18.3 Radical Days of the Revolution 1793 revolution entered the radical phase.

The Monarchy is Abolished

– Well trained Prussian troops cutting down French recruits – Royalist officers deserting and joining emigres

Tensions Lead to Violence

– Parisians storm royal palace – Noble and Priest prisoners attacked “September Massacre”

Radicals take Control and Execute the King – New legislative body call the National Convention – Suffrage, right to vote – extended to all male citizens not just property owners – Abolished monarchy – Established French Republic • Jacobins led convention and seized lands of nobles – – Louis convicted as traitor by single vote January 1793 October Marie Antoinette was also executed

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Terror and Danger Grip France

Convention Creates a New Committee • • Jacobins vs. Girondins Food shortages and inflation effect sans-cullotes • Committee of Public Safety – Dealt with the threats to France – Issued mass levy tax to pay for war effort – 12 member committee in charge of trials and executions

Terror and Danger Grip France

• Robespierre “the incorruptible” – Robespierre (ROHBZ pyehr) – Shrewd lawyer rose quickly among the Jacobins – Embraced Rousseau’s idea of general will as source of legitimate law » Promoted religious toleration and abolish slavery » Republic of virture could be achieved only through terror » “Liberty cannot be secured unless criminals lose their heads

Terror and Danger Grip France

– Guillotine Defines the Reign of Terror • Robespierre “chief architect of the Reign of Terror 9/1793 to 7/1794 – 300,000 arrested – 17,000 were executed – Many died from disease in prison – Members of the Convention eventually turned on the Committee of Public Safety – Robespierre arrested and executed the next day

The Revolution Enters its third Stage – Constitution 1795 set up a 5 man Directory and two house legislature elected by male citizens of property.

– Middle class and professional people of bourgeoisie dominant force during this stage

The Revolution Enters its third Stage – Directory held power from 1795 – 1799 • Problems Directory Faced – – – – Corrupt leaders War with Austria and Great Britain Revival of royalist feelings Catholics welcoming emigres – 1797 supporters of constitutional monarchy won majority of seats in legislature – Politicians begin to turn to rising military star NAPOLEON Bonaparte

Revolution Brings Change – 10 year revolution • • Dislodged the old order Overthrew the monarchy • Brought church under state control • Title “citizen” applied to all people regardless of social class

Revolution Brings Change – Nationalism Spreads • Revolution and war gave people strong sense of national identity • Nationalism – strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country, spread throughout France.

• French nationalistic songs become popular

Revolution Brings Change – Revolutionaries Push for Social Reform • • State schools to replace religious ones Organized systems to help the poor, old soldiers and widows • Gov’t abolished slavery (problems in Haiti)