50,000 people die each year – approximately 2.2 million receive nonfatal
injuries as a result of interpersonal violence
• Types – Assaults – Family Violence – Rape – Robbery – Suicide – Homicide
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Epidemiology of Intentional Injuries
• Rates of homicide, assault, & rape – homicide rate 9.8 per 100,000 – declining rates – risk factors • Suicide & attempted suicide – nearly 30,000 suicides are reported each year – rates among the young have tripled since 1950 • Firearm injuries – 2nd leading cause of injury death – 60% of homicide & 55% of suicides involved a
firearm
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Violence in our Society
• Individuals & Violence – lack communication & problem solving skills – firearms are easy to obtain & deadly • Family Violence & Abuse – 1 in 6 homicides is the result of family violence – Child Maltreatment • Child abuse • Child neglect • Intimate Partner Violence • Model for abuse • Gangs & Violence
Chap 17: Injuries Stress period Crisis state Honeymoon
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Approaches to Prevention
• Education – Safe School/Healthy Student Initiative • Employment & Recreation
Opportunities
• Regulation & Enforcement – Brady Bill – Electronic detection of weapons – Other types of regulation • Counseling & Treatment – represent secondary & tertiary prevention
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