Transcript 性與道德：重讀維多利亞文學

陳超明
政大英文系
台大文學營
2015/4/13
“The Nineteenth century and our own have been
rather the age of multiplication: a dispersion of
sexualities, a strengthening of their disparate forces,
a multiple implanation of ‘perversions.’”
(Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality: An Introduction, Vol 1, 37)
台大文學營
2015/4/13
I. 維多利亞文學的回顧 (1832-1901)
A. 散文的世紀（散文及小說的巔峰期）
Thomas Carlyle, Matthew Arnold, Mill, Newman, Ruskin
The Brontes, Dickens, Thackeray, George Eliot, Hardy
Tennyson, Browning, Arnold, Dante Rossetti
B. 改革的時期（社會改革運動與進步的口號）
Tennyson 的詩 “Ulysses”
“. . . I will drink / Life to the lees”
“To follow knowledge like a sinking star, / Beyond the utmost
bound of human thought”
“To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield”
台大文學營
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C. 道德與文化的文學風格
邊沁的功利主義與福音學派的道德訴說
道德功能(moral utilities)，Arnold的文化與文學批評
(主題的選擇)
D. 文學的淨化與僵化的道德壓抑
家中天使、慈祥的父親、家庭的神聖性、工作的美德、
性教育的道德化
台大文學營
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E. 美學運動的興起 (為藝術而藝術)──形式與內容的拉扯
詩與畫的關係（前拉菲爾學派）
Water Pater (印象論與美學相對論──主觀美學)──形式與內容的結合
（音樂是最完美的藝術）
Wilde的純文學運動(All art is useless)
F. 男性父權社會的建構與女性運動的興起
Tennyson’s The Princess “Man for the field and woman for the
hearth;/Man for the sword and for the needle she/Man with the
head and woman with the heart;Man to command and woman to
obey”
Mary Wollstonecarft, A Vindication of Rights of Women (1792)
John Stuart Mill, The Subjection of Women (1860)
Virginia Woolf, A Room of One’s Own (1929), Professions for
Women (killing the angel in the house)
台大文學營
2015/4/13
II. 維多利亞文學的傳統定位
A. 二十世紀的批評 (雙重道德標準與功利的美學觀)—厚重的小說與
道德論述
B. 通俗文學的經典化（以小說為例）
暢銷小說的經典化（以狄更斯為例）
C. 文學市場化與普遍化（連載與說書）
D. 小說文類的多樣性（寫實小說、科幻小說、偵探小說、言情小說、
懸疑說、歷史冒險小說）──小說技巧與形式的磨練
E. 女性角色的天使化與小說的教育化？
台大文學營
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John Ruskin: Moral aesthetics
“And I want you to think a little of the deep
significance of this word “taste”; for no
statement of mine has been more earnestly or
oftener controverted than that good taste is
essentially a moral quality.” (quoted from
Victorian Temper, Buckley)
“If art was to mirror a larger totality, its
function, they thought, must be at least
implicitly ‘moral’’ the picture or the poem,
the play or the statue was to edify as well as to
delight by its reflection of an immutable
design.” (Buckley)
台大文學營
2015/4/13
I.
I. Sex as “a complex of desires,
attitudes, roles and norms that is
virtually coextensive with all social life”
II. Studies on Victorian sexuality—“Sexuality
encourages multidisciplinary ventures”
A. “The Other Victorian” —from Victorian hypocrisy and doublestandard sexual morality to an erotic world
B. Victorian sexual revolution —Michael Mason and Wendell
Johnson
C. John Kuich’s theory of repression
D. John Maynard’s discourse on sexuality and religion
台大文學營
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III. 維多利亞文學中的性與道德
性是一種歷史與文化的建構物體，非生物之本能。
“性是慾望、態度、角色與規範的綜合體，與所有社會行為共存“
A. 維多利亞的性世界與性文化（醫學、宗教、道德論述）
性道德化與性氾濫的對立──純潔的家庭與色情的猖狂
男性的性觀(宰制的父權觀念、男性能力肯定)
女性的性角色（天使與娼妓）
小孩的性成長（同性戀與自慰）
B. 文學的道德論述與性論述研究：
Marcus的《異類的維多利亞人》──虛偽與雙重的道德標準
Michael Mason and Wendell Johnson──維多利亞的性革命
（情慾的維多利亞人）
John Kuich的性壓抑理論
John Maynard的性與宗教論述
台大文學營
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III. Foucaultian scheme of sex and sexuality
--the dangers of sexual repression debates
A. Sexuality as a discourse
B. Power and pleasure mechanisms
A dynamic relation between individuals and communities, power
“operated as a mechanism of attraction; it drew out those
peculiarities over which it kept watch. Pleasure spread to the
power that harried it; power anchored the pleasure it uncovered”
All the Victorian discourses on sex, such as medical
examination, the psychiatric investigation, the pedagogical report
and family control, functioned as mechanisms for dealing with sex
with a double impetus: pleasure and power.
台大文學營
2015/4/13
IV. 傅科的性與性意識理論架構
A. 性壓抑論的繆論──變態與病態的形成
性科學化的危機──權力與知識的掌控與轉化
B. 性與性意識是種論述(discourse)──透過性論述與性意識來認識性
與自我的存在
C. 權力與享樂機制(power and pleasure mechanisms)
“權力是種個體與群體之間動態的關係，它是種吸引的機制, 引導
出所監控的特殊性，隨著權力，享樂機制應運而起；權力啟動它所
暴露出的享樂“
所有維多利亞對性的論述，如醫學檢查、心理諮詢、教育報告及家
庭計畫都是這兩種機制的互動結果。
台大文學營
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C. Four specific mechanisms of
knowledge and power centering on sex
(medical, pathological and moral discourses)
hysterization of women’s bodies; pedagogization of children’s
sex; socialization of procreative behavior; psychiatrization of
perverse pleasure
D. Jeffrey Weeks’s social arenas in the
social organization of sexuality:
kinship and family system, economic and social organization,
social regulation, political interventions and the development of
cultures of resistance
台大文學營
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D. 四種以權力與享樂機制所產生的論述機制
（包含醫學、病理、道德的論述）
女性肉體的歇斯底里化
兒童性的教條化
生育行為的社會化
變態享樂行為的精神病化
E. 性意識社會建構的場景(Jeffrey Weeks)
家族與家庭制度、經濟與社會組織、社會規範、政治介入、對抗文
化的發展
台大文學營
2015/4/13
IV. Victorian sexual culture, a dynamic
interaction of various discourses
A. Medical and moral discourse on female sexuality vs.
recognition of female sexuality in maternity (Jane Eyre )
B. Discipline on children’s sex vs. recognition of sexual identities
and relations (in the example of masturbation)
(David Copperfield and Uriah Heep; Jane Eyre; Tess)
C. Active procreative behavior vs. passive sexual pleasure
(Dorothea Brooke in Middlemarch)
D. Discourse on the homosexual from a legal and moral system
to a medical conceptualization
(David and Steerforth; Jane and Helen Burns)
台大文學營
2015/4/13
V. 維多利亞的性文化──不同論述的動態互動
A. 醫學與道德對女性性意識的論述 vs 對母性性意識的肯定
（《簡愛》）
B. 兒童性的制約 vs 性角色及關係的認定
（《塊肉餘生錄》、《簡愛》）
C. 主動的生殖行為 vs 被動的性享樂
D. 同性戀行為──道德與法律論 vs 醫學觀念化
台大文學營
2015/4/13
V. Literary texts as the heart of discourse--myth and reality, culture and countercourse, allusion and obfuscation
A. Jane Eyre —a contradictory discourse of women as figures of
asexuality and symbol of desire and self-fulfilling)
B. David Copperfield —a case study of children’s sex education
and homosexuality
C. Middlemarch —a socialization of libidinal urge
台大文學營
2015/4/13
VI. 文學文本成為論述的核心—神話與現實；文化與反文化；
指涉與阻礙
孤兒（私生子）情結──社會的性遊戲、教化的過程、難產、統治階級對
被統治階級的洗腦過程
A. 《簡愛》Jane Eyre—矛盾的文本
（女性的非性話語性愛滿足的象徵）
女性身體的歇斯底里化與情慾的合理化
女性性慾的二分法──天使與閣樓瘋女人
Madonnas (figures of asexuality, passionlessness, innocence, selfabnegation)
Magdalens (sexual, desiring, pursuing self-fulfilling)
B. 《咆哮山莊》Wuthering Heights──情慾的去社會化
C. 《烈愛風雲》Great Expectations──兒童性意識成長的教育與脫軌
D. 《塊肉餘生錄》David Copperfield──性教育與同性戀的社會與文化
意涵
E. 《中途鎮》Middlemarch 情慾的社會化
台大文學營
2015/4/13
“In Sex and Death in Victorian Literature, Regina Barreca
contends that the portrayal of sex is not wholly absent from
Victorian literature. Yet it does require a sacrifice of
verisimilitude or a metaphorical disguise to explore the sexual
nature and anxieties of characters (3). The value system of
Victorian respectability and chastity was exerting its power
mechanisms on writers’ self-conscious restraint in narratives.
However, the pleasures of transgressing its boundaries bring
these writers to the brink of reconstructing their own “sexual
culture” in their fictions. Vivid descriptions of some erotic scenes
and counter-dominant cultural discourses are found everywhere.
It is between this restraint (power) and transgression (pleasure)
that a dynamic picture of Victorian sexual culture emerges.”
(Chen, Sexual Culture in Victorian Fiction)
台大文學營
2015/4/13
V. Literary texts as the heart of discourse--myth and reality, culture and countercourse, allusion and obfuscation
A. Jane Eyre —a contradictory discourse of women as figures of
asexuality and symbol of desire and self-fulfilling)
B. David Copperfield —a case study of children’s sex education
and homosexuality
C. Middlemarch —a socialization of libidinal urge
台大文學營
2015/4/13
“In Sex and Death in Victorian Literature, Regina Barreca
contends that the portrayal of sex is not wholly absent from
Victorian literature. Yet it does require a sacrifice of
verisimilitude or a metaphorical disguise to explore the sexual
nature and anxieties of characters (3). The value system of
Victorian respectability and chastity was exerting its power
mechanisms on writers’ self-conscious restraint in narratives.
However, the pleasures of transgressing its boundaries bring
these writers to the brink of reconstructing their own “sexual
culture” in their fictions. Vivid descriptions of some erotic scenes
and counter-dominant cultural discourses are found everywhere.
It is between this restraint (power) and transgression (pleasure)
that a dynamic picture of Victorian sexual culture emerges.”
(Chen, Sexual Culture in Victorian Fiction)
台大文學營
2015/4/13
Questions?
台大文學營
2015/4/13